开放式创新对制造业企业研发投入的影响——政府补助与市场竞争的调节作用

开放式创新已成为发展趋势,但是关于开放式创新如何影响制造业企业研发投入尚未达成一致结论。以2009-2019年中国沪深A股制造业上市公司为研究样本,对开放式创新与企业研发投入关系进行理论和实证检验,并探讨政府补助和市场竞争的调节作用。研究表明：①开放式创新有助于提高企业研发投入;②企业获得政府研发补助越多,外部组织越愿意与其进行开放式创新,企业可用于研发投入的内外部资源也越多;③企业所在行业市场竞争越激烈,企业越倾向采取开放式创新,以通过与外部资源拥有者合作增加研发投入、保持竞争优势。该研究发现可为推动制造业企业实施开放式创新以及加快转型升级提供决策依据与理论支持。     

外部知识溢出、研发双重效应与企业创新绩效

在开放创新的背景下,内部研发支出和外部知识溢出是企业创新绩效的内外支撑.本文基于扩展的吸收能力模型,利用中国制造业企业微观数据和地区专利数据,考察外部知识溢出和内部研发支出对企业创新绩效的影响.结果表明,内部研发支出具有直接促进创新和增强吸收能力的双重效应,外部知识溢出对企业创新的影响受到其自身吸收能力的调节.外部知识溢出和内部研发支出对创新绩效的影响既依赖于知识来源和知识复杂性,也依赖于市场化改革进程、知识产权保护程度、行业知识生产活跃度和行业要素密集度.本文的研究结论对新时代建设创新型国家具有政策提示作用.     

医疗服务业与医药制造业发展耦合协调度的测度及影响因素

基于耦合协调度模型,通过构建耦合协调度评价指标体系,测度我国除港澳台地区以外的31个省(直辖市、自治区)医疗服务业与医药制造业发展耦合协调度,并在对比分析医疗服务业和医药制造业发展水平对耦合协调度影响的基础上,采用分别纳入地理矩阵与嵌套矩阵的空间杜宾模型,探究医疗服务业与医药制造业发展耦合协调度的影响因素及其空间溢出效应.研究结果表明:自新医改以来,我国政府卫生投入的增加推动了医疗服务业迅猛发展,而医药制造业发展水平相对缓慢,从而导致我国医疗服务业与医药制造业耦合协调发展为初级耦合协调.固定资本投入、知识创新对本地区医疗服务业与医药制造业发展耦合协调度具有正向影响,而协同集聚、政府扶持、外商投资具有负向影响,以上各因素对邻近地区医疗服务业与医药制造业发展耦合协调度均具有正向影响.     

制造业集群转型升级实证研究——基于跨境电商与制造业产业集群耦合发展视角

我国传统制造业转型升级亟待解决，跨境电商是当前形势下实现促进制造业产业集群转型升级的可行路径。文章对跨境电商与制造业产业集群耦合发展的机理深入分析，基于2012—2020年长三角地区面板数据，结合耦合协调模型研究二者耦合关系，探寻跨境电商平台推动制造业产业集群转型升级的路径，提出推动产业升级的针对性政策建议。     

中国省域高技术产业研发与制造系统耦合评价

美国制造外迁带来区域萧条，由此引发的研发与制造长期分离会影响经济繁荣。在此背景下，中国需要重新审视特定空间范围内研发与制造间的关系。针对省域这一空间单元，以高技术产业为研究对象，将高技术产业研发环节和制造环节视为两个独立而又相互依存的系统，运用耦合协调模型，建立评价指标体系，测度2001-2015年中国内地30个省域高技术产业研发与制造耦合协调发展情况。结果显示，高技术产业研发与制造综合发展水平整体不高，大部分省域高技术产业研发与制造还处于低度耦合阶段，研发与制造分离状态在省域空间层面比较普遍；耦合协调度高的省域往往研发与制造依存度较高，基本上保持着实体经济繁荣发展态势。     

我国医药制造业研发投入产出效率与对策

医药制造业一直是我国重点支持和发展的关键性产业,具有高资源投入、高科技创新水平、高经济社会效益等特点。基于我国医药制造业研发投入强度及研发投入产出效率,根据1996-2012年的面板数据,对全国医药制造业研发经费产出弹性进行测算,根据计算结果对各省市医药产业发展状况进行梯次划分,探寻我国医药产业创新发展现状与规律,提出我国医药制造业创新发展对策。     

我国制造业合作研发知识溢出的实证研究

利用空间自相关Moran指数与集群分析的空间计量经济学空间误差模型和空间滞后模型,结合Griliches&Jaffe知识生产函数(Knowledge Production Function,KPF),对我国省域制造业合作研发进行空间计量经济分析。分析结果发现:我国31个省域制造业企业新产品创新能力的贡献主要由企业研发投入实现,合作研发对制造业新产品创新能力没有明显的知识溢出作用。如何建立有效的合作研发机制和相互作用机制是目前我国制造业面临的一个关键问题。     

