有成本差异的Hotelling模型及博弈分析

考虑存在成本差异时厂商的定价选址决策问题,通过建立模型及均衡结果的求解,回答了该情形下厂商是否仍然会采取最大差异化战略,有成本优势的厂商是否希望进行价格战,将对方挤出市等问题。     

基于Hotelling模型的服务型制造增值机理研究

为探讨服务型制造对厂商差异化战略的影响,结合服务的特性,构建了区间Hotelling差异化模型:无差异化的产品竞争模型和服务差异化模型.通过对模型进行求解得到最佳服务差异化程度和均衡价格.比较和分析模型结果表明:(1)服务差异化程度大于某个临界值时才会获得正的利润;(2)适度服务差异化可以提升厂商利润和消费者剩余.(3)消费需求模式的变化是服务型制造的关键因素,而厂商移动的边际成本对其采取差异化竞争战略有重要影响.     

服务延伸产品差异化:服务增强机制探讨--基于Hotelling地点模型框架内的理论分析

本文以“制造业服务增强”研究为起源，在经典的地点差异化模型框架内，构建了服务延伸产品差异化的完全信息动态博弈模型：“同质化模型”和“附加服务的差异化模型”，并求取其均衡解，从经济学角度对“服务增强”的重要机制——服务延伸产品差异化以增强产品竞争力并获取价值进行了分析。模型构建和讨论表明：（1）服务能有效延伸产品差异化并增强产品竞争力，它提升了厂商价值和消费者剩余，是提高社会总福利的“双向增强”；（2）消费需求模式的变化是服务增强现象出现的关键因素，而厂商移动的边际成本对其采取差异化竞争战略有重要影响；（3）服务增强是一个动态过程，具有明显的行业差异性。     

转换成本、网络规模与信用卡产业竞争策略比较

近年来，我国信用卡产业呈现出市场集中度逐年下降的趋势。信用卡市场的竞争融合了网络效应、兼容性及转换成本等因素，而在兼容性一定的环境下，不同银行的竞争策略往往不同。本文通过防降价均衡模型估计出2010—2012年我国九家上市银行的信用卡转换成本，并对网络规模扩张、转换成本定位以及竞争成效等进行分组比较。结果表明，股份制商业银行利用较低的转换成本吸引新客户，实现了更高的业务规模增长率；四大国有商业银行则利用高转换成本锁定其已有客户，并以高速扩张网络规模来竞争新客户，使其同股份制商业银行的业务规模增长率差异逐年下降。这说明网络产业中不同市场地位的厂商可将转换成本定位与网络规模扩张作为差异化策略，以此实现竞争优势。     

基于顾客价值的在线旅游企业差异化战略研究

在线旅游自2003年成型以来,作为一种新的服务业态获得迅猛发展,竞争日趋激烈。本文从在线旅游企业实施差异化战略的路径以及差异化的成本控制两方面提出了在线旅游企业差异化战略的构建策略。认为在线旅游企业差异化的战略路径包括产品差异化、服务差异化、品牌差异化和情感要素差异化等。在此基础上,提出了通过利用信息技术化解管理成本、创新商业模式缩减企业成本、构建战略联盟降低竞争成本等差异化成本控制策略。     

纵向差异化下替代品定价策略分析

文章首先建立了纵向差异化空间下垄断厂商对替代品的定价模型,分析消费者对同一垄断厂商生产的不同质量的替代品的选择情况,研究垄断者的最优定价策略。模型的分析结果表明:垄断厂商对每种产品的定价都是在不亏本的基础上进行的;虽然一个企业内各个生产替代性产品的分部门之间会存在竞争,但是这种竞争并不会导致各个分部定较低的价格,相反,垄断厂商对每种替代品的定价均高于单独生产时的产品定价。     

乐百氏的差异化营销

在产品同质化的情况下，企业纷纷把目光投向差异化战略。差异化一是能有效地回避与对手的正面碰撞和竞争；二是在差异化策略下，得到满足的顾客会相应产生很高的品牌忠诚度，继而可以阻碍后来的竞争者。乐百氏在桶装水的营销中就很好地运用了差异化策略。     

异质性厂商合作研发的最优投入水平及其成本分摊机制

在产品差异化的Betrand模型中引入具有需求创造效应的创新,构建一个异质性厂商进行合作研发和价格竞争的两阶段动态博弈模型,研究异质性厂商合作研发的最优研发投入以及研发成本的分摊机制.研究发现,异质性厂商间合作研发的最优研发投入水平和成本分摊比例主要取决于市场容量、自身价格效应、交叉价格效应及研发的需求创造效应;根据自身价格效应、交叉价格效应及研发的需求创造效应确定合作研发成本的分摊比例时,基于Betrand竞争的异质性厂商通过合作研发可以提高其均衡价格、产量和利润.     

