地方政府债务扩张与资源配置效率

地方政府以土地出让收入作为担保和偿债来源能够放大其债务融资能力,而提高市场资源配置效率是实现经济高质量发展的重要支撑。首先,通过构建理论框架,揭示了金融摩擦异质性导致地方政府债务扩张加剧了资源错配;其次,利用中国工业企业数据,结合2009年中央政府放松地方政府债务融资管制这一外生事件,采用双重差分方法,对地方政府债务扩张的资源配置效应进行了实证检验。研究发现：地方政府债务扩张加剧了资源配置效率的损失,这一结论在经历了一系列稳健性检验后仍然成立;机制分析验证了理论框架的假设,即地方政府债务扩张相对更多的提高了民营企业融资成本和资本边际收益产品,进而拉大了部门间价值生产率的离散程度,造成资源错配的加剧;进一步分析发现,地方政府债务扩张引发的资源错配最终降低了加总的全要素生产率。上述结论丰富了现有针对中国地方政府债务经济效应分析的文献,不仅拓展了理论支撑,还提供了详实的经验证据,对防范和化解地方政府债务风险、助推经济高质量发展具有一定的参考价值。     

产业集聚的资源错配效应研究

研究目标：分析产业集聚对资源错配的影响效果。研究方法：通过错配指数计算划分错配类型、面板门槛回归确定集聚发展阶段、面板聚类区分错配程度,最后对不同分类情况进行面板固定效应和Tobit模型回归分析。研究发现：影响资源错配的因素非常复杂,既与错配本身的技术因素有关,也与产业的空间集聚因素有关。产业集聚能在大多数情况下对资源错配起到积极效果,而处于产业集聚成长期且资本配置不足劳动力配置过度的行业资源错配情况最严重。研究创新：从内涵型错配和集聚发展阶段的视角,多方面分类比较。研究价值：产业集聚的资源错配效应研究为行业补足发展短板,提高全要素生产率,从而提高经济增长的质量和效益提供了参考。     

要素重置、经济增长与区域非平衡发展

研究目标：要素错配对经济增长和区域非均衡发展的影响。研究方法：运用提出的测算框架将经济增长分解为部门全要素生产率、要素禀赋和资源配置效率,并通过构建反事实框架重点探讨要素错配如何影响区域经济的非平衡发展。研究发现：2000~2013年要素再配置仅能解释中国经济增长的9.2%,中国经济增长主要依赖于要素积累和部门全要素生产率;部门全要素生产率、要素错配和要素禀赋分别可以解释区域非平衡发展的56.5%、30.7%和12.8%;要素完全有效配置将使得人均真实收入年均增加31.4%,但提升空间趋于缩小。研究创新：拓展传统经济增长分解方法并构建反事实框架研究要素错配的经济效应。研究价值：有助于深入理解要素配置在经济增长和区域非平衡发展中的重要性。     

土地资源错配对城市碳排放效率的影响及作用机制研究

基于中国政治治理制度和土地制度,从理论上系统剖析土地资源错配对碳排放效率的内在影响逻辑,在此基础上借助Super-SBM模型对中国273个城市的碳排放效率进行测算,综合运用面板Tobit模型和固定效应模型实证分析土地资源错配对城市碳排放效率的影响及其作用机制。结果表明：土地资源错配抑制了城市碳排放效率提升,且这种负向作用在中西部城市、中小城市和资源型城市表现得更为突出。机制检验发现,抑制产业结构高级化转型、扭曲财政支出结构、阻碍企业履行社会责任、抑制企业绿色创新是四条重要的传导渠道。进一步分析表明,地方政府经济增长目标设定和财政压力会强化土地资源错配对城市碳排放效率的抑制作用,而绿色绩效考核机制则弱化了土地资源错配的负向影响。     

基于资源配置效率视角的城市规模分布研究——以中国地级市及以上城市为例

城市协调发展是促进经济增长和区域协调发展的重要动力,但中国城市规模分布的合理性问题一直存在较大争议,且就问题的本质——城市间要素资源的优化配置问题却鲜有研究,更缺少相应城市协调发展路径的进一步研究。为此,基于2005—2015年中国275个地级城市的有效数据,从城市间要素资源配置效率的新视角对以上问题进行了实证研究。研究发现,样本城市间资源配置效率呈下降趋势,即中国城市规模分布并未趋于合理,具体表现为大城市及以上城市规模偏小了,因为规模越大的城市综合要素生产率更高。同时,不同规模城市应有不同发展路径:特大与超大城市应适度控制城市人口规模,发挥土地生产率优势,适度增加城市建设用地面积,扩大高质量高效益的投资规模;大城市应继续完善人才引进政策,加强劳动力规模扩张对城市经济增长的作用,同时加强投资效率的管理和提升;中小城市应谨慎扩张建设用地规模,应加大投资和人才引进力度,通过加强产业发展实现城市规模扩张。     

