美国购物中心的发展实践及理论研究述评

近年来，购物中心在中国发展极为迅速，购物中心的研究也相应地成为了理论界和实务界关注的热点之一。美国作为现代大型购物中心的发源地，其发展大致经历了三个时期：形成期、发展期和成熟期。然而，购物中心的理论研究总是略微滞后于零售发展的实践活动。在美国购物中心的形成期，Christaller（1933）和Hotelling（1929）的研究，形成了早期美国购物中心的理论研究的两大理论基石：（1）中心地理论，（2）零售商的聚合理论。随着美国购物中心的进一步发展，其从业人员越来越关注购物中心内部的经营远作，此时理论研究的重心也随之发生了转移。购物中心零售需求的外部性，以及店铺的租金评估成为了美国购物中心研究的两个较新的领域。     

The question of international competitiveness

International competitiveness is advanced whenever the economic welfare of a nation is enhanced through an increase in the flow of trade or through an alteration in the conditions of trade starting from a presumed initial equilibrium. In order to describe the processes involved in securing and maintaining international competitiveness, the conventional models of international trade theory are used, namely the Ricardian, Heckscher-Ohlin, contemporary standard trade, and industrial organization models. Then, the role of the commodity terms of trade as they are manifested in exchange rates, which are affected by both short- and long-term international capital flows, is considered. Finally, possible implications regarding economic policy are briefly addressed. The author is grateful for the support in this endeavor of John Reid, Benwari L. Kedia, and Presh Daniel.     

Rising Powers in Complex Regimes: South African Norm Shopping in the Governance of Cross-Border Investment

ABSTRACT

This article offers a critical engagement with the literature on contemporary global power shifts and the phenomenon of ‘regime complexity’. It does so by focusing on South Africa's role in the governance of cross-border investment, and using this case to explore the strategies used by rising powers to pursue their strategic aims in institutionally complex and fragmented global governance regimes. This article situates an understanding of regime complexity within a critical constructivist literature that highlights the ambiguity of international norms and the relationship between power and strategic rhetorical action. It argues that complex regimes create space for agency and strategic action by states and highlights one specific strategy – norm shopping – that rising powers can use to legitimate their actions and challenge dominant norms in complex regimes.     

借鉴国际经验 推动新一轮税制改革

20世纪80年代以来,为了适应经济的发展以及国际竞争的需要,世界各国纷纷进行了税制改革。这些国家税制改 革的许多经验值得中国借鉴,如降低税率、拓宽税基等。本文参考这些国际经验,结合中国实际情况,就中国流转税和所得税 的改革提出了一些建议和措施,以期完善税制,并使之发挥应有的作用。     

零售品牌形象构成要素实证研究

良好的品牌形象可以降低消费者购物过程中感知的风险,从而提高其满意度和忠诚度,作为一种独特的竞争优势,它又可以使企业获得强大的品牌资产,并为品牌延伸提供了依据.笔者试图通过问卷调查,从消费者的视角识别出零售品牌形象的主要构成要素.研究发现,零售品牌形象是一个多维的概念,它主要由31个指标构成并可以划分为7个纬度.与国际零售品牌相比,本土零售品牌的名称更容易为消费者记忆与传播,消费者对本土零售品牌名称的认知明显高于国际零售品牌.     

韩国及印度国际化轨迹研究

纵观企业国际化的发展,每个国家都有其不同的发展历史和发展特点,在倡导中国企业“走出去”的今天,认真分析主要发展中国家的“走出去”模式,了解全球化发展的轨迹,有利于我国企业在“走出去”的过程中找到发展的机遇。同时,借鉴国外“走出去”的模式,对其进行适当的修改可以直接为我国企业所用。本文试图从20世纪60年代开始撰写,沿着时代背景的发展,一直探索21世纪初的企业到国际化发展情况。本文选择了印度、韩国两个发展中国家,力求从上述国家的全球化模式、全球化动因、政府支持及当地背景等方面探索全球国际化的轨迹。     

网上购物对城市零售业空间的影响:以书店为例

通过对高校学生的购书行为调查,比较了网上购物对不同规模传统书店产生的影响效应,从一个侧面反映了在新技术环境中城市零售业空间演化的趋势。结果表明:由于网上购物影响消费群体的特定性、网购商品种类的局限性以及传统购物环境的不可替代性等原因,网上购物方式更多的是作为传统购物方式之余的一种补充形式。当然,网上购物也会替代部分传统的购物行为。对于不同规模的传统书店而言,网上购物对中等规模书店的影响最大。     

Influence of consumption experiences on customers'''' satisfaction:an empirical study on fresh farm products in Wuhan, China

