多品质低含气混输原油低含水率监测传感器在输油管道中的应用

长庆油田原油集输主要采用将混合液汇输到集输站,经分离脱水脱气处理后进行管输,对原油的计量主要采用含水仪配合流量计的方法。目前测量原油含水率的技术中,多存在一定的局限性,由于原油的腐蚀性较强,结垢、结蜡严重,致使仪表长期运行可靠性差,尤其是无法消除密度、含气等对含水率测量带来的影响。多品质低含气混输原油低含水率监测传感器,通过良好的技术改进,不仅解决了原油含水率的在线测量问题,而且可为油田分线计量监测节省人力、物力和财力,产生了良好的经济效益和社会效益。     

官一联合站自动盘库及交接油技术应用

长期以来,官一联合站的盘库计量采用人工检尺测量低含水原油储罐液位,流量计计量人工计算输油原油量、人工化验获取原油含水率和密度、巡检员定期记录压力和温度的方式,不仅工作量大,而且实效性差、库存和原油输送量的准确性不高.本文通过介绍自动化计量盘库和交接油技术在官一联合站的应用情况,并结合现场实际测量数据的对比分析,表明了原油自动化计量盘库和交接油系统的在线自动计量方法可以使计量的准确性得到较大的提高,进而提高了联合站自动化管理水平.     

对《原油动态计量油量计算》标准的看法

GB 9109.5-88《原油动态计量油量计算》规定了流量计配在线液体密度计和配玻璃密度浮计等计量方式计量原油的油量计量方法.它是利用流量计对原油进行计量时油量交接的重要依据.我们在参照应用该标准的过程中遇到了一个问题,现就此提出商榷意见并供修订该标准时参考.目前,我厂对各油田生产区块进行了原油联产承包,承包书上重要的经济指标是原油量,因此原油计量准确与否关系到各承包单位的经济利益.为此,我厂内部的原油计量方法选用了0.5级罗茨流量计计量原油油水体积,每小时取一次定体积的油水试样,4小时化验一次组合样的含水率,原油含水化验执行GB 260-77《石油水份测定法》标准,原油含水化验报告以质量百分率给出.原油密度每季度测定一次,密度值一季度更换一次.在执行GB 9109.5-88标准时,发现该标准的3.2条难以执行.在3.2条中是这样叙述的:流     

原油含水含气分析仪的研究与应用

原油含水含气分析仪是利用介质对某一低能γ射线的吸收而引起强度的变化，与介质的质量吸收系数和密度有关外，还与组成介质的成份和各种成份所占的比例有关。通过测量γ射线穿过被测介质前后强度的变化获取有关信息，经过分析与计算，得到组成介质的各种组份的含量。再输入流量计信号，实现原油在线连续自动测量。这种仪表是核机电一体化的高科技产品，保证了较高的测量精度，避免了人工计量工作量大、计量误差大的现象，实现了分队计量，方便了生产管理。     

液化石油气动态计量近似计算法探讨

当液化石油气体积采用容积式流量计测量，相对密度采用压力密度计手工测量的计量方式时，依据现有的质量计算标准。其质量无法进行计算。根据生产实际需和实践经验。提出了以上测量条件下的一种近似质量计算法。用该法对液化石油气的质量进行计算。精度可以满足液化石油气交接计量的要求。     

输油管道两端流量计误差浅析

使用流量计计量商品原油时,都依据GB9109.5—88《原油动态计量 油量计算》计算流量,计算公式如下(以流量计配玻璃密度浮计计量方式为例):     

管柱式旋流气液分离器的应用研究

针对中原油田计量站原油计量过程中存在计量工艺流程不完善、含水率误差大、自动化程度低等问题,采用多相流分离计量原理,综合应用管柱式旋流气液分离器、模拟分析多相流流体动力形态、质量流量计等技术,经现场试验应用,取得了良好测量效果,解决了中高含水期油田油井产出物精确计量问题,完善了石油多相流混相输送工艺技术。     

原油物性对容积式流量计准确度的影响

容积式流量计是原油贸易计量中常用的计量器具,它的计量误差不仅与流量计本身精度有关,而且与计量介质的性质有很大关系.通过列举河石输油管线原油物性变化引起流量计准确度发生较大变化的事实,证明了原油粘度、含蜡量、析蜡点等原油物性变化对流量计计量准确度的影响是巨大的.石油企业计量同行在原油交接计量过程中要高度重视容积式流量计的实液在线计量检定工作,以确保流量计在运行过程中不发生失准.     

原油动态计量技术在仪长管道上的应用

介绍了仪长管道原油动态交接计量的现状,探讨了原油动态计量交接中误差产生的原因,分析了流量计、原油密度、原油含水量、油品温度和压力以及其它因素引起的误差,提出了消减误差的方法及措施。     

原油流量计选用应考虑的因素

引言 流量计是石油开采企业最常用的仪表,在油田很多生产现场所使用的流量计选型不够合理,有的存在安装错误,造成计量误差过大,还有些不能满足生产或原油交接计量的需要。很多形式的流量计都能计量原油,但选择时仅靠经验和单纯考虑购置费进行选型,可能会失去选择最适合仪表的机会。例如仪表的流量范围和实际流量不匹配,对测量要求不高的场所选用精度过高的仪表等等。由此可见正确选择和使用流量计并非易事。要正确和有效地选择原油流量计,必须考虑以下5个方面的因素,即性能要求、原油物性、安装要求、环境条件和费用。     

Comparing FTTH access networks based on P2P and PMP fibre topologies

There is an ongoing discussion in the market which Next Generation Access (NGA) architecture best suits future needs and which investment and cost differences exist. The discussion can be subsumed as P2P vs. GPON, which is somewhat misleading as this article reveals. The discussion is driven by the fact that the high capital cost and the long asset life time of fibre mean that the technology choices made today will dominate the opportunities for telecommunication business of all market players, incumbents, competitors, content providers and business and residential users for many years in the future.The paper analyzes the cost and other differences between Fibre-to-the-Home (FTTH) access network architectures and their related different wholesale approaches by using the well-known and understood steady state approach applied in other NGA analyses in the past. In addition to the steady state analysis a dynamic cost evaluation is included taking into account the different investment behaviour of the FTTH architectures over time. The results describe investment and cost differences between architectures, incumbents and wholesale based competitive operators. The analysis has been performed for different geotypes (clusters) of decreasing population density in a representative European settlement structure.     