信贷融资、人力资本与我国企业的研发投入

文章运用世界银行对中国制造业企业的抽样调查数据,采用Heckman选择模型实证分析了信贷融资状态对企业研发力度和是否进行研发的影响。研究表明,我国制造业企业"未获得贷款"会显著降低企业研发概率,但一旦企业决定进行研发,企业研发投入力度则不受信贷融资状态的影响。进一步研究表明,企业自身的人力资本有利于提高企业的研发概率、缓解(但无法完全消除)信贷融资状态对企业研发概率的负面影响,但这种缓解作用仅存在于"总经理的学历提高至博士研究生"及"总经理的收入直接与企业绩效挂钩"这两方面。因此,若单纯依靠人力资本积累而不给予企业外部融资便利,仍难以有效提高我国企业的研发倾向。     

研发模式对制造业企业创新绩效的影响

将企业研发模式分为自主研发、合作研发和双重研发三种,使用世界银行对中国制造业企业的调查数据,通过倾向得分匹配方法探究不同研发模式对企业创新绩效的作用效果及其在异质性企业中的差异情况。全样本研究结果表明：企业双重研发对创新绩效的激励效果最好,合作研发的激励效果次之,自主研发的激励效果最弱。企业异质性研究结果显示：自主研发对高成长性企业创新绩效的激励效果最显著,合作研发对低成长性企业和小微企业的激励效果最显著;对于无融资约束的企业,双重研发模式是提升创新绩效的最佳选择,但是对有融资约束的企业,其提升效果最弱。     

复杂产品研发团队知识集成模型及其机制研究

研发团队的知识集成会影响复杂产品研发的效果和质量,而要促进知识的集成,就有必要对研发团队知识集成的模型和机制进行研究。首先分析了复杂产品研发团队的知识集成特征,在此基础上,从内部知识集成和外部知识集成两方面提出了复杂产品研发团队的知识集成模型,并对内部知识集成和外部知识集成进行了详细分析,最后对复杂产品研发团队的知识集成机制进行了探讨。     

The productivity effects of local R&D outsourcing: the moderating role of subsidiary mandate and internal R&D

This study examined the moderating effects of two kinds of internal R&D (parent R&D and subsidiary R&D) on the relationship between local R&D outsourcing and subsidiary productivity as internal R&D challenges the collaborative relationships in the local environment. Due to the specific feature of a subsidiary mandate, we further investigate whether two distinct kinds of internal R&D have different moderating effects between exploitation-oriented subsidiaries and exploration-oriented subsidiaries, based on a sample of longitudinal data set of 263 Taiwan-based manufacturing subsidiaries over the period 2006–2009. The empirical results show that for exploitation-oriented subsidiaries parent R&D plays a significant and negative moderating role on the impact of local R&D outsourcing based on local collaboration, while a positive moderating role is observed with parent R&D and subsidiary R&D for exploration-oriented subsidiaries.     

R&D与生产率——基于中国制造业的实证研究

本文运用中国四位数制造产业数据对R&D与生产率之间的关系进行了实证检验。通过估计两种不同的生产函数模型,本文发现R&D对生产率有显著正影响。在控制了市场因素和产权因素的影响后,R&D与生产率之间仍旧表现出显著的正相关关系。本文还发现,R&D对生产率的促进作用也依赖于产业技术机会,高科技产业的R&D产出弹性显著大于非高科技产业的R&D产出弹性。     

In-house R&D,external R&D and cooperation breadth in Spanish manufacturing firms: is there a synergistic effect on innovation outputs?

ABSTRACT

This study explores the nature of relationship between in-house R&D, external R&D and cooperation breadth and their joint impact on patent counts as well as technological, product and process, innovations in Spanish manufacturing firms. With regards to patent counts, empirical findings from a Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) estimator suggest a complementarity effect of internal and external R&D activities conditional on the breadth of R&D cooperation. Concerning technological innovation, results from dynamic random-effects probit models indicate no synergistic effects. In addition, we find evidence of persistence of all three innovation output measures. Our results suggest policy implications in relation to strengthening firms’ absorptive capacity that could have long-run effects.     

Globalization and knowledge spillover: international direct investment,exports and patents

In this study three possible determinants of the increase in the ratio between skilled and unskilled workers are tested together: R&D, organisational change, and foreign direct investment. After analysing the literature, these hypotheses are jointly tested using a SUR estimate. The results – regarding a panel of 488 Italian manufacturing firms over the period 1989–1997 – suggest the statistical significance of the impact of organisational change, while they tend to exclude a direct relation between R&D spending and skill upgrading. With reference to FDIs, the nature of the data and the results do not permit the exclusion of their possible influence.     