Which factors influence customers’ satisfaction? Which way or path does each factor influence and decide customers’ satisfaction? These problems are the focuses of the research on customers’ satisfaction. This paper analyzes the survey data from some customers in the fresh farm food supermarket of Wuhan City with factor analysis method, multiple linear regression method, etc. The analysis results reveal that: 1) the consumption experiences decide custom- ers’ satisfaction degree through influencing the customers’ expectation and the perceived performance, namely the consumption experiences is the important factor which decides customers’ satisfaction; 2) the consumption experiences that influence customers’ satisfaction is a multi-dimensional construct, including such four dimensions as product consumption experience, service experience, shopping convenience experience, supermarket environment experience; furthermore, the degree that different consumption experiences influence customers’ satisfaction is diverse, and the product consumption experiences are the most important factor. This paper is of realistic significance to a certain extent to enrich the theoretical research on customers’ satisfaction and promote the practice of agricultural product marketing.     

云南发展体验旅游购物的思考

旅游购物属于旅游消费中的弹性消费,具有广阔的发展空间,旅游购物消费占旅游者总消费的比重是旅游业是否发达的重要指标。云南旅游购物资源丰富,但云南的旅游购物消费在旅游总消费中所占比重不高,严重影响了云南旅游业的竞争力。通过对云南体验旅游购物的现状和目前存在的问题分析,在基于体验经济理论应用的基础上,提出云南发展体验旅游购物的必然选择和对策。     

FLASH GROWTH ESTIMATES USING CALENDAR INFORMATION

In 1991 Statistics Netherlands introduced their early flash estimates of the Quarterly National Accounts. In this article we examine a new, faster flash estimate, some three to four weeks earlier. The gain is made by using a simple regression technique and incomplete data. To compensate for the lack of data, information on the number of working days and shopping days was added to the regression. The inclusion of these calendar aspects significantly affect GDP growth: 0.30 percent point extra GDP growth for one extra working day, and 0.17 percent point for one extra shopping day.
The cost of an earlier estimate is a decrease of reliability. The probability of a forecast error of over 0.5 percent point will be about 26 percent, compared to 12 percent for the official flash estimate.     

THE ELASTICITY OF SUBSTITUTION BETWEEN TIME AND MARKET GOODS: EVIDENCE FROM THE GREAT RECESSION

We document a change in household shopping behavior during the Great Recession. Households purchased more on sale, larger sizes, and generic products and increased coupon usage and shopping at discount stores. We estimate a decline in returns to shopping during the recession. Therefore, the increase in shopping behavior implies a significant decrease in households' opportunity cost of time. Using the estimated cost of time and time use data, we estimate a high elasticity of substitution between market expenditure and time spent on nonmarket work. We find that households smooth a sizable fraction of consumption by varying their time allocation during recessions.     

在线购买不信任与信任前因后项关系研究

不信任和信任是两个相互关联但不同结构的一对概念,对此,学术界并没有达成共识。本文通过纵向实证研究,以在线购买为情境,再次验证了这一观点;并且发现,不信任和信任及其前因后项在性别、学历水平、互联网使用时间和网购次数、消费金额方面存在显著差异;消费者在线购买信任的产生更多体现在对安全控制的良好感知,而消费者在线购买不信任的产生更多体现在对不隐私保护的认知;安全控制不仅通过信任间接积极地影响购买意图而且对其也有直接强正作用,不隐私保护不仅通过不信任间接地积极影响不购买意图而且对其也有直接强正作用。这些结论与本论文作者2007年相关的研究结论保持基本一致。该结论将再次对电子商务运营商提供重要启示,即要增加消费者的在线购买信任和意图着力点必须在安全控制,而消除不信任和不购买意图更重要是消除不隐私保护。     

Why shops close again: An evolutionary perspective on the deregulation of shopping hours

This paper introduces a new perspective on the deregulation of shopping hours based on ideas from evolutionary game theory. We study a retail economy where shopping hours have been deregulated recently. It is argued that first, the deregulation leads to a coordination problem between store owners and customers, and second, the ‘solution’ to this problem depends on the specific cost structure of stores and the preferences of customers. In particular, it may happen that, even if extended shopping hours are Pareto efficient, stores and customers do not succeed in coordinating on this equilibrium. The analysis explains the observation in Germany, where shopping hours have been deregulated recently, that store owners tend to go back to the former shopping hours again. Moreover, it emphasizes the important role of advertisement campaigns as a signalling device.     