面向对象的程序设计

用Ｃ＋ ＋ 语言阐述面向对象程序设计中封装和继承的概念以及在实际中怎样运用这些概念提高程序设计水平。     

Indigenous peoples’ nutrition transition in a right to food perspective

In indigenous communities the nutrition transition characterized by a rapid westernization of diet and lifestyle is associated with rising prevalence of chronic disease. Field work and literature reviews from two different policy environments, Argentina (Jujuy) and Canada (Nunavut), identified factors that add to indigenous peoples’ disease risk. The analytical framework was the emerging human right to adequate food approach to policies and programmes. Indigenous peoples’ chronic disease risk tends to increase as a result of government policies that infringe on indigenous peoples’ livelihoods and territories, undermining their economic system, values and solidarity networks. Policies intended to increase food security, including food aid, may also fuel the nutrition transition. There is a need to explore further the connection between well-intended policies towards indigenous peoples and the development of chronic diseases, and to broaden the understanding of the role that different forms of discrimination play in the westernization of their lifestyles, values and food habits. Food policies that take due account of indigenous peoples’ human rights, including their right to enjoy their culture, may counteract the growth of chronic disease in these communities.     

应用CGI技术创建CAI网页计数器

:CGI( Common Gateway Interface)是应用程序与 Web服务器交互的一个标准接口 ,利用该技术可以实现 HTML不具备的交互式主页功能。本文将通过“教育窗”主页的访问 (点击 )计算器的开发应用实例 ,提出了两种使用 CGI技术实现点击计数的方案     

钻井现场H2S气体的探测及防护

在钻井生产过程中，实施HSE管理体系，预防和控制H2S，保护每一位员工不受H2S气体危害，是钻井生产过程中HSE工作的重要一环。阐述了有害气体H2S的物理特性、毒性标准，介绍了几种常用的H2S气体探测器，以及具体操作方法。     

A strategic skill based model of supplier integration and its effect on supply management performance

Supplier integration is a tool to help organizations gain competitive advantage. Strategic supply management skills and the supply management function's perceived status are hypothesized as antecedents to supplier integration leading to supply management performance. The sample for this study includes 152 executive level supply management professionals. The empirical results suggest that strategic skills and perceived status are essential antecedents to supplier integration and subsequent performance. Further, the relationship between strategic skills and performance is mediated by supplier integration. Results of a dominance analysis also suggest which strategic skills are most likely to explain status integration, and performance. These findings have significant implications for supply management theory and practice.     

Migration to 3G wireless broadband internet and real options: The case of an operator in India

The paper focuses on third generation wireless technologies and on alternative technologies for wireless local area networks. The authors present the evolutionary migration path from second to third generation systems. Technological, economic and behavioral factors related to decision-making towards the migration are proposed. As an example, the paper studies the case of the national incumbent operator of India. It analyzes qualitatively the migration problem from the perspective of the operator, the equipment manufacturer and the users. For the quantitative analysis, real options are used to value the investment decisions. The analysis suggests that the initial (sunk) investment cost, the average revenue per user, the growth of the subscriber base and the volatility of the markets are the key factors in the investment process.     

Collectivism,individualism, and outgroup cooperation in a segmented China

A consistent theme in cross-cultural management research is that collectivists are more cooperative than individualists. We use Hofstede's measure for individualism–collectivism and combine it with an experimental measure of cooperation to test this relationship in China. In contrast to the established paradigm, we find that groups with higher individualistic scores are more cooperative than those groups with higher collectivistic scores. We attribute these results to groups being composed of outgroup members. In addition, we find that subjects from the more developed coastal area are more individualistic and cooperative than are subjects from inland China.

Cost allocation of WCDMA and wholesale pricing for mVoIP and data services

This study estimates cost-based prices for wholesale voice and data services provided to 3G (WCDMA) MVNOs according to their distinct types. For estimation, 3G MVNOs are classified into different types, and the overall cost of WCDMA facilities are separated into voice and data components based on their subscriber rates, actual traffic rates, as well as efficiency consideration of traffic rates. The study then calculates cost-based wholesale prices of voice and data services for each of the 3G MVNO types. The result of this study shows that a cost-plus pricing scheme can help achieve the policy goals of the regulator, namely, lowering telecommunications tariffs and facilitating the introduction of new convergent-type services, far more effectively than the current retail-minus pricing scheme. The findings of this study may assist firms in developing business models based on 3G networks and telecom regulators in designing policies related to interconnection, mVoIP, prepaid calls, wholesale services, and network neutrality.     

压入式局部通风技术及管理

局部通风技术及管理在大中小型煤矿广泛应用,如何管理和应用局部通风是掘进安全生产不可忽视的环节,无论从风量的设计、各种安全设施的使用等都是非常重要的。有一套系列化的设计和管理模式是掘进安全生产的重要保证,本文从掘进设计到掘进结束做了详细的使用和管理。