贸易便利化提高的国际经贸影响研究——基于“一带一路”六大经济走廊的实证分析

基于GTAP模型以六大经济走廊建设为例分析了"一带一路"倡议下提高贸易便利化的国际经贸影响。研究发现:一是"一带一路"六大经济走廊建设增加了贸易便利化提高国家的GDP,走廊沿线国家的GDP增加百分比均大于中国,其中中国-中亚-西亚经济走廊增加百分比最多;二是"一带一路"六大经济走廊建设对中国和走廊沿线国家均有福利改善作用,改善大小几乎相同,其中中国-中亚-西亚经济走廊福利增加最大;三是"一带一路"六大经济走廊建设增加了贸易便利化提高国家的出口总量,除了新亚欧大陆桥经济走廊之外,其他经济走廊沿线国家的出口总量增加百分比显著高于中国。     

Impact of Trade Facilitation on Parts and Components Trade

This article utilizes data from seventy-seven countries over the period 2004–07 in a gravity trade model to examine the impact of four dimensions of trade facilitation—physical infrastructure, information and communication technology, business environment, and border efficiency—on parts and components and final goods trade for the machinery and transport equipment sector. The results show that the effect of importers’ overall trade facilitation measures is stronger for promoting parts and components than for final goods trade. Among the four dimensions, border efficiency has the largest impact on trade flows for this sector, and the effect of exporter and particularly importers’ border efficiency is important for parts and components, as compared to final goods trade.     

我国与“一带一路”沿线国家贸易合作现状、存在问题和提升策略研究

“一带一路”倡议提出以来,我国与沿线国家贸易合作得到很大改善,但依然存在基础设施比较落后、贸易模式和贸易结构比较单一固化等问题。同时,考虑到当前全球贸易保护主义抬头、国际贸易规则加速重构、全球贸易投资环境日益严峻、全球经济增长动能减弱和中美贸易摩擦影响加剧等,应加强政府间沟通,构建健全的政策制度体系,加快基础设施建设,实现更高水平的互联互通,坚持以重点产业合作带动贸易合作,加快自贸区网络建设,争取早日开始“一带一路”自贸协定谈判,不断提升我国与沿线国家贸易合作水平。     

“Going global” and FDI inflows in China: “One Belt & One Road” initiative as a quasi‐natural experiment

This paper investigates the impact of “One Belt & One Road” as an exogenous policy shock on the utilisation of foreign capital in China in the short term. Based on provincial panel data for the years 2003–15, the empirical study is conducted with difference‐in‐differences design. The first difference is whether a province is an OBOR province, and the second is whether “One Belt & One Road” initiative has been proposed. The empirical results suggest the utilisation of foreign capital in OBOR provinces has decreased significantly compared to non‐OBOR provinces after the initiative has been proposed. The study has further shown that the OBOR construction not only means factor movements and projects but also stands for policy shock. Its impact on utilisation of foreign capital cannot be simply captured by the commonly quantifiable “going global” indicators, namely outward direct investment, overseas contracted projects or overseas labour services. The negative impact of the initiative on foreign capital utilisation is strongly reflected in the OBOR provinces with low levels of economic development, heavy fiscal burdens and high proportions of state‐owned economy. In the short term, the negative impact of the initiative on foreign capital utilisation may be due to its role in resource competition and signal delivering. The former means that the OBOR initiative may induce resource competition between “going global” and “bringing in,” and the latter suggests that this initiative is likely to be regarded as a “signal” by foreign investors that “going global,” not “bringing in,” has become the priority of the government.     

21世纪海上丝绸之路运输通道的海运效率评价——基于SBM模型和DEA窗口分析方法

建设完善21世纪海上丝绸之路沿线运输通道是实现互联互通的关键,而运输通道海运效率的高低直接影响沿线国家贸易的绩效。基于SBM模型和DEA窗口分析方法对21世纪海上丝绸之路五条主要运输通道(分别是中国—南太平洋、中国—东北亚、中国—东非—地中海、中国—波斯湾以及中国—东南亚)2010—2017年的海运效率进行实证研究发现,中国—南太平洋运输通道的海运效率最高,其次是中国—东北亚运输通道,中国—东非—地中海运输通道的海运效率最低;五条运输通道均存在产出不足与投入冗余问题,其中中国—东北亚运输通道港口基础设施建设投入过多,造成了一定程度的资源浪费,而中国—东非—地中海运输通道货物吞吐量产出严重不足;“一带一路”倡议提出后,中国—波斯湾和中国—东非—地中海运输通道海运效率有所提高,中国—东北亚和中国—东南亚运输通道海运效率趋于平缓,中国—南太平洋运输通道海运效率近年略有下降,但整体上仍然高于其他四条运输通道。而运输通道为避免资源浪费及效率低下等问题,一要优化港口资源配置,二要提高与全球航运网络的连通度,三要缩小同一运输通道沿线各国海运效率的差距。     

