U.S. interest rates and the exchange value of the dollar: A test of causality

This study examines the causal relationship between interset rates and the exchange value of the dollar using Granger causality tests. Cointegration tests show that error correction models are not necessary in this case. The results suggest that the combination of short- and long-term U.S. interest rates, in nominal or real terms, Granger cause the exchange value of the dollar, and that the difference between nominal domestic and foreign rates does not Granger cause the exchange value of the dollar. This result supports the proposition that budget deficits contribute to trade deficits.     

人民币实际有效汇率的分解和马歇尔—勒纳条件的修正

马歇尔-勒纳条件是探讨货币贬值改善贸易收支的规律,本文根据人民币实际有效汇率的特点,把它分解为美元有效汇率和人民币对美元汇率之积形式,在此基础之上,本文重新考察货币贬值改善贸易收支的条件,对传统的马歇尔-勒纳条件进行修正。从我们研究中可以看出美元实际有效汇率变化对马歇尔-勒纳条件修正的重要作用,这包括美元有效汇率对人民币汇率弹性和人民币在美元有效汇率中的权重的两种影响。另一方面,即使人民币实际有效汇率贬值存在“J”曲线效应,人民币对美元实际汇率贬值,“J”曲线是否存在还要依赖一定的条件。本文实证研究结果显示出口（或进口）与人民币对美元实际汇率、美元实际有效汇率指数和外国收入（或国内收入）之间存在着显著的协整关系,美元实际有效汇率和人民币对美元实际汇率也存在显著的协整关系。从弹性的变化来看,修正的马歇尔-勒纳条件成立,同时人民币对美元实际汇率贬值有利于改善贸易收支,美元实际有效汇率贬值会恶化中国贸易收支。而对“J”曲线效应的实证研究显示无论是人民币实际有效汇率,还是人民币对美元实际汇率贬值和美元实际有效汇率贬值,我国“J”曲线效应均不显著。     

Are exchange rates less important for trade in a more globalized world? Evidence for the new EU members

We evaluate the effect of exchange rate misalignments on the balance of trade and the role that global value chain participation plays in this effect for 11 new European Union member states. Using heterogeneous panel cointegration methods, we first estimate the real equilibrium exchange rate and detect episodes of currency misalignment. We find asymmetric effects of real currency misalignments: overvaluation has a negative effect, but undervaluation has no effect on the trade balance. Additionally, we find that global value chain participation weakens the effect of currency misalignments on the balance of trade. Therefore, our results suggest that globalization reduces the role of exchange rates in stimulating the domestic economy.     

区域物流发展水平与进出口贸易关系的实证研究——基于河南省1978-2010年数据的协整分析和Granger因果检验

从供给和需求两个视角选取物流业发展水平的评价指标,对河南省物流业发展水平与进出口贸易增长关系进行了计量分析。通过Johansen协整检验得出:河南省物流业的供给和需求水平与进出口贸易之间存在长期稳定的协整关系;通过Granger因果检验得出:河南省物流业需求水平对进出口贸易有显著的影响,而物流业供给水平对进出口贸易影响不显著,物流业总体发展水平与进出口贸易之间未呈现良性互动态势。     

Individual new energy consumption and economic growth in China

We document the one-way relationship between individual new energy consumption and economic growth in China through the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) model from 2004 to 2017. Our results show that individual new energy consumption has a positive effect on economic growth. Moreover, the urbanization rate, import and export trade volume and foreign direct investment all affect the individual new energy consumption in the short run. The outcome of the causality test reveals a one-way Granger causal relationship from individual new energy consumption to economic growth, from the urbanization rate, and from the import and export trade volume to new energy consumption.     

汇率变动对我国商品贸易结构影响研究

汇率作为相对价格和政策变量,具有引导贸易流向和调整贸易结构的作用。由于汇率变动引起生产中所使用要素相对价格发生变化,从而改变一国生产某类商品比较优势程度发生变化,使统一汇率政策可以成为差别产业贸易政策。本文从我国进出口商品贸易结构以及贸易国别来源角度分析人民币汇率改制后我国进出口商品贸易结构变化。采用实证方法考察人民币实际汇率变动对我国进口和出口商品贸易结构的影响。     

人民币实际汇率与中国出口商品结构的关系研究——基于2005年7月汇改以来的月度数据

选用2005年7月汇改以来的月度数据,采用协整关系检验、误差修正模型分析以及Granger因果关系检验对人民币实际汇率与中国出口商品结构之间的关系进行了研究。结果表明,人民币升值有利于中国出口商品结构的优化,同时中国出口商品结构的优化对于人民币升值也有着正向的推动作用。     

