要素禀赋、产业距离与产业升级路径选择

基于输入端的行业距离构造并利用自然条件、人力资源、物质资本、科技、经济结构和制度6大类共23种要素禀赋结构提出一种行业的"距离"度量。根据该度量绘制了行业的空间分布图,计算了10个低价值行业升级至3个高价值行业的最短路径。研究发现,资源型行业升级至高价值行业要经历更多的轮次,有时甚至缺乏升级至高价值行业的路径。有些中间行业如饮料制造业则始终出现在低价值行业升级至高价值行业的升级路径中,中西部省份产业升级路径选择若能趋近这些行业,产业升级将更为便利。     

Chinese firm and industry reactions to antidumping initiations and measures

China has been the subject of large numbers of both antidumping initiations and measures. This article explores the reactions of Chinese firms and industries to these actions by using dynamic system GMM estimator and industrial panel data on all Chinese firms in the industry, foreign firms operating within China and state-owned enterprises (SOEs) for aggregated firms group between 1997 and 2007. We find that antidumping actions by developed and developing countries negatively impact industrial profits and employee and firm numbers and also exports, but improve labour productivity. We also find that different kinds of firms show different responses. All firms together in an industry react to antidumping the most, and foreign and SOE firms show a much smaller response. Further, antidumping effects from different countries are different. Developed countries’ antidumping actions have more negative impact than developing countries’ actions; the effects of US actions are different from the European Union’s.     

产业政策中的资金配置:市场力量与政府扶持

产业政策具有重要的国家战略意义,如何有效引导经济资源流向政策支持产业,是产业政策发挥成效的关键.现有相关研究未深入考察经济资源在扶持行业之间及行业内部配置的规律,而且没有综合探讨不同资金配置的关联.文章考察了市场力量与政府扶持两种机制如何引导产业政策下的资金配置.研究发现,产业政策支持的企业获得了更多的债务融资和政府补助.其中,债务融资更多地流向了成长行业中规模较大的企业,政府补助使成长行业中的小规模企业和成熟行业中的大规模企业受益更多.研究结果表明,市场看重企业的增长机会,政府补助则会顾及当前成长性较弱而相对不受市场青睐的企业,对产业政策下的市场化资金配置起到了补充作用.文章的研究为如何协调市场机制和政府扶持两种力量提供了一定的借鉴.     

Economies of scale in the Australian tourism industry

The measurement of economies of scale in the tourism industry has not been done to this point, as tourism is not a specific industry according to international statistical standards. Among many industries related to tourism, four sectors (accommodation, transport, retail trade and recreational services) across six states and two territories from 1997 to 2007 are studied as they contribute nearly 70% of tourism output in Australia. By comparing regression results from the Cobb–Douglas (C–D) production function and the translog production function, we find that there is evidence of increasing returns in transport, retail trade and recreational services at the industry level. However, accommodation is characterized by constant returns to scale at the industry level. As accommodation is responsible for the biggest share of tourism output, this suggests that overall the tourism sector is not characterized by increasing returns. We also find that the degrees of returns to scale from the C–D and translog production functions are different and that the imposition of input share also influences the empirical results. Both of these factors stress the importance of model specification to the measurement of economies of scale.     

我国产业集聚的变迁与产业转移的可行性研究

产业集聚变迁是产业空间位置发生动态变化的过程。利用产业的赫芬达尔指数、区位商和产业的绝对份额三项指标相结合,观测其年度变化,以测度我国产业集聚的变迁。结果发现,从2000年开始,以纺织服装制造业为代表的劳动密集型产业开始由沿海地区向其他地区转移,并且在2004年以后呈现加速趋势;以通信设备、计算机及其他电子设备制造业为代表的资本技术密集型行业在2006年以前一直向沿海地区集中,直到2007年向其他地区转移才始露端倪。以"单位劳动成本"测度我国产业转移的可行性,发现我国中部地区有明显的劳动成本优势,西部地区具有承接劳动密集型产业的潜力,劳动密集型产业在我国具有发展的持续性和可能性。     

中国出口厂商依市定价行为研究*

本文从总体、行业以及地域三个层面对我国出口厂商的依市定价行为进行实证研究。结果表明,就总体层面而言,我国出口厂商确实存在依市定价行为。而从行业层面的实证结果看,不同行业出口厂商依市定价行为之间差异较大。其中资源密集型行业,如矿产品业、木制品行业的出口厂商依市定价程度最弱,定价能力较强;技术及资本密集型且加工程度较高的行业,如机电制造业、运输设备制造业的依市定价程度次之;劳动密集型且加工程度较低的行业,如橡胶、塑料制造业的出口厂商依市定价程度最高,定价能力最弱。地域层面的实证结果表明,我国出口厂商在对不同贸易伙伴出口时的依市定价行为同样存在差异,且对主要贸易伙伴的依市定价程度相对其他非主要贸易伙伴较弱。     