资本的市场价值理论在投资行为中的运用

本文试图运用资本的市场价值理论来研究厂商的投资行为。通过分析认为，经济增长决定行业产品的需求量，行业资本的利润主要依赖于需求量的增加。利率和行业资本的利润决定资本的市场价值，资本的市场价值决定厂商的资本供给，也就是厂商的投资数量。对经济增长和行业产品需求量的过度预期，会导致非理性的投资，产生沉淀成本和调整成本。预期利率升高，使投资前移，同样会产生投资规模过大的趋势。提高投资项目资本金的比例，能遏制投资规模过大。作为微观经济个体的厂商，在作投资决策时，应将选择价值纳入考虑范围，进行理性投资，减少沉淀成本和调整成本。     

考虑全渠道退货的闭环供应链决策

随着线上线下融合的全渠道模式蓬勃发展,厂商相继退出线上购买线下退货的全渠道退货服务（Buy Online and Return in Store,BORS）。考虑了服务差异化与消费者异质双重影响下的全渠道退货的问题,构建同渠道退货和全渠道退货两种退货策略模型,研究产品定价决策与退货策略选择,并分析服务与消费者差异性对供应链定价及退货策略的影响。研究表明,当服务水平达到一定阈值后,消费者会为全渠道退货服务承担一定溢价;供应链提供合理的差异化服务实施差异化竞争,能凸显全渠道退货优势,提升供应链利润。当服务成本低且消费者服务感知较高时,更适合采用全渠道退货策略。     

企业家高报酬：基于比赛理论的诠释

如何对企业家的高报酬现象做出合理解释,比赛理论在委托代理理论的框架下,从比赛竞争的角度指出,高报酬作为一种显示机制,能激励企业家及其竞争者的努力水平,降低挑选企业家的信息费用和监督费用。     

Regulatory focus,environmental turbulence,and entrepreneur improvisation

Improvisation is increasingly recognized as a critical strategy used by entrepreneurs for effectively dealing with unexpected events. Nevertheless, limited effort has been exerted in the investigation of the antecedents of entrepreneur improvisation. This study proposes and analyzes regulatory focus as an important antecedent of entrepreneur improvisation, and examines the moderating role of environmental turbulence in this relationship. Data are obtained from a two-wave survey of 99 entrepreneurs in the largest economic area in China. Empirical results indicate that promotion focus (but not prevention focus) is significantly related to entrepreneur improvisation. Furthermore, environmental turbulence significantly moderates the relationship between prevention focus and entrepreneur improvisation. These findings advance the understanding of entrepreneur improvisation and regulatory focus theory, and provide practical implications for entrepreneurs, investors and boards of directors.     

谁是最佳创业导师?

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Project financing,entrepreneurial activity,and investment in the presence of asymmetric information

We analyze a two-period signaling model in which a representative entrepreneur in a regional economy has a project that generates a random cash flow and that requires investment that the entrepreneur raises from a competitive market. The project's type is known to the entrepreneur but not to the investors. Further, the entrepreneur is restricted to issuing debt only or equity only. We first show that there is no separating perfect Bayesian equilibrium (PBE) contract involving the issuance of equity only, that there exists a pooling PBE contract involving the issuance of equity only, and that a debt contract is preferred to an equity contract by our entrepreneur. Next, we suppose that the entrepreneur incurs a non-pecuniary cost of financial distress F > 0 whenever he is unable to make a repayment at time t = 1. We provide conditions on F under which a pooling PBE contract with debt exists and a separating PBE contract with debt and equity exists. Finally, we examine whether a high type entrepreneur will prefer a setting with a cost of financial distress (F > 0) or a setting in which there is no such cost (F = 0).     