人民币实际有效汇率的变化对我国进出口的影响

本文从空间和时间两个角度全面考察了人民币实际有效汇率的变化对我国进出口的影响。结果表明,人民币汇率的变化会显著影响我国的进出口。但是,这种影响程度在1994年以后明显地出现了下降趋势。同时,人民币汇率变化对我国进出口的调整存在明显的J曲线效应,其中进口变动大致滞后于汇率变动2个季度,而出口则滞后1个季度,滞后期限均短于西方发达国家。本文分析了其中的原因并提出了相关建议。     

人民币汇率变动对中国进出口贸易的影响分析

1994年人民币汇率并轨以来,我国对外贸易发展迅速。2005年进出口总值达14224.4亿美元,外贸依存度超过70%,进出口贸易的快速增长有力地促进了国民经济的发展。2005年7月人民币汇率制度改革初步确立了人民币长期升值趋势,人民币兑美元名义汇率至今已升值约3.3%。理论上,人民币升值将影响到我国进出口贸易的健康发展。本文基于克莱因模型,采用1999￣2005年季度数据,建立我国进口、出口的自回归双对数模型,深入分析人民币汇率变动对我国实际进出口的影响,以期为对外贸易政策的制定和宏观调控提供决策依据。     

What is behind the real appreciation of the accession countries’ currencies?: An investigation of the PPI-based real exchange rate

In the paper, we calculate real equilibrium exchange rates (EER) for EU accession countries and compare these with the actual exchange rate movements since the mid-1990s. The real equilibrium exchange rates are derived from models of macroeconomic balance and tested for econometrically. It is found that productivity increases can be regarded as one source of the observed PPI-based real appreciation of the accession countries’ currencies. These productivity gains experienced in the process of economic catch-up imply an increased capacity to produce high-quality export goods and are a key driving force of exports. To a large extent real appreciation can, therefore, be viewed as an equilibrium phenomenon.     

Exchange rate volatility and Spanish-American commodity trade flows

A number of recent studies have tested the impact of exchange rate volatility on trade flows, particularly for individual commodities, for various country pairs. These have found that risk can increase as well as decrease trade, but that oftentimes industries are not affected. This study examines trade between the United States and Spain over the period from 1962 to 2009, for 131 U.S. export industries and 88 import industries. We find that exchange rate volatility has short-run and long-run effects in only a fraction of the cases, but that exports respond more to increased uncertainty than imports do. In all, only 35 of the 74 U.S. export industries are affected (11 positive, 24 negative), whilst only three out of 37 import industries have positive coefficients and 11 have negative ones. We find no evidence that durable or nondurable goods are more likely to respond to volatility, whilst small industries or specialized goods might show more of a positive response.     

人民币实际汇率变动的出口贸易效应研究

基于跨期最优化贸易模型,通过引入外部不确定性,分析了实际汇率对出口贸易的影响。研究表明:如果企业生产规模报酬递减,则实际汇率变动率增大将导致企业出口量及利润增加。运用中国1985年-2008年间相关数据进行实证检验,发现人民币实际汇率与出口呈正向关系,马歇尔-勒纳假说在中国成立。     

The J-Curve: Evidence from commodity trade between Canada and the U.S.

Several studies in the literature have tried to assess the impact of real depreciation of the Canadian dollar on the Canadian trade balance. They have either relied on the trade data between Canada and the rest of the world or between Canada and her major trading partners. In this paper we consider the trade between Canada and her major trading partner, the U.S. However, unlike previous research, we disaggregate the trade data between the two countries by commodity. We use export and import data over the period 1962–2004 from 152 commodities and the bounds testing approach to cointegration and error-correction modeling and show that real depreciation of the Canadian dollar has short-run effects on the trade balance of two-thirds of the industries. However, only in 50% of the industries, the short-run effects translate into the long-run favorable effects.

China''s exchange rate and the balance of trade

This paper examines the responsiveness of the balance of trade of the People's Republic of China to the real exchange rate. We find that, in both the short-run and the long-run, devaluation serves to improve the balance of trade. Using quarterly data for 1980:I to 1989:IV we show that the bulk of the response to devaluation occurs over a one year period, with noJ-curve effect. These results suggest that the two-tier price system and other measures to liberalize the Chinese economy have made the exchange rate an effective indirect tool for regulating trade.     

