跨国公司对发展中东道国市场集中效应的分析

本文利用库诺特数量竞争的扩展模型,就跨国公司对发展中东道国市场集中效应的内在机理进行了分析,并对跨国公司在中国汽车产业的市场集中效应进行了实证检验,指出在我国市场结构表现为低集中、分散竞争的形态下,促进跨国公司对我国投资可以作为实现市场适度集中的重要举措之一,但为防止跨国公司在我国市场上形成垄断地位从而采取不利于市场有效竞争的垄断行为,提出了引进"寡占反应"型跨国公司投资等具体对策.     

中国转轨经济中的产权结构和市场结构——产业绩效水平的决定因素

本文利用 1 995年全国工业企业普查数据检验了中国转轨经济中产权结构和市场结构对于产业绩效的影响作用 ,发现国有产权结构变量对于产业绩效具有明显的负效应 ,产业集中率和规模变量则具有正效应。绩效的优劣主要是根据这几种因素的力度大小和相互抵消的结果来决定的。研究发现 ,国有企业通常是与垄断、缺乏竞争的市场结构密切相关 ,而可竞争的市场结构是与非国有产权或民营产权结构密切相关的。竞争市场与较低的国有产权结构的结合产生了良好的绩效 ,而竞争市场与较高的国有产权结构的不相容性则产生了不良的绩效结果。高度的国有产权结构和垄断性市场的结合 ,则会具有国有结构的负效应和某种较高垄断利润的综合效果。     

网络经济与市场结构变迁--新经济条件下垄断与竞争关系的检验分析

垄断和竞争的关系是市场结构的中心内容。作为一种新的经济形态,网络经济具有一些背离传统经济规律的经济特性,它导致在网络经济条件下的市场结构呈现出区别于传统经济的新特征,并促成其市场结构双重性的形成,进而带来垄断趋势的加强和竞争属性的变迁。因此,对其市场结构的探讨,有助于更好地理解在新的经济条件下垄断与竞争之间的关系。     

Controlling monopoly power in a double-auction market experiment

There is robust evidence in the experimental economics literature showing that monopoly power is affected by trading institutions. In this paper, we study whether trading institutions themselves can shape agents' market behavior through the formation of anchors. We recreate experimentally five different double-auction market structures (perfect competition, perfect competition with quotas, cartel on price, cartel on price with quotas, and monopoly) in a within-subject design, varying the order of markets implementation. We investigate whether monopoly power endures the formation of price anchors emerged in previously implemented market structures. Results from our classroom experiments suggest that double-auction trading institutions succeed in preventing monopolists from exploiting their market power. Furthermore, the formation of price anchors in previously implemented markets negatively impacts on monopolists' power in later market structures.     

TO REGULATE OR TO DEREGULATE? THE ROLE OF DOWNSTREAM COMPETITION IN UPSTREAM MONOPOLY VERTICALLY LINKED MARKETS

This paper attempts to cast light to the effect of monopoly regulation in Cournot markets compared to its effect in Bertrand markets. To this purpose, we use a simple model of a vertically linked market, where an upstream regulated natural monopoly is trading via two‐part tariff contracts with a downstream duopoly. Combining our results to those of the existing literature on deregulated markets, we argue that when the downstream competition is in prices, efficiency dictates regulating the monopoly with a marginal cost based pricing scheme. However, this type of regulation leads to significant welfare loss, when the downstream market is characterized by Cournot competition.     

Competition and monopoly of Chinese rural groundwater market：structure and determinants

China is facing severe problem of water scarcity.Agricultural sector,the main consumer of water resource,has remarkably changed its institutions on water resource deployment,due to heavy environmental pressure.As a new and spontaneous institution,groundwater market has developed rapidly in northern China,and has impacts on waterusing behaviors and benefits of farmers.Using household survey data from Hebei and Henan in 2007,this paper attempts to pin down the development and operating of groundwater market in rural China.We focus on the monopoly and competition in the market.Empirical analysis reveals that Chinese farmers are trying to make rational decision when they compete with others in groundwater market.In general,monopoly is not fierce in Chinese rural groundwater market,with great variations among different villages and even different tubewells within one village.Tubewell costs,regulation and the density of tubewells are the main determinants that affect monopoly level of groundwater market.To make water market benefit more and more farmers of low income,corresponding policies are needed to modify its development in the future.     

