资源性农业废弃物循环利用绩效的区域差异问题研究——以农户基质化为例

利用三阶段DEA模型,剔除外部环境因素和统计噪声的影响,测度农业生产废弃物循环利用绩效,并对各决策单元的技术效率进行分解,寻找循环利用效率较低的主因,并在此基础上探讨了区域绩效差异及原因.得出以下结论:①规模效率较低是导致资源性农业废弃物循环利用效率较低的主要原因.具体来看,农业废弃物基质化循环利用的综合效率均值仅为0.4089,还有59.11％的提升空间,纯技术效率均值高达0.9701,表现良好,规模效率均值仅为0.4215,成为农业废弃物循环利用效率较低的主因.②区域资源性农业废弃物循环利用绩效存在差异性,未剔除环境变量及统计噪声影响下,区域资源性农业废弃物循环利用绩效排序为:福建＞山东＞湖北＞河南;剔除环境变量及统计噪声影响后,且优劣排序为河南＞福建＞山东＞湖北,环境变量及经营环境与运气差异是重要原因.据此,提出了相应的对策建议.     

农业固体废弃物是废物吗?

农业固体废弃物既是污染源,也是一种潜力巨大的资源。对农业固体废弃物的资源化利用不仅可以消除污染,改善农村环境,还可以创造经济效益,实现农业的可持续发展。农业固体废弃物主要包括植物秸秆、畜禽粪便和农业塑料等。农业固体废弃物中含有大量的氮、磷等营养物质,是营养丰富的有机质,可以被多种废弃物资源化技术所利用,主要包括肥料化、饲料化、能源化和原料化四个方面。肥料化,植物秸秆和畜     

西部地区农业废弃物可利用潜力及环境效益研究北大核心

西部地区农业废弃物资源丰富,其资源化利用不仅能解决自身带来的环境污染问题,而且也发挥着节能减排的重要作用。通过对2007—2018年西部地区农业废弃物进行研究,测算出农作物秸秆和畜禽粪污可利用潜力及资源环境效益。西部地区农业废弃物可利用量资源丰富,农作物秸秆和畜禽粪污的年平均可利用量分别为16363.40万t、62375.57万t;2007—2018年西部地区农业废弃物的肥料化潜力在827.47万~1201.18万t之间,可替代化肥施用纯量的比率在60.00%~72.44%之间,其肥料化效益显著;西部地区农作物秸秆带来的能源化效益远大于畜禽粪污,2018年将其农业废弃物能源化利用可减少天然气消耗842.59亿m^(3),是该区域能源消耗量的1.05倍;若将2018年西部地区焚烧的秸秆和畜禽粪污资源化利用,分别可最多减少温室气体排放6224.62万吨CO_(2)、19038.75万吨CO_(2),能带来较大的环境减排效益。因此,推进农业废弃物资源化利用对西部地区缓解资源压力和环境污染具有重要意义。     

中国财政对农业投入的社会效益与生态效益评价

农业是一外部性较为明显的产业,财政对农业投入效益更多地表现为社会效益和生态效益.分析评价财政对农业投入的社会效益和生态效益,有助于政府及时调整财政对农业投入的方向、结构和资金使用管理办法,不断优化财政的农业投入政策.     

我国农业废弃物资源化问题探讨

农业面源污染日趋加剧,农村环境形势严峻,农业废弃物没有合理利用是造成面源污染的主要原因。农业废弃物资源化产业发展是农村环境保护的经济选择。农业废弃物资源化形成产业体系,能充分体现出经济价值,环境价值及社会效益,将对我国“三农”形成全方位的影响,对节能减排工作提供一种新思路,而且是我国未来能源产业新的增长点。     

资源综合利用与环保产业

农业废弃物再生利用模式1.秸秆的综合利用。农业废弃物综合利用是循环经济的方向之一。通过发展循环经济,化废为利,使之用做燃料、饲料、肥料和工业原料,对于推动可持续农业发展具有重大的现实意义。国内形成了很多的农业废弃物综合利用模式,农业产区均有很多很好的实践经     

中国农业秸秆资源化技术及产业发展分析

简要分析了我国农业秸秆类固废的资源化利用现状,介绍了我国秸秆处理技术在部分地区的应用情况,总结了目前我国秸秆资源化进程中所存在的问题和困难.将我国秸秆类生物质固废资源化技术进行归类,分析了秸秆饲料化技术、秸秆肥料化技术、秸秆建材及化工技术、生物质材料技术和生物质能转化技术的环境和经济效益.简要分析了生物质产业在我国经济转型期所处的角色,及其对我国经济发展和环境保护的战略意义,并结合我国的经济、能源、粮食和环境方面的现状,得出我国生物质产业的几个发展方向,并对其发展进行了初步的探索和分析.     