Does Aid for Trade Enhance Export Performance? Investigating the Infrastructure Channel

There are few empirical studies assessing the effectiveness of aid for trade as regards trade performance. Furthermore, existing work does not test which are the channels through which aid for trade has an impact on trade performance. We address this question using a two‐step empirical analysis. Relying on an export performance model, we first test whether institutions and infrastructure, our two potential channels of transmission, are significant determinants of export performance. Second, we test the impact of aid for trade sectoral flows on the previously detected determinants of export performance. We show, as part of the first step, that the infrastructure channel is a highly significant determinant of export performance, whereas the institutional channel turns out to have a limited positive impact on developing countries’ export performance. Furthermore, we show, from the second step, that aid for infrastructure, once instrumented, has a strong and positive impact on the infrastructure level. As a result, we find that a ten per cent increase in aid for infrastructure commitments per capita in developing countries leads to an average 2.34 per cent increase in the exports over GDP ratio. It is also equivalent to a 2.71 per cent reduction in tariff and nontariff barriers. These results highlight the high potential impact of aid for trade on developing countries’ export performance throughout the infrastructure channel.     

Belt‐and‐Road Initiative: Driving the need to understand intellectual capital in Chinese multinational enterprises

China's Belt‐and‐Road Initiative (BRI) is one of the most ambitious trade and development projects in history which intends to link Chinese multinational enterprises (CMNEs) to the Asian subcontinent, the Middle East, Africa, and Europe through two trade routes, land and sea. The project involves infrastructure development, human knowledge, and international relations to develop trade relationships. Increased competition along the two routes will see other governments taking initiatives to protect the business community in their nations; thus, adding barriers that must be overcome by CMNEs. The success of CMNEs in the BRI relies on the three components—structural, human, and relational—which are the three components of intellectual capital (IC). Through the use of IC CMNEs can assess their strengths and weaknesses. It will be the understanding of these strengths and weaknesses which will drive the success or failure of CMNEs.     

中国与“一带一路”沿线中东欧国家物流绩效对比分析

“一带一路”沿线国家间物流合作对“设施联通、贸易畅通”意义重大,如何加强物流合作,需要进行科学决策。世界银行发布的物流绩效指数(LPI)已成为评价各国跨境物流绩效综合水平的工具,利用该工具进行分析研究,可以为跨区域物流合作提供决策参考。中国与“一带一路”沿线中东欧国家的合作是目前最具区域板块价值的合作机制,即“17+1合作”,需要进行系统性的合作机制研究。利用“一带一路”沿线中东欧17国的LPI,通过多维分析,可探索中国加强与中东欧国家之间的跨境物流合作新路径。在验证LPI6个子要素衡量一个国家物流绩效水平合理性的基础上,通过对中东欧17国LPI的平均值、增长率和变异系数进行分析发现,影响中东欧与中国物流绩效的重要因素依次为基础设施水平、物流质量和服务能力、货物追踪性、国际运输能力、海关效率、货物运输时效性。另外,对中东欧17国LPI的6个子要素进行聚类,并对不同群类进行针对性分析。在“一带一路”建设背景下,中国应充分发挥亚洲基础设施投资银行平台和丝绸之路基金的主导优势,提升跨境物流通道设施水平,加快建设“一带一路”自贸区,构建物流大数据信息中心,打造中东欧物流枢纽网络,促进中国与中东欧国家之间的跨境物流、供应链合作。     

基础设施投入对服务贸易结构影响的实证研究——来自跨国面板数据的证据

本文基于要素禀赋理论和动态比较优势理论,将基础设施投入引致的要素积累效应纳入H.Oniki和H.Uzawa(1965)的分析框架,探讨了广义基础设施投入影响服务贸易结构的理论作用机制,并在此基础上建立动态面板模型,采用系统GMM两步法对80个不同收入水平国家及其分群组在1996-2010年的数据进行了实证分析。研究发现,交通、能源和通讯等经济性基础设施变量与服务贸易结构水平呈显著正相关;社会性基础设施变量中,研发基础设施具有正向作用,医疗、教育和环保基础设施却呈负向作用,同时研发、医疗和教育基础设施变量均有显著的滞后效应;进口贸易有利于服务贸易结构优化,而FDI和服务业发展水平作用不显著。对于不同收入水平的国家,不同基础设施投入的影响作用存在差异。     

International Growth Spillovers,Geography and Infrastructure

There is significant academic evidence that growth in one country has a positive impact on growth in neighbouring countries. This paper contributes to this literature by analysing the heterogeneous strength of growth spillovers across world regions and by investigating the contribution of transport and communication infrastructure to explain this heterogeneity and promote neighbourhood effects. By defining neighbourhood on the basis of membership of regional trade agreements, we focus on spillovers that work through regional integration and trade. The analysis finds significant evidence for heterogeneity in growth spillovers, which are strong between OECD countries and essentially absent in sub‐Saharan Africa (SSA). We further find strong interaction between infrastructure and being a landlocked country. This suggests that growth spillovers from regional ‘success stories’ in SSA and other lagging world regions will depend on first strengthening the channels through which such spillovers can spread – most importantly connective infrastructure such as transport and telecommunication links.     