Technology,productivity, and industry structure

This paper examines the controversy as to the particular firm size or industry structure that is most conducive to innovation. Four major conclusions emerge from the considerations advanced here. First, contrary to the focus of the controversy, the relevant issue is not one of the economic statics. Rather, it is one of technological dynamism. Second, variety is an essential ingredient of innovative activity, which can be sustained only through equivalent variety in firm size and industry structure. Thus, there is no one single optimum firm size or industry structure. Third, the origin of interindustry differences in innovation and productivity growth lies in certain processes of cumulative causation involving a multiplicity of variables rather than any one single factor at the exclusion of all others. In consequence, we find that productivity does not advance in a uniform manner across various industries. Rather, it is characterized by an inherently uneven pattern of growth. Fourth, it is pointless to strive for a balanced growth between various sectors of the economy. Rather, an effective policy is one of deliberately lopsided growth whereby fuller development of progressive industries makes it possible to generate the additional resources required for investment in the backward industries. Finally, while the policy to stimulate technical progress and productivity growth must be formulated in a broader socioeconomic context, its focus ought to be on the internal dynamics of technical change processes.     

Predicting US county economic resilience from industry input-output accounts

Resilience is defined as a system’s ability to initially resist and then recover from a shock. Here we apply this concept to examine the performance of U.S. counties during the Great Recession. The response of local economies to manmade and natural shocks is hypothesized to depend on the centrality of local industries within the economy, or how well connected they are to the other industries. We first calculate a centrality value for each industry using the national Input-Output accounts. We then ‘step down’ these values to the county level using industry employment data. We then test empirically whether local economies containing more centralized industries were more resilient, using a resilience measure that compares the local employment rebound and decline during the Great Recession. Our results suggest that measures of economic centrality adopted from the study of complex networks provide new insights when applied to the fields of regional science and spatial analysis, and economic growth more generally.     

Tracking the technological composition of industries with algorithmic patent concordances

ABSTRACT

Patents are a useful proxy for innovation, technological change, and diffusion. However, fully exploiting patent data for economic analyses requires linking patents to measures of economic activity, which has proven to be difficult. We construct probabilistic linkages between the U.S. Patent Classification (USPC) system and Cooperative Patent Classification (CPC) system and industry and product classifications including the North American Industrial Classification System (NAICS), International Standard Industrial Classification (ISIC), Harmonized System (HS) and Standard International Trade Classification (SITC). We use these concordances to evaluate the persistence of technology-industry relationships over time by generating linkages over different years of patent data. We find strong persistence in technology usage within industries and, until recently, relatively little change in the technology composition of industries over time. As the technology composition of industries becomes more stable, we find evidence of increased specialization. Finally, we show that industries that exhibit changing technology composition also show shifting occupational composition.     

Foreign direct investment and industry response to organized crime: The Mexican case

Organized crime is a disincentive for investment and business activity. We use murders as a proxy for presence of regional organized crime and study the relation between direct foreign investment and organized crime for different industries in Mexico. Our contribution is the focus on sectoral differences. The data is for net foreign direct investment from 116 countries into the 32 Mexican states from 2004 to 2010. Imputing causality, we find that organized crime deters foreign investment in financial services, commerce, and agriculture, but not oil and mining sectors for which we find increased crime associated with increased investment. There is no effect of organized crime on foreign investment in manufacturing.     

中国金融产业集聚空间格局与影响因素——基于地理探测器模型的研究

研究金融产业集聚的空间格局及其影响因素,对于优化金融资源空间配置和加快推动金融产业集聚具有重要意义。基于高德地图提取的POI数据共计250522个兴趣点,运用核密度方法,对我国金融业以及银行、保险、证券业等细分行业的空间格局进行了研究;运用地理探测器模型,对金融产业集聚的影响因素进行了分析。结果表明:①无论从金融产业整体还是细分行业的空间格局来看,以胡焕庸线为界,东南半壁始终占据显著优势;②金融产业集聚最为显著的区域主要集中在长三角、京津冀和珠三角城市群,北京、上海始终处于高集聚区;③影响东部、中部和西部地区金融产业集聚的主要因子不同,伴随着经济发展水平的提升,对外开放水平、人力资源、信息流动、规模经济、政府行为等因子的作用逐渐凸显,城乡居民储蓄、工业化水平等因子的作用逐步减弱;④不同影响因子两两之间的交互作用都呈现了增强关系,主要表现为非线性增强和双因子增强,没有出现减弱和独立的关系。2010年,对外开放水平和其他因子的交互作用对于金融业集聚影响的强化作用较为显著;2016年,影响因子的交互作用比较均衡,人力资源和其他因子的交互作用对于金融业集聚影响的强化作用较为显著。     

三次产业间资源优化配置均衡分析

笔者从生产函数出发,建立了经济系统中三次产业资源优化配置模型,给出了能使该经济系统收益最大化的三次产业间资本和劳动力配置均衡的必要条件,借以说明在我国劳动力从第一产业向第二、三产业流动的合理性和经济学机理。     