金融科技、信贷错配与非金融企业部门杠杆率风险

本文将金融科技和非金融企业部门杠杆率风险置于同一框架下分析，基于我国国有企业和民营企业在信贷获取和生产率方面存在差异的现实背景，构建包含信贷错配特征的动态随机一般均衡（DSGE）模型，研究金融科技缓解非金融企业部门杠杆率风险的作用。研究发现：我国非金融企业部门杠杆率风险主要体现为，当存在信贷错配时，不利冲击导致总产出下降较多，而“稳增长”政策对总产出的拉动作用较小；金融科技能够降低中小民营企业融资溢价、提高中小民营企业生存率和生产效率，减轻信贷错配程度，从而缓解非金融企业部门杠杆率风险。因此，应持续深化金融科技应用，实现“稳增长”和“防风险”的统一。     

金融资源配置对乡村产业振兴的影响效应分析

基于2015～2020年中国省际面板数据，采用面板门限模型与面板门限分位数模型，实证检验金融资源配置对乡村产业振兴的影响效应。研究发现：金融资源配置与乡村产业振兴间存在门限效应。其中，银行信贷型金融资源配置与乡村产业结构优化具有双重门限效应、与乡村产业融合有单一门限效应；证券融资型金融资源配置与乡村产业融合、乡村产业结构优化均具有单一门限效应。面板门限分位数模型检验可知，银行信贷型、证券融资型金融资源配置在不同分位点、不同门槛值下，对乡村产业融合、乡村产业结构优化的作用存在显著异质性特征。基于此，应从强化乡村产业金融资源倾斜、拓展乡村产业金融资源供给渠道、推动涉农信贷资产证券化进程等方面着手，切实提升金融资源配置效率，助力乡村产业振兴。     

所有制歧视下金融资源错配的两条途径

金融资源错配导致生产率损失严重,而中国所有制歧视所致的金融资源错配不仅存在于不同的所有制企业,还存在于国有部门内部企业。基于 ACF 方法所估计的企业全要素生产率,国有企业要小于非国有企业,然而国有企业获得的信贷资源却高于非国有企业,信贷资源在不同所有制企业间存在错配。并且,在国有部门内部,信贷资源依企业生产率而流动的能力也要显著小于非国有部门,信贷资源在国有部门内部企业间存在错配。同时,商业信用融资流入了生产率更低的企业,而企业的国有身份减慢了这一金融资源的反向流向能力。     

劳动力市场分割与劳动力资源错配:基于城市层面的测度

基于“价格法”测算城市劳动力市场分割和劳动力资源错配的基础上,利用工具变量双向固定效应模型分析劳动力市场分割对劳动力资源错配的影响,并探讨了这种影响的异质性。研究发现,城市劳动力市场分割程度的提高将显著降低城市劳动力资源配置效率,提高劳动力资源错配程度,这种影响主要是通过限制劳动力流动和抑制就业市场规模扩大进而造成“劳动力-岗位”匹配失衡引起的。异质性分析表明劳动力市场分割对劳动力资源错配的影响在经济相对落后,劳动力配置过度的四五线城市和西部及东北部地区更加显著。研究将市场分割的测度推进到劳动力要素和城市层面,提出了我国进一步建设全国统一要素市场,畅通劳动力在区域之间转移的政策建议。     

生产性服务业集聚对制造业企业全要素生产率提升研究

研究目标：考察城市生产性服务业空间集聚对微观制造业企业生产效率提升的影响。研究方法：采用OP方法测度了制造业企业生产率,采用面板模型和工具变量法进行了实证检验。研究发现：相对于专业化集聚,生产性服务业多样化集聚对城市制造业企业全要素生产率提升效果更明显;低端生产性服务业空间集聚对制造业企业生产率的提升作用更加显著;城市生产性服务业空间集聚对国有制造业企业效率提升的作用大于非国有企业;生产性服务业空间集聚对中小城市企业全要素生产率的提升作用效果不明显。研究创新：将空间集聚外溢效应的衰减指数纳入城市生产性服务业空间集聚指标设定之中,考察了不同城市规模和产业层级下生产性服务业空间集聚对微观企业生产效率的差异性影响。研究价值：为企业全要素生产率提升的供给侧改革提供了一个新的视角。     