贸易便利化能否提升中国企业产能利用率——来自“一带一路”沿线国家的证据

贸易便利化环境的改善为企业提升产能利用率带来了新契机。文章通过构建贸易便利化对产能利用率的理论框架,采用中国企业层面数据,检验“一带一路”沿线国家贸易便利化对产能利用率的微观影响。结果表明：沿线国家贸易便利化显著提升了中国制造业企业产能利用率;从贸易便利化类别来看,沿线国家口岸及物流效率对企业产能利用率的效应最大,其次为规制环境、金融及电子商务、海关及边境管理;从企业所属行业、所在地区与出口决策来看,沿线国家贸易便利化对进口中间品高依赖度企业、内陆地区企业及非出口企业的产能利用率效应更大;沿线国家贸易便利化产生的出口扩张效应、中间品进口替代效应、生产率改进效应是提升企业产能利用率的重要渠道。     

中国与“一带一路”沿线国家服务贸易影响因素探究

在分析中国与"一带一路"沿线国家服务贸易影响因素的理论基础上,采用2006~2015年"一带一路"沿线22个国家的面板数据,探讨了中国与"一带一路"沿线国家的服务贸易格局。借助贸易引力模型实证分析经济发展水平、服务业发展水平、服务贸易开放度、地理距离、城市化水平和制度环境等因素对中国与"一带一路"沿线国家服务贸易的影响。根据研究结论提出关于促进中国与"一带一路"沿线国家服务贸易发展、提升中国服务贸易竞争力和推动中国服务出口的政策启示。     

Trade policy,export expansion,human capital and growth

This paper empirically investigates the impact of trade policy on export expansion and on GDP growth in developing countries while controlling for the human capital stock and the initial level of development. By using a simultaneous system estimation we unite the approach found in the export expansion and growth literature with the approach found in papers that estimate the effect of trade policy on growth, while also making several improvements in the estimation of the underlying relationships. The results obtained from our estimation are more credible because of these improvements and therefore have stronger policy implications. We find that outward-oriented trade policies substantially and significantly impact growth in developing countries not only by directly enhancing exports but also through a feedback (or multiplier) effect.     

交通基础设施对“一带一路”沿线国家企业出口的影响——基于世界银行企业调查数据的实证研究

文章基于世界银行2004~2017年45个"一带一路"沿线国家的企业调查数据,利用双重差分模型分析了交通基础设施对企业出口的影响。结果发现:(1)基础设施对企业出口影响显著,基础设施越完善,企业从事出口经营可能性越大,出口比例也会越大。(2)交通基础设施合作可通过降低企业出口障碍、减少企业出口所需时间成本来改善当地出口,提高企业的出口可能性及出口比例。(3)相对于陆路运输,港口建设改善了沿线国家的交通类基础设施,并推动了当地企业的出口。此外,对于外资企业或外国投资占比较大的企业而言,交通基础设施改善对企业出口有更大的促进作用。     

“一带一路”中的人民币国际化:进展、问题与可行路径

随着"一带一路"建设的推进,人民币国际化迎来了新的发展机遇。目前,"一带一路"沿线人民币跨境结算稳步推进,中国与"一带一路"沿线国家的货币互换合作不断加深,"一带一路"沿线国家人民币国际化的金融基础设施逐渐完善,在"一带一路"沿线国家人民币计价功能初步发展。但人民币国际化在"一带一路"沿线仍存在许多问题,表现为人民币在"一带一路"沿线跨境使用与贸易需求不匹配,人民币国际化在"一带一路"沿线的地区发展不平衡以及功能发展不协调。为了推动"一带一路"沿线人民币国际化进程,应充分挖掘"一带一路"沿线人民币的真实需求,重点发挥人民币在投融资活动中的作用;以大宗商品为突破点,推动人民币计价功能提升;加强金融基础设施建设,完善人民币回流机制,推动"在岸—离岸"市场的良性互动。     

A general equilibrium model of bilateral trade with strategic public investment in commercial infrastructure