我国煤炭生产—消费的地区性差异研究

利用1991—2009年中国30个省市的煤炭消费及原煤生产数据建立Panel-Data模型,分析各地区煤炭消费的地区性差异影响,并将30个省域划分为东部、中部和西部三大区域,比较了三大区域煤炭消费的地区性差异。结果表明,河北(与北京和天津)与江苏(与上海)的煤炭消费最强,东部地区的煤炭消费远高于中西部地区。研究认为,东部地区经济的发展要摆脱对煤炭的高度依赖,有必要积极发展低碳经济;同时中西部地区也要调整产业结构,降低原煤开采业在国民经济的比重,提升产业的科技含量,告别资源依赖型经济发展模式,实现可持续发展。     

创新价值链视角下中小企业创新效率多维度研究

中小企业创新绩效提升和优化对我国经济发展至关重要。基于创新价值链视角,考虑企业所有权性质和生命周期、所属区域、行业多个维度,运用加法分解两阶段DEA模型对中小企业知识创新阶段和经济产出阶段效率进行评价。结果发现:企业所有权性质方面,国有企业两阶段效率都偏低,民营企业两阶段效率差距有限,合资企业研发效率远高于转化效率;企业所属行业方面,全行业研发效率普遍高于转化效率,信息技术两个阶段效率差距较大,其它行业次之,医药生物行业不显著;企业所属区域方面,东中西部地区研发效率和转化效率分别呈现“高低”、“低高”和“低低”现象;企业生命周期方面,生命周期不同阶段企业创新绩效存在显著差异。最后,基于上述结论提出相应对策与建议。     

Endowments,Specialization, and Policy

The paper explores the relationship between industry shares in production and their determinants including factor endowments, technology, and government policies, in a GDP–function framework. We use a new international panel dataset on production and trade compiled by the World Bank. As an intermediate step we calculate Hicks‐neutral productivity indices that vary across industries, time, and countries. We find that own‐TFP is robustly associated with industry shares across time and countries and that, after correcting for these productivity differences, output shares are related to factor endowments (Rybczynski effects) in a plausible way. Once Rybczynski effects are controlled for, we find little evidence of demand‐side policies (import tariffs) affecting the allocation of resources; we find, however, more role for supply‐side policies as the relative size of capital‐intensive industries is positively associated with infrastructure–capital endowments.     

资源型产业升级的创新驱动研究--以中西部地区为例

新的结构发展期,加快资源型产业升级对经济可持续和高质量发展至关重要。将可耗竭资源因素引入有关产业结构和技术创新的理论模型中,分析技术创新对资源型产业转型升级的作用机理。将地区产业划分为资源型产业和创新型产业,借助夹角余弦的思想构建资源型产业升级的动态指标,利用2005-2016年间中西部地区17个省、市、自治区(西藏除外)面板数据进行计量分析。结果显示:技术创新是资源型产业升级的内生驱动力,而政府的调节效应却因资源型产业发展阶段的不同而不同。为此,需根据资源型产业的发展阶段,制定适宜的转型升级策略。对处于成熟期的资源型产业,宜借助政府的政策引导和调节作用,激励企业向非资源型产业发展。对处于衰竭期的资源型产业,则要更加注重创新技术的培育和应用转化。     

行业“金字塔结构”假设及验证——以医药、食品行业为例

医药、食品行业是与百姓生活息息相关的两个行业。然而,目前两个行业在我国的发展现状都不容乐观。本文试图透过现象看本质,探究隐藏在这些产业组织问题背后的逻辑。在借鉴SGP范式分析的基础上,分析了行业内企业规模结构,提出了行业金字塔结构的假设,指出了企业规模结构上存在的特点及其对企业行为以及产业绩效的影响。本文还利用笔者调研所得到的数据对模型进行了初步验证,并针对如何提升产业竞争力提出了若干建议。     

中国股市行业系统风险的差异性检验及扩展研究

本文实证检验中国股票市场中的行业系统风险差异性。研究发现,差异性明显存在,这校正了以往学者认为国内行业间系统风险没有差异的认识偏差。分析发现,若干行业经济变量,尤其是某些行业财务指标,对这一差异性具有较好的解释力,表明系统风险的行业结构有其合理性。通过国际比较,发现中国股市系统风险的行业结构与国际市场具有一定的相似性和关联性。在此基础上,本文扩展到实体经济与虚拟经济的对应关系上,并提出一个双面三层结构模式及其实现的政策建议。     

Impact of economic uncertainty in a small open economy: the case of Chile

We construct the first news-based economic uncertainty index for Chile, which allowed us to rebuild 23 years of the history of economic uncertainty in the country and quantify its impact on the economy. We find that an increase in economic uncertainty conveys a fall in GDP, investment, and employment, even after accounting for the small open economy nature of Chile. In contrast to previous studies for big and developed economies, we do not find evidence of an overshooting effect when uncertainty dissipates; therefore, increases in economic uncertainty have negative effects on the economy, even in the long-run. Our estimates suggest that these impacts range from 10% to 20% for aggregate investment, 2.5% to 5% for GDP, and 1.3% to 4.2% for employment. Extensions suggest that economic uncertainty affects both mining and non-mining investment, with the former showing a more pronounced decline. We also find that the bulk of effect of economic uncertainty on aggregate investment is via private investment, with some short-run impacts on public investment. Moreover, compared to the GDP response, aggregate consumption responds in almost the same way to an economic uncertainty shock.