Development in Information and Communications Technology (ICT) Statistics at the Australian Bureau of Statistics

This paper outlines the ICT statistical developments that the ABS has undertaken over recent years. These developments have been on both the supply side (ICT industry) and the demand side (use of IT by sector). The content of ABS ICT surveys has changed significantly over the last few years and are expected to develop further in line with industry changes and emerging policy needs.
Recent developments in household collections have been the inclusion of IT use questions in the 2001 Census of Population and Housing and in various ABS social surveys such as Children's Participation in Culture and Leisure Activities. Annual business IT use surveys are now conducted and include topics such as Internet commerce and IT security. Biennial ICT industry surveys are conducted to provide data on ICT production, imports and exports, ICT industry employment, performance and structure information. An Internet activity survey is run every six months and provides regional Internet access details and infrastructure details on Internet service providers.
A major development for 2002–03 will be the compilation of an ICT satellite account. ABS intends to produce an ICT Information Development Plan to guide its future statistical development work in the ICT field.     

Incumplimiento del salario mínimo en Europa central y oriental

En este estudio se analiza el incumplimiento del salario mínimo durante el periodo 2003–2012 en diez países de Europa central y oriental con salario mínimo obligatorio nacional. A partir de los datos de EU‐SILC y la metodología propuesta por Bhorat, Kanbur y Mayet (2013), se cuantifica la incidencia y magnitud del incumplimiento. Se realizan análisis de regresión sobre determinantes individuales, laborales y macroeconómicos. Aunque la incidencia permanece relativamente baja, los trabajadores a los que se dirigen las políticas de salario mínimo parecen los más expuestos a su incumplimiento. Con el tiempo, una mayor incidencia se asocia a una razón más alta entre salario mínimo y salario medio.     

Value at Risk in the Suburbs: Eminent Domain and the Geographical Politics of the US Foreclosure Crisis

Several US counties and local governments have recently considered a novel solution to the foreclosure crisis. They plan to use eminent domain to compel the owners of mortgage debt—and specifically of private‐label mortgage‐backed securities—to sell the debt to the government at a price reflecting the loan's market value. The government would then restructure the debt and resell it to new investors. The plans are striking because—in contrast to both development‐driven eminent domain and the federal subprime bank bailout—they would force investors to assume asset devaluation and increased long‐term risk. Notably, the plans have emerged as an instance of financialization‐focused politics in suburbs and suburban cities of color, specifically majority‐black and ‐Latino/a suburbs. Local support for the plans, we argue, is rooted in the long‐term disinvestment of these ‘suburbs of exception', which became targets of subprime lending and eventually sites where the ‘financial exception' has been localized. But these demographic shifts, fragmentation and fiscal pressures have at the same time created a suburban political terrain in which the plans have gained their strongest political support.     

Towards a Theory of Serendipity: A Systematic Review and Conceptualization

Serendipity – the notion of making surprising and valuable discoveries – plays a major role in the success of individuals and organizations alike. Previous research has established the importance of serendipity and identified important individual- and organizational-level antecedents. However, the literature has been dispersed and the boundaries of the concept have been blurry, leading to a lack of conceptual clarity and structure, and thus limiting validity and managerial actionability. Based on a systematic literature review, I synthesize existing management-related research on serendipity and explicate the emergence and composition of serendipity in the organizational context. I first identify three necessary conditions that differentiate serendipity from related concepts such as luck or targeted innovation: agency, surprise, and value. Then, I draw from the literature on sensemaking, event-based theorizing, and quantum-based approaches to management to conceptualize the process of cultivating serendipity in the organizational context as a process of enabling potentiality and materialization, and develop a multi-level theory of (cultivating) serendipity. This conceptualization contributes to our collective understanding of how, why, and when (i.e., under what conditions) organizations can leverage the value in the unexpected, which opens up fruitful avenues for further research.     

Accountability of NGOs in Bangladesh A critical overview

NGOs in Bangladesh have been recognized as effective change agents in the socio-economic arena throughout the world. Their contributions in micro credit, non-formal education and primary health care are widely known. NGOs play a significant role in society. NGO accountability, as a result, has become a critical issue. NGO accountability in Bangladesh has been examined here in relation to patrons, clients and themselves. Of the three relationships only accountability to patrons is in a near satisfactory state. Accountability to clients is handicapped by lack of opportunities of beneficiaries to participate meaningfully in NGO policy making. Accountability to themselves is adversely affected due to the adherence to a strictly hierarchical system and the influence of founding and charismatic NGO leaders.     