Market concentration measurement,administrative monopoly effect and efficiency improvement: empirical data from China civil aviation industry 2001-2015

China’s civil aviation transportation industry is a natural monopoly industry field, and the effect of administrative monopoly is obviously. This paper uses absolute market concentration (CRn) and relative market concentration (HHI) to quantitatively analyze the competition and monopoly degree of Chinese civil aviation transportation in 2001–2015. It is found that although the monopoly degree of Chinese civil aviation industry has declined in the time period, it still belongs to the oligopoly monopoly market. Then, this paper calculates the production efficiency of the industry by DEA method, and makes an empirical test on the relationship between the two factors using the econometric models. With taking into account the calculated results and the HHI index. Relevant research results show that the equilibrium between the existing production efficiency and the degree of administrative monopoly in China’s civil aviation transportation industry long-term stably from the time period. In order to realize the rapid development and improve the efficiency of the industry, the Chinese civil aviation transportation industry must carry out the market-oriented reform. By realizing the separation of government and enterprises, it is necessary to promote the good competition rules in order to benefit the consumers.     

我国航空运输服务业的市场结构及价格竞争策略分析

我国航空运输服务业从宏观上分析具有寡头垄断的市场结构特点,从航线运营的角度分析却具有垄断竞争的特点,因此我国航空运输服务市场还处在重要的发展变革阶段。在我国空运市场特定的经济环境下,旅客的购买决策受到多种因素的影响,航空公司的价格竞争主要表现为不同价格的子舱位数量的决策,并且具有复杂的价格体系。在同一航线上经营的不同企业一方面要针对价格需求弹性大和时间需求弹性大的旅客采取强硬的价格竞争策略；另一方面也要注重差异化价格竞争策略, 避免恶性竞争的发生。     

市场结构与技术创新——以美国AT&T公司的拆分为例

本文以美国AT&T的拆分为模型案例 ,探讨和分析垄断与竞争 ,哪种市场结构更有利于企业的技术创新。本文的模型和实证的结果表明 ,在分割之前公司规模和研发之间存在显著的正相关 ,这说明规模在电信业中依然具有优势。本文的重点在于揭示出效率 (由TFP来衡量 )和竞争的关系 ,因此 ,本研究的一个更为重要的结果是 :TFP与研发之间在分割前是完全不相关 ,分割后却强烈正相关。这一结果表明 ,从受保护的垄断地位转移到竞争性的垄断迫使AT&T提高研发投资 ,以保持其竞争优势。     

双边市场视角下的平台企业行为研究

具有双边市场特征的平台企业行为具有独特的经济特征,这些经济特征与传统单边市场中的企业行为有着根本的区别。传统的基于单边市场特征的产业规制理论,无法解释平台企业的经济行为,也就无法解决具有双边市场特征的平台产业中的垄断与竞争问题。对平台企业进行有效的政府规制亟须建立一套新的、基于双边市场特征的产业规制理论。     

EFFECTS OF POLITICAL MONOPOLY ON ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

Abstract.  This paper has two objectives. First, it presents a survey of the literature surrounding the relation between political monopoly and economic development. Second, it offers an analysis of how commoners' high degree of tolerance towards unfair inequality of income distribution between theirs and the monopolizing ruling elites leads to poor economic development. We assert that free migration between states causes monopoly rent to shrink because it poses a threat to the ruling elites due to fiscal competition between states. The shrinking in monopoly rent implies a higher level of division of labour, which results in a greater extent of the market and higher aggregate productivity.     

竞合行为对装备制造业市场拓展的影响

以我国装备制造业20家上市公司的市场经营数据为样本,从市场效率、市场份额、产品差异等角度考察竞合对市场拓展产生的影响。研究发现,竞合行为的模式不同对装备制造业市场拓展产生的影响也不同,竞合行为并不会必然使双方都获得收益。从分析数据看,以关联联盟形式进行的竞合更能导致企业相对市场效率的改变,以规模联盟形式进行的竞合更有利于产品差异化,而在市场进入方面两种形式的竞合没有显著差异。显然,装备制造业如何理性选择竞合行为和实施策略以参与国际竞争成为亟待解决的问题。     

房地产税、市场结构与房价

本文在住房流量模型的基础上,构建了一个购房者和开发商的住房市场局部均衡模型,考察了完全垄断和完全竞争情形下房地产税与房价之间的关系。结果表明,无论何种市场结构,提高房地产税均导致房价下降;住房市场垄断性越强,房价越高,房地产税对房价影响越大。笔者对1996-2008年中国33个大中城市数据的检验发现,市场结构对房价影响大于房地产税。房地产税增长率每增加1%,房价增长率将减少0.03%;勒纳指数每增加1%,房价增长率将增加0.16%。房地产税与市场结构相互作用将使房价上涨,但影响微不足道。因此,对住宅开征房地产税,将对房价上涨有一定限制作用,但不能有效抑制房价上涨,而增强住宅市场竞争性、降低开发商垄断具有显著效果。     

Competition and product cycles with non-diversifiable risk

This paper analyzes the growth effects of competition in a product-cycle model with innovation, imitation and non-diversifiable risk. Imitation leads to oligopolistic competition and innovation restores a monopoly in the market. In contrast to the models that assume diversifiable risk, this paper shows the following. Positive profits in the oligopoly stages of the product cycle are necessary for technological change. A little intensity of competition is growth diminishing. Only if the intensity of competition exceeds a critical level, its increase enhances growth.      