We explore how public investment in commercial infrastructure affects the composition of trade between countries. To this end, we develop a model of bilateral trade in which two countries produce, consume, and trade a continuum of goods. Goods are produced by a single homogeneous factor, labor, the productivity of which depends on the quality of the country’s commercial infrastructure, broadly conceived to encompass transportation, communication, and power transmission networks; regulatory and legal institutions; and basic research and educational systems. Countries may improve the quality of their commercial infrastructures through increased public investment. However, returns on these investments are constrained by fixed ‘natural’ endowments, with the better-endowed country enjoying greater labor productivity for a given level of public investment. We begin by analyzing optimal investment in public infrastructure in one country when public investment by the trading partner is fixed. We find that, ceteris paribus, greater public investment in commercial infrastructure raises general labor productivity, leading to gains in workers’ real income. We then analyze a non-cooperative game in which both countries strategically vary public investment in commercial infrastructure. We find that, in a Nash game, the better-endowed country optimally spends more on infrastructure and produces the goods requiring the greatest labor productivity. However, in a Stackelberg game, the results are ambiguous. An empirical analysis based on recent international trade data supports our theoretical finding that investment in public infrastructure is positively related to the export of ‘high-end’ goods.     

The Role of Public–Private Partnerships in Facilitating Cross‐Border Logistics: A Case Study at the U.S./Canadian Border

Private enterprise carries out the complex operations of cross‐border logistics that are the lifeblood of global supply chains. Yet, the efficiency of these activities depends on government agencies that provide the logistics infrastructure for global trade. Thus, public–private partnerships (PPPs) play an important role in facilitating improvements in cross‐border logistics. While private enterprise and the public sector are key stakeholders in the quality of cross‐border logistics, research that examines PPPs in logistics management is relatively sparse. To address this gap, the current study aims to develop empirically based theoretical insights into the nature and role of PPPs in the context of cross‐border logistics. The study employs a grounded‐theory analysis of case study data collected at the U.S./Canadian border. Findings show that private enterprise collaborative capability and public interagency cooperation determine the performance of PPPs which, in turn, influence the quality of cross‐border logistics.     

The effect of border barriers to services trade on goods trade

This paper has two objectives (a) to introduce border policy-induced barriers (PIBs) to services trade and (b) analyse the impact of border PIBs in services sectors on goods trade. The World Input-Output Database covering 43 countries is used over the period 2000–14. A three-stage analysis is employed. The measures of bilateral services trade barriers calculated in each services sector in the first stage are decomposed into its cultural/geographic and policy-induced parts in the second stage. Border PIBs to services trade are used in the structural gravity estimations of bilateral goods trade in the final stage. The results demonstrate significant and robust adverse effects of barriers to services trade on goods trade. When the level of development is taken into consideration, there are marked differences in the impact of these barriers on goods trade.     

Towards a New Trade Policy Between the USA and Middle‐East Countries:Estimating Trade Resistance and Export Potential

At the time of the conclusion of free trade areas (FTAs) between the USA and Middle‐East and North African (MENA) countries, there is a lack of literature concerning the measurement of the current US export position with regards to these countries, and the US export potential in this area. From recent developments of gravity models, this paper derives an estimable equation which includes various trade resistance variables, notably border effects, multilateral resistance as well as specific bilateral effects. The model is tested in order to scrutinise the impact of these variables on US exports to MENA countries, as well as the US export potential in this area. To that end, a selection of panel data specifications is proposed, mainly Hausman and Taylor models as well as Arellano and Bond dynamic models. Results unambiguously indicate that as compared to the other OECD countries, the USA suffers from a substantial trade integration deficit with MENA countries. This is reflected by the strongly negative values of the US‐MENA bilateral fixed effects, as well as the high bilateral border effects. In addition, the estimated actual/potential US export ratio to these countries is only 0.76. Therefore, implementing an FTA between the USA and MENA countries may allow the former to progressively improve its export position in this area. This would also help MENA countries diversify their supplying sources.     

Assessing the Benefits of Trade Facilitation: A Global Perspective

This paper estimates the relationship between trade facilitation and trade flows using a panel of disaggregated manufactured goods for the 2000–2001 period for 75 countries. Four categories of trade facilitation are defined, measured and assessed for their impact on bilateral trade flows using a gravity model. The four measures of trade facilitation are: port infrastructure (air and maritime), customs environment, regulatory environments and e‐business infrastructure. The results suggest that raising global capacity halfway to the world average in the four areas would increase trade by $377 billion. Most regions of the world increase exports more than imports. In large part, this result stems from increased exports to OECD markets that is obtained through a country's own effort to improve ports, customs, regulations and services infrastructures. In addition, the results suggest that reform and capacity building in trade facilitation in areas related to GATT Articles V, VIII and X that are under discussion at the World Trade Organisation could expand trade and exports significantly. Many of the reform measures necessary to achieve this goal need not necessarily require large‐scale investment projects, but rather action in legal and administrative reform to facilitate trade.