Towards an Asian model of human resource management? A comparative analysis of China,Japan and South Korea

There has been much discussion regarding the possible decline and weakening of national systems of human resource management (HRM). Yet, culture and institutions are often cited as the major stumbling blocks to this outcome. Such constraints may dissipate in the analysis, particularly if ‘regional clusters’ are considered where geographic and cultural closeness and ‘openness’ to similar economic pressures exist. In such cases, it might be postulated that convergence in HRM will occur. We argue that China, Japan and South Korea represent such a cluster. This article examines these countries, to see if a degree of convergence is taking place and if it is towards an identifiable ‘Asian’ model of HRM. A model of change is presented that distinguishes between levels of occurrence and acceptance. Details of the development and practice of HRM in each country are then set out. The article ends with a discussion and implications section and a brief conclusion.     

Cultural Economy Planning in Creative Cities: Discourse and Practice

While a growing body of research analyses the functional mechanisms of the cultural or creative economy, there has been little attention devoted to understanding how local governments translate this work into policy. Moreover, research in this vein focuses predominately on Richard Florida's creative class thesis rather than considering the wider body of work that may influence policy. This article seeks to develop a deeper understanding of how municipalities conceptualize and plan for the cultural economy through the lens of two cities held up as model ‘creative cities’ — Austin, Texas and Toronto, Ontario. The work pays particular attention to how the cities adopt and adapt leading theories, strategies and discourses of the cultural economy. While policy documents indicate that the cities embrace the creative city model, in practice agencies tend to adapt conventional economic development strategies for cultural economy activity and appropriate the language of the creative city for multiple purposes.     

Input/output ranges and performance: an examination of US machine tool producers

Despite the establishment of high-tech multinational enterprises (MNEs) in Ireland since the late 1950s, the country did not succeed in closing the technological gap with most of its EU counterparts. The weak National System of Innovation (NSI), and in particular low business and government R&D levels, combined with a lack of research and technology linkages between MNEs and indigenous firms, explain these poor results. However, the Shannon region in the West of the country presents some specific institutional characteristics that could theoretically make the region a strong technological enclave. The various actors in the region - i.e. the administrative, financial, political and research institutions, as well as the business organizations - have indeed infused a new type of economic development. After a brief review of the available concepts and models articulated around these actors and their interrelationships, the paper analyses whether the Shannon region, taken as an illustrative example, mirrors a specific economic and technological localized setting. The study is based on a survey of indigenous and foreign firms.     

Sixty years of discrimination and diversity research in human resource management: A review with suggestions for future research directions

This article reviews discrimination and diversity research published in Human Resource Management (HRM) over the past 60 years. While discrimination and diversity are very different constructs, it is often informative to study them together, because when people recognize each other's diversity, this can result in bias, stereotyping, and discrimination. We conducted bibliographic searches for terms related to discrimination and diversity as well as a manual search through every title and abstract published in HRM over the last 60 years to assess article relevance. The search resulted in 135 research articles with 136 unique studies (i.e., samples) which are reviewed in this article. Sex and race are the demographics that have been examined the most in HRM, while religion has been examined the least. Moreover, the number of studies examining lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ) employees in the workplace in HRM has grown quickly within the past 10 years, culminating in a recent meta‐analysis. Our review looks at some of the earliest research published, the most recent research published, and the overall trends we identified in the research over the years for both discrimination and diversity articles. We then make future research suggestions and recommendations to advance the study of discrimination and diversity in the coming years.     

Multinomial distributions applied to random sampling of particulate materials

When sampling a batch consisting of particulate material, the distribution of a sample estimator can be characterized using knowledge about the sample drawing process. With Bernoulli sampling, the number of particles in the sample is binomially distributed. Because this is rarely realized in practice, we propose a sampling design in which the possible samples have a nearly equal mass. Expected values and variances of the sample estimator are calculated. It is shown that the sample estimator becomes identical to the Horvitz–Thompson estimator in the case of a large batch-to-sample mass ratio and a large sample mass. Simulations and experiments were performed to test the theory. Simulations confirm that the round-off error due to the discrete nature of particles is negligible for large sample sizes. Sampling experiments were carried out with a mixture of PolyPropylene (PP) and PolyTetraFluorEthylene (PTFE) spheres suspended in a viscous medium. The measured and theoretical variations are in good agreement.