企业持续创新过程:从知识累积到持续学习的新视角

熊彼特之后 ,创新理论演变为两大分支 :以技术变革为研究对象的“技术创新”理论和以制度变革为研究对象的“制度创新”理论。根据这一思路 ,本文对企业持续创新过程进行了划分 :从总体上看 ,企业持续创新过程包括持续技术创新和持续制度创新两个方面。具体地 ,持续技术创新指熊彼特所说的技术、工艺、原材料供给来源和市场等方面的持续创新 :持续制度创新是指组织、管理、文化等方面的持续创新。需要说明的是 ,企业持续创新还涉及技术创新和制度创新二者之间相互补充、促进和渗透的综合集成效应。只是为便于理论上的分析 ,我们在概念上作了…     

论技术创新与制度创新的和谐

经济学的创新理论分为两个分支一技术创新与制度创新,技术创新可归入生产力发展范畴,制度创新可归入生产关系发展范畴;理论和实践都证明经济持续稳定增长需要技术创新与制度创新的和谐互动;我国现阶段制度创新是矛盾的主要方面;制度创新的关键是科研体制创新和促进创新的机制设定。     

企业制度创新的障碍及解决对策

技术创新是企业发展的动力 ,制度创新是企业技术创新的前提和保证 ,在工业经济向知识经济的发展过渡阶段 ,企业必须技术创新和制度创新并重。一、制度创新的理论界定一切经济活动都是在一定的经济基础之上、社会制度之下进行的 ,为促进经济发展而进行的新技术应用与商业化活动     

中国企业管理创新演化及其与环境的关系

管理能力作为企业软实力,能够为企业带来竞争优势,而管理创新是提高企业软实力的重要途径。基于组织学习理论、产业组织理论及制度理论,构建了市场竞争、管理创新与制度创新3者间关系模型,并结合典型案例对模型进行了验证。研究表明,市场竞争是转型经济中企业管理创新的主要动因,管理创新与制度创新之间存在双向互动作用,模仿在中国企业管理创新中发挥了重要作用。     

制度变迁与组织创新

组织创新是组织外部环境与内部要素共同作用的结果。现代信息技术的快速发展与全球陆竞争使组织环境更为复杂多变，组织创新研究也因此成为理论研究的热点。本文首先对组织创新的现有理论进行评述，指出其中的问题；在此基础上运用制度变迁理论对组织创新给出解释，并就我国企业的组织创新提出建议。     

企业规模与企业家制度创新能力关系研究

企业规模是由外在因素和内在因素制约的，在既定外在因素下，影响企业规模的内在因素主要是企业家的制度创新能力。本文从企业理论和制度经济学角度阐述了企业家的制度创新能力在企业实施规模扩张战略的作用并略述了中国企业制度创新的发展。     

现代企业理论与国有企业制度创新

现代企业理论与国有企业制度创新王晓芳现代企业理论属现代经济学的前沿理论，对于这一理论的认识，我们还停留在“最大利润的黑箱”认识阶段。不了解企业的本质，就不可能创造企业生存的条件，不了解现代企业制度创立的理论基础，制度创新只能是盲目、简单的移植，难免成...     

创新经济学理论比较研究

技术创新对经济增长的影响越来越大,是目前推动经济增长的最主要因素.因此本文分别综述技术创新的熊彼特理论、新增长理论、技术推广理论、技术新进化理论和创新过程理论,以及制度创新的激励理论,并对这两派理论进行比较研究,以引出对我国的启示.     

企业制度创新成本分析

戴维斯和诺斯的制度创新理论认为,制度是一个社会的博弈规则,从理论上规范一点说,制度是构建人们相互行为的人为设定的约束.当组织经过成本--效益分析决定对现行制度进行渐进式的调整,或者干脆用一种新的制度替代现行制度时,他们所从事的事业便称为制度创新.企业制度是以产权制度为基础和核心的企业组织制度和管理制度,只有在预期收益大于预期成本即可以取得创新利润时,企业制度创新才会产生内在动力,这一点与技术创新极为相似.有时候人们对现存企业制度也不满意,但考虑到变革制度的预期成本和变革制度后所取得的预期收益比较起来并不划算,也就只好保持现状了.     

技术创新和制度创新的组合对企业持续成长的影响——基于熵理论和耗散结构理论的视角

企业持续成长是企业实现其他目标的前提.技术创新学派或制度创新学派分别强调技术创新或制度创新对企业成长的作用,忽视了二者的协同对企业成长的作用.本文借用熵理论和耗散结构理论,在提出企业技术熵、制度熵、技术负熵、制度负熵、协同负熵等概念的基础上,分别研究了企业的技术创新与制度创新的不同组合对企业持续性和成长性的影响,并对此进行了比较.最后应用所构建的模型分别对于生命周期处于闭区间和开区间的企业成长性和持续性进行了研究,并推导出了企业进行技术创新和制度创新的最佳时间临界点.     

Pleasure and belief in Hume's Decision Process

Abstract

The purpose of this paper is to introduce explicitly pleasure and belief in what aims at being a Humean theory of decision, like the one developed in Diaye and Lapidus (2005a). Although we support the idea that Hume was in some way a hedonist – evidently different from Bentham's or Jevons' way – we lay emphasis less on continuity than on the specific kind of hedonism encountered in Hume's writings (chiefly the Treatise, the second Enquiry, the Dissertation, or some of his Essays). Such hedonism clearly contrasts to its standard modern inheritance, expressed by the relation between preferences and utility.