风险资本家的道德风险问题研究

本文主要探讨在考虑机会成本的情况下,作为风险企业家与有限合伙代理人的风险资本家可能产生的道德风险问题,以及如何通过对风险资本家管理支持力度的合理分配,达到可行的帕累托边界,并最终实现风险企业家和有限合伙人的利润最大化。     

Litigation costs and the underpricing of initial public offerings

This paper examines a risk-averse entrepreneur's motivation to underprice an initial public offering of equity where the entrepreneur faces the threat of litigation by outside investors. Outside investors have an incentive to seek compensation via tort law and the Securities Act of 1933 should the stock price fall subsequent to their purchase of the IPO. Potential litigation costs motivate the entrepreneur to underprice the IPO in a tradeoff between the litigation cost and the up-front opportunity loss of underpricing. In a single-period model, this paper formalizes the entrepreneur's pricing and retained ownership decisions resulting in ten testable hypotheses.     

Explaining Firm Emergence: Specialization,Transaction Costs,and the Integration Process

This article explains firm emergence and the role of firms in the market structure using the productive power of specialization. Based on productivity efficiencies through technological specialization, a model for firm emergence is drafted alongside Coasean transaction cost theory. I find that transaction costs cannot explain firm emergence, but the entrepreneurial specialization perspective here adopted provides a promising approach to understanding the firm's function to the entrepreneur and its internal organization and capabilities. It suggests a foundational framework for studying the creation of capabilities and the interplay between markets, firms, and entrepreneurs. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A cross cultural study of gender-role orientation and entrepreneurial self-efficacy

The study of gender differences in entrepreneurial self-efficacy to date has produced inconclusive results. Cross-cultural studies are virtually non-existent. The present study seeks to understand the complex interplay of biological sex, socialized gender-roles, and culture on entrepreneurial self-efficacy and motivation to become an entrepreneur. Findings indicate that among American business students the traditional view of “entrepreneur as male” is fading. For the next generation of business leaders and entrepreneurs, a new entrepreneur stereotype is emerging that balances stereotypical feminine and masculine characteristics. These findings were not replicated in Spain where traditional gender-role stereotypes associated with entrepreneurship persist, even among business students. Implications for entrepreneurial education are discussed as they relate to the development of skills associated with venture creation.     

企业家精神与中国企业的国际化之路

中国的企业在国际化的过程当中，普遍都不是很成功。而根据经典的跨国公司成长理论综合研究发现中国企业并不缺少必要的物质与客观条件，所缺乏的只是正确的战略制定和战略执行的人，即优秀的企业家，据此本文提出支撑优秀企业家群体的企业家精神的缺失是导致中国企业很少国际化和国际化不成功的原因之一这一论断。在总结中国企业家精神的核心时，提出了三个最为核心的要素：创新，合作与社会责任。本文在解释中国企业家精神缺失的现象及其原因的同时也提到了如何在中国企业家当中重构这些重要的企业家精神要素。     

Corporate Social Responsibility and Social Entrepreneurship

Milton Friedman argued that the social responsibility of firms is to maximize profits. This paper examines this argument for the economic environment envisioned by Friedman in which citizens can personally give to social causes and can invest in profit‐maximizing firms and firms that give a portion of their profits to social causes. Citizens obtain social satisfaction from corporate social giving, but corporate giving may not be a perfect substitute for personal giving. The paper presents a theory of corporate social responsibility (CSR) and shows that CSR is costly when it is an imperfect substitute. When investors anticipate the CSR, shareholders do not bear its cost. Instead, the entrepreneurs who form the CSR firms bear the cost. Shareholders bear the cost of CSR only when it is a surprise, and it is to such surprises that Friedman objects. A social entrepreneur is willing to form a CSR firm at a financial loss because either doing so expands the opportunity sets of citizens in consumption‐social giving space or there is an entrepreneurial warm glow from forming the firm. Firms can also undertake strategic CSR activities that increase profits, and a social entrepreneur carries strategic CSR beyond profit maximization and market value maximization. The paper also examines the implications of taxes and the effect of the market for control for the sustainability of CSR.