U.S.-German commodity trade and the J-curve: New evidence from asymmetry analysis

Since the introduction of the nonlinear ARDL approach and asymmetric cointegration and error-correction modeling, old relations are receiving renewed attention, and the link between the trade balance and the exchange rate is no exception. We add to this new literature by using industry-level data from 59 2-digit industries that trade between the U.S. and Germany. We find that when the old approach of the linear model was used, the real dollar-euro rate had short-run effects in 17 industries that lasted into the long run in 26 industries. However, when the nonlinear model was estimated, we found short-run asymmetric effects of exchange rate changes in 49 industries, which lasted into long-run asymmetric effects in 28 industries. The J-curve effect was supported in a total of 18 industries.     

吉林省民营外贸企业对外贸易与经济增长的相关性的实证分析

我国政府从1999年开始,先后多次放开了民营企业对外贸易方面的限制,为民营企业创造了更为透明和公正的经营空间。吉林省各级地方政府已经开始高度重视民营企业的发展。吉林省民营企业的进出口贸易与经济增长之间有着非常密切的关系。通过使用协整分析、格兰杰因果检验等计量经济学分析方法对吉林省2004年一季度至2008年第三季度数据进行检验,可以证明吉林省民营企业对外贸易与经济增长之间存在协整关系,格兰杰因果检验也表明吉林省民营企业进出口与经济增长之间存在因果关系。因此,高度重视吉林省民营企业的发展,对推动吉林省经济振兴具有十分重要的指导作用。     

中国对外贸易方式变化对经济增长影响分析

首先对我国对外贸易方式变化对经济增长影响的正负效应进行了理论分析;接着,对我国贸易方式变化与经济增长的关系进行实证了分析。分析的结论是,我国贸易方式变化对经济增长产生了负面影响;我国进出口贸易方式的变化是导致经济增长变化的格兰杰原因;而且进出口贸易方式变化产生了不同的作用,一方面我国进口贸易方式变化对经济增长产生了负面影响,另一方面出口贸易方式变化促进了经济增长。     

Inequality in Exchange: The Use of a World Trade Flow Table for Analyzing the International Economy

Whether or not the terms of trade between two countries may be unequal is a controversial question in the theory of international economics. In practice, the issue is resolved through statistical observation of the terms of trade. This measurement of the terms of trade follows a long tradition and produces impressive detail. It is, however, restricted in scope, because the first derivative, the change of the terms over time is observed only. Absolute levels depend on which year is chosen as the base year, a choice that is rather arbitrary and carries no theoretical meaning. Equality in the levels of terms of trade remains thus undefined. More precisely, it is always assumed to exist implicitly for whichever base year is being nominated. The paper proposes an answer to this ambiguity based on the relatively new statistical tool of international purchasing power compilation. The terms of trade are crucially dependent on the rate of foreign exchange (for which exports are traded against imports), which is predominantly governed by financial rather than commodity markets. Hence, the paper proposes to separate the two factors of influence and to call terms of trade ‘equal’ if the effective real exchange rate (as derived from the nominal exchange rate by means of purchasing power parities) equals one. On that basis a world trade flow table is constructed, putting the compiled equalities and inequalities in trade into a coherent, global perspective.     

Polish Stabilization: What can we learn from the I(2) Cointegration Analysis?

This paper investigates an array of nominal systems for the Polish economy, of domestic price level, import prices, exchange rates, money stock, nominal wages, and real output, and conducts I(1) and I(2) cointegration analyses. Post-stabilization monthly data are used, 1991:5–1999:12.A test for the presence of a price-wage spiral is performed, and the stabilization package is compared to its realization. The long-run homogeneity hypothesis, the impact of monetary and incomes policies, and of external sector variables on long and medium run price development are studied. It is found that in Poland, contrary to some earlier studies, the external sector is not important for the long run price development. On the contrary, very strong evidence is found of the cost-push inflation.     

Nonlinear adjustment,purchasing power parity and the role of nominal exchange rates and prices

Although the literature on purchasing power parity (PPP) is rich in controversy, the relative contribution of prices and nominal exchange rates to real exchange rate movements which restore PPP disequilibria has rarely been put under any close scrutiny. This paper as a first step applies a cointegrated VAR framework to test for stationary real exchange rates and linear adjustments in prices and nominal exchange rates. As a second step, ESTR error correction models are fitted to test whether nonlinear error correctional behaviour characterizes the data. The results clearly indicate that the nominal exchange rate is responsible for the nonlinear mean reverting behaviour in real exchange rates and also mainly drives overall adjustment. Applying dynamic stochastic simulations based on the estimated models, this study also confirms recent results that the half-life times of real exchange rate shocks are significantly smaller than the consensus benchmark of 3–5 years.