The reason for such a difference with the usual approach lies in the mental process that Hume puts to the fore in order to explain the way pleasure determines desires and volition. Whereas pleasure is primarily, in Hume's words, an impression of sensation, it takes place in the birth of passions as reflecting an idea of pleasure, whose “force and vivacity” is precisely a “belief”, transferred to the direct passions of desire or volition that come immediately before action. As a result, from a Humean point of view, “belief” deals with decision under risk or uncertainty, as well as with intertemporal decision and indiscrimination problems.

The latter are explored within a formal framework, and it is shown that the relation of pleasure is transformed by belief into a non-empty class of relations of desire, among which at least one is a preorder.     

Globalization,Neoliberalism and the attack on social security

Neoliberal political movements advocate privatization of public pension systems. Globalization imposes pressure on nations to conform to neoliberal policy views with respect to the design and structure of social insurance, including public pension systems. The paper begins with an investigation of the economic, ethical and ideological dimensions of the privatization debates in the U.S.; it argues that privatization advocates may be largely moved by ideology, since the other reasons advanced appear weak or unfounded. The second part discusses the history of Social Security, the purposes for its creation, and some of its economic effects. Differences between public and private pension systems are considered. A brief international comparison of some aspects of public pension system finance and benefit structures is presented. The final section considers the ethical, macroeconomic and distributional implications of privatization, prefunding and payroll tax funding, and argues for a pay as you go system financed with income taxes. In order to promote equity, economic security, community, and social cohesion, public pension systems should be universal in coverage. In order to reduce the inequality, income insecurity, and aged poverty generated by market economies, public pension systems ought to be progressive: benefit/contribution ratios should be inversely proportional to income, and progressive income taxes should finance the system. To promote economic growth, the systems should be financed on a pay-as-you-go basis, and should not be prefunded except for an emergency reserve. The fiscal policy recommendations partially depend upon the theory developed by Abba Lerner in the 1940s, and recently advanced by Wynne Godley and Randy Wray: Lerner's “principle of functional finance.”     

John Stuart Mill's Theory Of Justice

John Stuart Mill has traditionally been portrayed as self-contradictory and failing to construct a unified social theory. Recent scholarship, however, has challenged this view, finding Mill's work to be creatively synthetic in bridging the antinomies inherent in liberal democratic thought. This revisionist interpretation of Mill is advanced by an understanding of his theory of justice and its role in shaping his policy positions on issues such as welfare, education, voting rights, property rights, taxation, government intervention, and the future of capitalism.     

A Rich Vein for “Reality Mining”北大核心CSSCISSCI

Arik Hesseldahl In the aftermath of the September 11 attacks, U.S. officials quickly turned their attention to other potential targets, including California's Golden Gate Bridge. What would happen if terrorists took down the bridge between San Francisco and Marin County? How much of the region would be affected and for how long?     

Perspective on the Economic Evolution of the European Union States Under the Impact of the Pandemic and Financial-Economic Crisis

The European Union,which is at the beginning of its term of office for all Member States in the European Parliament,the European Commission,its governing body a...     

中国养活自己能力的长期预测:技术和政策分析

中国拥有世界五分之一强的人口 ,收入又在迅速增长。因此 ,国际上很自然地会考虑或推测她在今后的几十年是否有能力养活自己。中国的人口预计将从 2 0 0 0年的 1 2 8亿增长到 2 0 2 0年的 1 4 6亿 ,和 2 0 3 0年的 1 4 9亿。与此同时 ,人均收入的增长将导致对家畜和鱼类产品更大的需求 ,因而对饲料的需求也将有很大的增长     

Interest on reserves and inflation

The payment of interest on reserves has been a common practice in inflationary economies. This policy may seem paradoxical since it involves returning part of the seigniorage, generated by the inflation process, with the intention to finance the fiscal deficit. This paper argues that the motivation for this policy can be captured by the discretionary regime, where the policymaker pays interest on reserves because he is concerned with the erosion of real liquidity by inflation, which is in part beyond his control. However, this policy is an unlikely outcome in the commitment regime, where the policymaker is in full control of inflation.     

John Stuart Mill's Theories of Wealth and Income Distribution

Although he was much influenced by David Ricardo when he wrote the classical part of his Principles , John Stuart Mill was not a Ricardian when he penned his theories of wealth and distribution. They are based on a triple foundation. First, a belief that economics is a moral discipline. Second a theory of custom-driven human behavior. Third, an empirically formed conviction that the institutions of state, education and business cooperate to structure the distribution of income. On the basis of these presuppositions, Mill formulated 1) an institutional theory of the formation of human and non-human wealth and 2) an even more institutional theory of distribution demonstrating how the aforementioned institutions malignantly skew the distribution of income to the advantage of the propertied classes and to the extreme disadvantage of the working class. As a social economist, Mill recommended institutional reforms designed to eradicate the poverty of the working class.     

Forecasting the price of gold

This article seeks to evaluate the appropriateness of a variety of existing forecasting techniques (17 methods) at providing accurate and statistically significant forecasts for gold price. We report the results from the nine most competitive techniques. Special consideration is given to the ability of these techniques to provide forecasts which outperforms the random walk (RW) as we noticed that certain multivariate models (which included prices of silver, platinum, palladium and rhodium, besides gold) were also unable to outperform the RW in this case. Interestingly, the results show that none of the forecasting techniques are able to outperform the RW at horizons of 1 and 9 steps ahead, and on average, the exponential smoothing model is seen providing the best forecasts in terms of the lowest root mean squared error over the 24-month forecasting horizons. Moreover, we find that the univariate models used in this article are able to outperform the Bayesian autoregression and Bayesian vector autoregressive models, with exponential smoothing reporting statistically significant results in comparison with the former models, and classical autoregressive and the vector autoregressive models in most cases.