THE GINI CONCENTRATION INDEX: A REVIEW OF THE INFERENCE LITERATURE

More than a century ago, Corrado Gini proposed his well-known concentration index for measuring the degree of inequality in the distribution of income and wealth. His index is still extremely relevant and widely used in several fields of research and application. In this paper, we focus on the inferential properties of the Gini index, and discuss the main directions of analysis proposed in the literature. The aim of the paper is to provide a comprehensive review of the main developments on the inferential aspects of the Gini concentration ratio. We feel that this work can provide a valuable contribution to those scholars who are approaching the large amount of literature on the inferential properties of the Gini index.     

一种离散型收入分布基尼系数精确计算方法

基尼系数问世八十多年的时间里,在度量经济不平等的基尼系数指标时,最常见的是离散型收入分布,本文设计了一种离散型收入分布基尼系数计算方法,用它可以精确地求解基尼系数。     

区位基尼系数的计算、性质及其应用

基于产业规模探索区位基尼系数的简化计算、区域分解和两位数产业分解,给出产业份额、区位商以及产业份额空间测度加权区位基尼系数的分解公式,提供相对边际效应和增量分解的计算公式。利用我国2004年、2008年的经济普查数据,计算国民经济19个字母产业的区位基尼系数,得出以产业份额计算的区位基尼系数更能反映产业聚集程度的结论,并使用产业份额区位基尼系数进行实证分析。     

各地区居民收入基尼系数计算及其非参数计量模型分析

本文利用非等分组基尼系数公式,首次较为完整地计算出全国21个省、市以及自治区的1995~2004年城镇居民、农村居民和城乡居民基尼系数。在这一基础上,利用非参数计量经济模型中的分布密度函数估计方法,分析了1995~2004年各地区城镇、农村和城乡居民基尼系数变化特征。以居民平均收入水平与城乡居民收入平均基尼系数对各地区进行判别分析,发现以收入水平与分配公平程度为标准的判定基本上同我国东中西三大地区的划分一致。     

Women in the Statistics Profession: A Status Report

The mandate of the International Statistical Institute (ISI) is to foster international statistical work and interchange among statisticians and countries. However, women are under-represented in the ISI and this situation is a cause for concern in the Institute and its membership and particularly the ISI Committee on Women in Statistics (CWS). This paper analyses the representation of women in the ISI and in the statistics profession which is low in virtually every country, a pattern of generations. It looks at the diverse realities among countries and regions, and the broader context of women working in the scientific professions.     

Future Directions for the Teaching and Learning of Statistics at the Tertiary Level

Significant advances in, and the resultant impact of, Information Technology (IT) during the last fifteen years has resulted in a much more data based society, a trend that can be expected to continue into the foreseeable future. This phenomenon has had a real impact on the Statistics discipline and will continue to result in changes in both content and course delivery. Major research directions have also evolved during the last ten years directly as a result of advances in IT. The impact of these advances has started to flow into course content, at least for advanced courses. One question which arises relates to what impact will this have on the future training of statisticians, both with respect to course content and mode of delivery. At the tertiary level the last 40 years has seen significant advances in theoretical aspects of the Statistics discipline. Universities have been outstanding at producing scholars with a strong theoretical background but questions have been asked as to whether this has, to some degree, been at the expense of appropriate training of the users of statistics (the 'tradespersons').
Future directions in the teaching and learning of Statistics must take into account the impact of IT together with the competing need to produce scholars as well as competent users of statistics to meet the future needs of the market place. For Statistics to survive as a recognizable discipline the need to be able to train statisticians with an ability to communicate is also seen as an areà of crucial importance.
Satisfying the needs of society as well as meeting the needs of the profession are considered as the basic determinants which will derive the future teaching and training of statisticians at the tertiary level and will form the basis of this presentation.     