低碳经济范式下能源消费结构的优化研究

能源结构的优化和调整是我国能源战略的核心,也是低碳经济顺利实现的重要保证。从能源消费产生的经济效益、社会效益和环境效益等角度出发,构建了综合评价能源消费结构优化程度的指标体系及评价模型,为科学评价能源消费结构的优化程度、合理制定政策提供了理论依据。     

基于循环经济的工业废弃物资源化模式的社会效益评价

本文从宏观、中观和微观层面上介绍了基于循环经济的工业废弃物的三种资源化模式,即基于清洁生产、基于生态工业园区和基于社会层面的工业废弃物资源化模式,并针对这三种模式建立起了AHP模型,利用层次分析法,重点对这三种资源化模式的社会效益进行了评价,以便在实施工业废弃物资源化最佳方案时为决策者提供依据,具有现实意义。     

农业秸秆资源化利用现状与评价

以河南省某市为对象,采用样方统计与调查统计方法,开展农作物秸秆利用状况研究。结果表明,秸秆肥料化、饲料化、能源化、原料化和基料化利用分别占秸秆可收集量的54.67%、13.05%、4.53%、3.44%、0.91%;小麦、玉米、豆类、花生、红薯秸秆的利用率分别为78.10%、70.46%、87.77%、87.53%、81.64%。制约秸秆利用的主要因素为:农业生产组织模式制约,秸秆收储运体系不完善,秸秆利用配套体系缺失,高效且成熟、适用的秸秆利用技术缺乏,秸秆利用支持政策不完善。秸秆资源化利用的推进策略为:发展秸秆的科学规范还田,推广由企业、农业合作社、农民经纪人主导的秸秆收储运模式,推进秸秆利用产业化发展,建立秸秆利用技术服务体系,发展秸秆利用装备生产,实施支持秸秆资源化利用的政策。     

Pleasure and belief in Hume's Decision Process

Abstract

The purpose of this paper is to introduce explicitly pleasure and belief in what aims at being a Humean theory of decision, like the one developed in Diaye and Lapidus (2005a). Although we support the idea that Hume was in some way a hedonist – evidently different from Bentham's or Jevons' way – we lay emphasis less on continuity than on the specific kind of hedonism encountered in Hume's writings (chiefly the Treatise, the second Enquiry, the Dissertation, or some of his Essays). Such hedonism clearly contrasts to its standard modern inheritance, expressed by the relation between preferences and utility.

The reason for such a difference with the usual approach lies in the mental process that Hume puts to the fore in order to explain the way pleasure determines desires and volition. Whereas pleasure is primarily, in Hume's words, an impression of sensation, it takes place in the birth of passions as reflecting an idea of pleasure, whose “force and vivacity” is precisely a “belief”, transferred to the direct passions of desire or volition that come immediately before action. As a result, from a Humean point of view, “belief” deals with decision under risk or uncertainty, as well as with intertemporal decision and indiscrimination problems.

The latter are explored within a formal framework, and it is shown that the relation of pleasure is transformed by belief into a non-empty class of relations of desire, among which at least one is a preorder.     

Globalization,Neoliberalism and the attack on social security

Neoliberal political movements advocate privatization of public pension systems. Globalization imposes pressure on nations to conform to neoliberal policy views with respect to the design and structure of social insurance, including public pension systems. The paper begins with an investigation of the economic, ethical and ideological dimensions of the privatization debates in the U.S.; it argues that privatization advocates may be largely moved by ideology, since the other reasons advanced appear weak or unfounded. The second part discusses the history of Social Security, the purposes for its creation, and some of its economic effects. Differences between public and private pension systems are considered. A brief international comparison of some aspects of public pension system finance and benefit structures is presented. The final section considers the ethical, macroeconomic and distributional implications of privatization, prefunding and payroll tax funding, and argues for a pay as you go system financed with income taxes. In order to promote equity, economic security, community, and social cohesion, public pension systems should be universal in coverage. In order to reduce the inequality, income insecurity, and aged poverty generated by market economies, public pension systems ought to be progressive: benefit/contribution ratios should be inversely proportional to income, and progressive income taxes should finance the system. To promote economic growth, the systems should be financed on a pay-as-you-go basis, and should not be prefunded except for an emergency reserve. The fiscal policy recommendations partially depend upon the theory developed by Abba Lerner in the 1940s, and recently advanced by Wynne Godley and Randy Wray: Lerner's “principle of functional finance.”     