Offshoring Brains? Evidence on the Complementarity between Manufacturing and R&D in Danish Firms*

By employing a firm-level linked employer–employee dataset for Danish manufacturing firms, this paper investigates whether offshoring is complementary to, or a substitute for, research and development (R&D) activities. Offshoring is instrumented with world export supply to circumvent the inherent endogenous nature of the firm's decision to offshore. Results suggest that firms with increased offshoring do in fact tend to engage in further R&D activities at home. Moreover, they also tend to reallocate R&D resources toward product R&D, possibly at the expense of process R&D.     

Trade-related R&D Spillovers in Vietnamese Manufacturing

ABSTRACT

This study aims to examine how Vietnamese manufacturing could benefit from R&D investment locally and from OECD countries through trade during a period marked with major trade liberalisations. Using the industry-level data during 2000–2009, it finds that the foreign R&D has accounted for the most part of the R&D spillovers in the sector, with a larger proportion earning from the other foreign industries’ R&D. The domestic industries’ own R&D has improved the sector’s total factor productivity, but in a relatively smaller magnitude compared to the foreign sources. In examining the localised effects of R&D spillovers in Vietnamese manufacturing, the results reiterate the important roles of trade-embedded foreign R&D spillovers from Japan, the US, South Korea, and Germany in the sector’s total factor productivity growth. These findings altogether give support to foreign technology diffusion as a major conduit for growth prospects in Vietnamese manufactures.     

R&D and productivity: Internal vs. external R&D - evidence from west german manufacturing industries

The paper explores the productivity effects of investment in external (contract) vs. internal (in-house) R&D in a sample of West-German Manufacturing Industries. The results provide strong evidence of a positive relationship between productivity and the share of external R&D in total R&D. This result is robust to alternative econometric specifications. Thus, findings suggest that the decision between internal and external R&D does matter. Moreover, results imply a nonlinear relationship between productivity and the share of external R&D for higher-technology industries, hinting at decreasing productivity effects of an increasing share of external in total R&D.     

Driving forces for research and development strategies: an empirical analysis based on firm-level panel data

This paper investigates empirically different ways to organize research and development (R&D) within Swiss firms. Based on a longitudinal data set comprising three cross-sections (1999, 2002, and 2005) of the Swiss Innovation Survey, four different types of R&D strategies could have been separated; firms combine in-house R&D with R&D co-operations (coop) or in-house R&D with external R&D (buy), or they conduct in-house R&D, external R&D, and R&D co-operations (mixed), or they exclusively rely on in-house R&D (make). It is the aim of this paper to understand what drive firms to go for different strategies. Based on econometric estimations controlling for correlations between the dependent variables and endogeneity among the independent variables, it was found that concepts related to the absorptive capacity, incoming spillovers, and appropriability, the importance of different knowledge sources, the competitive environment, costs, and skill aspects as well as technological uncertainty are essential factors to determine a firm's decision to choose a specific way to organize R&D.     

专精特新企业数字化转型与创新绩效的关系研究

创新是企业实现高质量发展的必经之路,数字经济背景下,企业数字化转型势在必行。基于动态能力理论,以2015-2020年国家级专精特新上市企业为研究对象,探究数字化转型与专精特新企业创新绩效的关系,并从企业外部治理因素（供应链集中度）和内部治理因素（高管研发背景）两方面探析二者关系的作用机制。研究发现：数字化转型显著正向促进专精特新企业创新绩效;企业外部治理因素（供应链集中度）对数字化转型与创新绩效的关系存在负向调节作用;企业内部治理因素（高管研发背景）对数字化转型与创新绩效关系的调节作用呈倒U型。进一步地,高管研发背景对创新绩效的影响也呈倒U型;数字化转型与高管研发背景对创新绩效的促进作用存在一定程度的替代效应。结论丰富了企业数字化转型的经济后果研究,拓展了创新绩效前因研究的理论基础,可为专精特新企业进行数字化转型,提高创新绩效,从而促进其高质量发展提供经验证据和启示。     

Does R&D spending boost tangible investment? An analysis on European firms

This article investigates the relationship between firm’s R&D intensity, expressed as R&D expenditure over sales, and investment intensity in tangible assets. It is commonly acknowledged that R&D requires additional physical investment to be implemented. R&D increases a firm’s productivity and return to tangible investments, thus, providing to the firm incentives to bear high tangible capital costs and to invest more. This represents a crucial issue for a firm’s growth, particularly considering the strong interaction between physical capital accumulation and technological progress. The analysis is based on a large sample of manufacturing firms across seven European countries in the period 2007–2009. Since the sub-sample of firms performing R&D might not be random, there may potentially be an endogeneity issue. The analysis also considers that firms may decide to spend on R&D and investment in physical capital simultaneously. The questions of both endogeneity and simultaneity are dealt with by employing an instrumental variable two-step procedure. We find a positive and significant impact of R&D intensity on firms’ tangible investment intensity. The econometric results highlight the importance of financial factors, particularly with respect to firms’ internal resources. Exposure to international trade has a negative impact on investment, possibly depending on the time-span of the sample used.

Abbreviations: Technological Innovation and R&D; Investment Capital; Industry Studies; Firm Behavior; Empirical Analysis