修正加权变异系数:度量收入分配平等程度的有用指标

本文提出了用于衡量收入分配平等程度的修正加权变异系数计算公式，并且从数学上证明了修正加权变异系数具有类似于基尼系数那样的良好度量性质。与基尼系数相比，修正加权变异系数具有计算简单、容易理解的特点。此外，本文还讨论了修正加权变异系数计算公式中权系数的确定问题。     

Competing Networks,Spatial and Industrial Concentration in the US Airline Industry

Abstract

The paper uses Gini decomposition analysis to evaluate changes in the spatial distribution and industry shares of total US air traffic, as well as analysing the decomposition components for individual airlines and airports for the period 1990–2002. The paper develops explicit relationships between two of the main decomposition schemes used in the income inequality literature and shows the insights that such analysis may provide for evaluation and examination of air transport networks and traffic distributions. A multi-dimensional Gini and its decomposition are derived using an adjustment method derived from the relationship between the two Gini decomposition schemes.     

On the Decomposition by Subgroups of the Gini Index and Zenga's Uniformity and Inequality Indexes

Besides a brief historical outline of the Gini index decomposition proposals, we compare, in a subgroups framework, the decompositions of the Gini index and of the uniformity and inequality indexes recently proposed by Zenga. The two decompositions follow a similar scheme: in both cases the overall index can be at first expressed as a weighted average of convenient "cross" measures, with their own interpretation, and afterwards it is decomposed into a within and a between term by merely distinguishing measures evaluated within the same subgroup from the ones regarding different subgroups. This procedure does not depend on an a priori definition of the within or the between term and allows their contribution to be naturally evaluated preserving the structure of the index itself. In the last section the two decompositions are applied to the Italian net household wealth provided by the 2006 central Bank of Italy sample survey on household budgets.     

税收累进性测度的改进：方法、比较和应用

提出判断税收累进性的边际效应方法：当总收入基尼系数的税收边际效应大于0时,该税收具有累进性特征;并将税收边际效应作为测度指数。边际效应指数与K指数具有完全相同的符号,不同税种具有可加性,它比K指数更为稳健,且赋予了税收累进性新的经济含义：税收对总收入基尼系数贡献率大于平均税率。同时还着重讨论几种测度税收累进性指数的关系,对各种测度指数进行了实证,发现S指数存在一定程度的缺陷。     

新世纪以来中国区域发展不平衡的变动研究——基于三个层次的区位基尼系数

本文对中国地区发展差异进行实证分析,运用全国31个省级行政区以及下属行政区的人口和GDP,采用下梯形法分别计算2000年、2012年三个层次的区位基尼系数：全国基尼系数、三大地带即东中西部基尼系数、各省区基尼系数系,并将三者进行时间纵向与区域横向对比,揭示了十年来中国地区及地区间区域发展差异变动的规律。研究结果显示,从2000年到2012年期间,全国范围的经济差异有所缓解,但东部和西部地带及部分省区内部经济发展差异显著变大。文章据此提出的相应政策建议是,区域政策应当从过去的粗放型向精准化转变,政策的着力点既要关注后发地区中的后发地区,也要关注发达地区中的相对落后地区,同时还要关注被大城市阴影遮蔽的小城市和农村地区,实现区域的和谐发展。     

基于曲率为结构权重的对基尼系数几何算法的改进

本文在原始基尼系数几何算法的基础上,考虑结构这一重要因素,以洛伦兹曲线的平均曲率作为面积的权重,计算得出较为合理的、更加全面的基尼系数的数值,并以2009年我国城镇和农村实际收入状况为例,通过曲率的相应变化特点,分析结构因素对我国收入分配差距的影响及其原因。     

On a distribution of Jasso and Kotz

Explicit expressions are derived for the moments and the Gini coefficient of the ring-exponential distribution introduced by Jasso and Kotz ( Statistica Neerlandica , 61 , 2007, 305–328).     