John Stuart Mill's Theory Of Justice

John Stuart Mill has traditionally been portrayed as self-contradictory and failing to construct a unified social theory. Recent scholarship, however, has challenged this view, finding Mill's work to be creatively synthetic in bridging the antinomies inherent in liberal democratic thought. This revisionist interpretation of Mill is advanced by an understanding of his theory of justice and its role in shaping his policy positions on issues such as welfare, education, voting rights, property rights, taxation, government intervention, and the future of capitalism.     

A Rich Vein for “Reality Mining”北大核心CSSCISSCI

Arik Hesseldahl In the aftermath of the September 11 attacks, U.S. officials quickly turned their attention to other potential targets, including California's Golden Gate Bridge. What would happen if terrorists took down the bridge between San Francisco and Marin County? How much of the region would be affected and for how long?     

Perspective on the Economic Evolution of the European Union States Under the Impact of the Pandemic and Financial-Economic Crisis

The European Union,which is at the beginning of its term of office for all Member States in the European Parliament,the European Commission,its governing body a...     

中国养活自己能力的长期预测:技术和政策分析

中国拥有世界五分之一强的人口 ,收入又在迅速增长。因此 ,国际上很自然地会考虑或推测她在今后的几十年是否有能力养活自己。中国的人口预计将从 2 0 0 0年的 1 2 8亿增长到 2 0 2 0年的 1 4 6亿 ,和 2 0 3 0年的 1 4 9亿。与此同时 ,人均收入的增长将导致对家畜和鱼类产品更大的需求 ,因而对饲料的需求也将有很大的增长     

John Stuart Mill's Theories of Wealth and Income Distribution

Although he was much influenced by David Ricardo when he wrote the classical part of his Principles , John Stuart Mill was not a Ricardian when he penned his theories of wealth and distribution. They are based on a triple foundation. First, a belief that economics is a moral discipline. Second a theory of custom-driven human behavior. Third, an empirically formed conviction that the institutions of state, education and business cooperate to structure the distribution of income. On the basis of these presuppositions, Mill formulated 1) an institutional theory of the formation of human and non-human wealth and 2) an even more institutional theory of distribution demonstrating how the aforementioned institutions malignantly skew the distribution of income to the advantage of the propertied classes and to the extreme disadvantage of the working class. As a social economist, Mill recommended institutional reforms designed to eradicate the poverty of the working class.     

Interest on reserves and inflation

The payment of interest on reserves has been a common practice in inflationary economies. This policy may seem paradoxical since it involves returning part of the seigniorage, generated by the inflation process, with the intention to finance the fiscal deficit. This paper argues that the motivation for this policy can be captured by the discretionary regime, where the policymaker pays interest on reserves because he is concerned with the erosion of real liquidity by inflation, which is in part beyond his control. However, this policy is an unlikely outcome in the commitment regime, where the policymaker is in full control of inflation.     

Forecasting the price of gold

This article seeks to evaluate the appropriateness of a variety of existing forecasting techniques (17 methods) at providing accurate and statistically significant forecasts for gold price. We report the results from the nine most competitive techniques. Special consideration is given to the ability of these techniques to provide forecasts which outperforms the random walk (RW) as we noticed that certain multivariate models (which included prices of silver, platinum, palladium and rhodium, besides gold) were also unable to outperform the RW in this case. Interestingly, the results show that none of the forecasting techniques are able to outperform the RW at horizons of 1 and 9 steps ahead, and on average, the exponential smoothing model is seen providing the best forecasts in terms of the lowest root mean squared error over the 24-month forecasting horizons. Moreover, we find that the univariate models used in this article are able to outperform the Bayesian autoregression and Bayesian vector autoregressive models, with exponential smoothing reporting statistically significant results in comparison with the former models, and classical autoregressive and the vector autoregressive models in most cases.