市场结构与实际汇率——理论模型和对人民币／美元实际汇率的经验分析

文章在一个存在垄断竞争的两国动态一般均衡模型中分析市场结构变化对实际汇率长期趋势的影响,结论认为,本国可贸易品和不可贸易品市场垄断程度上升会导致本币实际升值,而外国可贸易品和不可贸易品市场垄断程度上升会导致本币实际贬值。对人民币/美元实际汇率和中美两国市场垄断程度关系的实证分析基本验证了模型的结论。文章建议,可以通过拆分重组、发展民营企业、引进外资企业等方式引入竞争、降低垄断程度,从而缓解部分人民币升值压力。     

Minimum safety standard,consumers’ information and competition

This paper explores the effects of a standard influencing care choice with an endogenous market structure. Under duopoly, firms compete either in prices or in quantities. Firm(s) may increase the probability of offering safe products by incurring a cost. A standard may correct a safety underinvestment by firms. It is shown that the market structure (duopoly or monopoly) linked to the standard depends on the available information. Under perfect information about safety for consumers, the selected standard is always compatible with competition. The absence of standard due to safety overinvestment by firms only emerges under competition in quantities and a relatively low cost of safety improvement. Under imperfect information about safety for consumers, the selected standard often leads to a monopoly situation, essential for covering the cost of safety improvement. However, for relatively high values of this cost, a standard cannot impede the market failure arising from the lack of information.      

我国烟草商业市场结构与绩效的实证研究

烟草行业作为一种特殊的行业,自从1982年实行烟草专卖制度以来,为我国的经济发展做出了巨大贡献,成长为国民经济发展的支柱产业。作为烟草行业的一个重要分支——烟草商业,承担着烟草制品的经营和销售,对烟草制品最终实现经济价值具有举足轻重的作用。本文从实证的角度分析了烟草商业1999-2003年间的市场结构和市场绩效。     

Why did the terms of payment in international trade change so much?

This article examines factors contributing to the substantial change in the terms of payment, such as letter of credit (LC) and cash terms, in Korean export transactions during the period 1997–2015, using the Autoregressive Distributed Lag bounds test approach. We find that high competition in the world market, the expansion of exports of information technology products and intra-firm trade, and the improvement of information and communication technology (ICT) decrease the share of exports on LC terms in total exports in the long run. However, the increase in exports to developing countries raises the use of LC terms. On the other hand, the increase in intra-firm trade and ICT improvement raise the share of exports settled in cash, and higher trust between trading partners increases the use of cash terms.     

市场规模结构、竞争程度与小微 企业关系型贷款*

本文研究了银行业竞争度与小微企业关系型贷款之间的关系，以及市场规模结构对该关系的影响。信息假说认为，由于信息不对称和代理问题，垄断增加了银行内部化关系型贷款的收益，关系型贷款与竞争度之间呈负相关。然而，越来越多的研究对信息假说提出了质疑。本文在数理推导的基础上，采用江苏省县域地区352家小微企业2011-2015年非平衡面板数据，运用Fractional Logit模型进行实证分析。研究结果表明：市场规模结构是决定竞争度与关系型贷款之间关系的重要因素，当信贷市场中大银行的市场份额占比较大时，银行竞争的加剧对关系型贷款是不利的；当市场中小银行的市场份额占比较大时，竞争的加剧有利于关系型贷款的发放。以往研究对于市场规模结构的忽视可能是导致不同研究结论存在巨大差异的重要原因。本文在此基础上，提出了完善金融基础设施等相关政策建议。     

地区性行政垄断的经济增长效应

地区性行政垄断是指地方政府运用行政权力对市场竞争的限制和排斥,往往造成了要素价格扭曲,进而诱致地方保护和市场分割。本文基于一个经济增长模型,并将地区性行政垄断指数纳入该模型中,实证研究了地区性行政垄断对经济增长的影响以及这种影响在开放程度不同的地方会发生什么样的变化。结果表明,地区性行政垄断与经济增长呈倒U型关系,而且经济开放程度越高,地区性行政垄断越不利于经济增长。