中国区域经济差异的国际比较：基于改进的区位基尼系数

改革开放以来,中国的经济增长速度很快,但与之相伴的一个问题是区域经济增长不平衡。本文对区位基尼系数的算法进行了改进,并利用改进过的算法测算了包括中国在内的世界10国2005年和中国1978—2007年的区位基尼系数。通过与其它国家的对比和本国30年的变动趋势,作者认为中国区域经济发展不平衡的主要原因是地区经济政策的差异和地区产业结构的差距。虽然中国要达到发达国家0．1左右的区位基尼系数是非常困难的,但从长远的角度看,0．2左右的区位基尼系数是应当努力的目标。     

居民收入省际差距合理性的多维实证分析

从形式合理性与实质合理性、经济合理性与社会合理性多维度综合考察地区之间居民收入差距,以基尼系数和高低收入指数为基础,引入二元离散系数比值和收入效率错配度两项指标,构建了衡量和判别地区之间居民收入差距合理性的综合计量模型,并利用中国31个省份2005~2013年的统计数据进行了实证分析。结果表明,二元离散系数比值逐年扩大,收入效率错配度历年都在80%以上,省际居民收入差距质态基本不合理,收入效率错配较之于收入差距过大问题的性质要严重得多;省际分配管控制度缺位,均衡调节失当,是导致省际居民收入差距与经济差距常现背道而驰的根本原因。优化省域间居民收入差距的着重点并非进一步缩小基尼系数,而是解决收入效率严重错配和高低收入差距过大问题。     

Applications of Statistics in the Field of General Insurance: An Overview

This is an expository paper on applications of statistics in the field of general insurance, also called non‐life insurance. Unlike life insurance where advanced statistical techniques have long been part of financial mathematics and actuarial applications, their use is only relatively recent in non‐life insurance. The business model of insurance companies, especially those active in non‐life insurance, has seen dramatic changes over the last 15 years. The aim of this paper is to convince the readers that especially today non‐life insurance is not only an exciting ground to apply existing modern statistical tools but also a fertile environment for new and challenging statistical developments. The activities of an insurance company can be viewed as an industrial process where data management and data analysis play a key role. That is why a fundamental understanding of data‐related issues (such as data quality, variability, analysis and correct interpretation) is so essential to the insurance business. These are exactly the tasks where professional statisticians excel. Also, a better understanding of the field of general insurance by statisticians will promote fruitful exchanges between actuaries and statisticians, thereby helping to bring actuarial and statistical professional societies closer to each other. Selected examples are used to cover the essential aspects of general insurance, and all of them are based on the author's experience. The paper concludes with some remarks on the role of statisticians working in general insurance.     

我国通货膨胀的收入分配效应分析

从理论和经验上研究了我国通货膨胀的收入分配效应。根据我国经济社会特征,通货膨胀具有调节城乡之间、不同体制企业之间和不同地区之间的收入差距的效应。对代表收入差距的基尼系数去趋势后的实证分析表明,通货膨胀可部分解释基尼系数的波动成分,其趋势成分由经济增长等因素决定。     

收入分配与社会福利函数

本文借助最优化方法,建立了分布不确定前提下的社会福利评价模型,研究了最优分布函数与偏好之间的关系,获得了帕累托分布和指数分布为最优分布的条件。本文还在给定条件下导出了社会福利函数的一般表达式,将社会福利函数表示为最低收入水平、平均水平和基尼系数的函数。这一表达形式既有前人提出的一些典型社会福利函数的优点,又克服了其缺陷。最后,本文对社会福利函数的政策含义进行了讨论并就重构宏观经济学微观基础提出了一些思路。     

对我国贫富差距的分析与研究

改革开放以来,我国的国民经济持续快速健康发展,人民生活水平也有了显著的提高;但是贫富差距不断扩大,两级分化越来越严重。本文从城乡居民收入、区域间的农民收入和基尼系数等一系列数据入手,分析了我国贫富差距的现状,对如何减少贫富差距提出了建议。     

城市居民财产性收入与贫富差距的实证分析

利用1988～2009年国家统计局全国入户调查数据,本文研究了我国城市居民财产性收入的规模、组成、变化以及其对收入差距的贡献。采用基尼系数的分解方法,将每年的收入差距分解到各个收入成分的贡献,并发现与其他收入形式相比,财产性收入分布的基尼系数是最高的,对总收入差距的贡献也在迅速扩大,这一现象值得重视。本文还分别对东、中、西部地区进行了分析,发现财产性收入主要集中在东部地区。