Analysis of Components of Online Shopping and Their Relative Value

Empirical exploration of how online consumers interpret and value the marketing communication embedded in shopping components has the potential to advance knowledge of online consumer behavior and to inform design decisions concerning consumer-oriented Web sites. To date, little research has been completed regarding how components hinder or aid consumer perceptions of the online marketing message. This paper investigates the relative importance of online shopping components for online consumer shopping. The important and relative issues surrounding online shopping are explored, finding the core components of convenience, access to information, and trust. These components were then implemented in an online shopping task. Respondents considered thoughtfully marketing messages that involved issues of minimizing travel, information access.     

Timing constraints and the allocation of time: The effects of changing shopping hours regulations in The Netherlands

A 1996 change in shopping hours regulations in The Netherlands provides an opportunity to study the effects of timing constraints on total time spent in shopping, working, and other activities as well as the timing of these activities. We develop a simple structural model to make predictions about the effects of imposition and relaxation of a timing constraint on time use patterns, and utilize time diary data from 1995, 1997, 1999, and 2000 to examine time use patterns by demographic group before and after the change. In addition to a change in the timing of shopping, we find a nonnegligible increase in the total time spent shopping.     

在线购买不信任前置因素归类实证研究——基于双因素与认知神经理论

在线购买不信任已成为学者们关注和探讨的焦点和热点问题,但是,相关研究还是初步的,尤其是在线购买不信任的前置因素归类问题,仍是亟需进一步解决的关键问题。文章首先就相关研究进行文献回顾,在此基础上,根据赫茨伯格的双因素理论和认知神经理论,提出有关理论假设;其次,采用结构方程建模方法,对相关假设进行有关实证验证;最后,对研究结果进行总结,并对进一步研究的方向和具体在线网站设计实践提供一些建议。研究结果表明:不信任存在一些不同于信任的前置因素并可归类于保健因素,例如技术功能、情境规范、质量保证;但也存在一些同时影响不信任和信任的前置因素,可称之为混合因素,例如有用性、使用便利性、结构保障、品牌力量、第三方认证和客户反馈机制。研究基于认知神经理论和情感理论所取得的研究成果,不仅丰富了在线购买不信任的知识体系,而且对在线购物网站运营商和网站设计者进行有关决策提供良好的借鉴。     

National Policy Interests in the Duty-Free Market

In 1999 the EU abolished duty-free on intra-EU travel. OtherEuropean countries and many countries outside Europe still retainduty-free shopping for international travellers, as does theEU in relation to external travel. This paper looks at nationalpolicy interests in the retention, or further abolition, ofduty-free. We note that these will relate closely to the structureof competition in the duty-free market, and to the tax levelson high-street sales in different countries. The existence ofduty-free trade requires that countries have reasons both toadmit duty-free goods and to permit their sale to departingpassengers. We argue that low-tax countries might be more likelyto perceive gains from unilateral abolition of duty-free salesto departing passengers, while high-tax countries would onlybenefit from concerted action to abolish duty-free. (JEL D4,H2, H87)     

Lessons of the 1999 Abolition of Intra-EU Duty Free Sales for the New EU Member States

The abolition of intra-EU duty free was critically discussedand accompanied by a vigorous and well-financed lobbying campaignby the duty free industry. The opponents of this resolutionargued that such a tax-free sales sector created jobs and hardlyreduced the value added and excise tax revenue of individualcountries. In their opinion, the duty free trade not only contributedto the reduction of the travel fare but also could be characterisedas a supplement to the normal retail trade for some products.The challenges for some specific industries led by the abolitionof duty free shopping appear to be considerable in the short-term.However, theoretical and empirical examinations made in thisstudy suggest: (a) intra-EU duty free shopping disturbs theallocation neutrality guaranteed in the single market, (b) macroeconomicsignificance of duty free shopping is rather negligible, and(c) some background studies made for the lobbyists exaggeratethe negative impacts of eliminating intra-EU duty free shopping.These three important arguments, which can also be applied tothe new EU Member States, justify the abolition of intra-EUduty free shopping. (JEL F10; F15; F18; E62; P20)     

休闲惠顾动机解析——量表的编制及百货店惠顾行为实证研究

零售行业只有科学地研究零售惠顾行为，才能在此基础上制定零售管理和经营的策略。惠顾动机帮助我们解释很多复杂的行为和现象。国外现有的研究对惠顾动机维度的解释尤如丛林，但在国内还没有进行过惠顾动机量表的开发，这使得有关惠顾行为的进一步研究没有基础。本文认为，双维度和多维度观点根本不同之处就是对“休闲娱乐型”动机维度的解析。本文以百货商店惠顾为零售惠顾的任务范围，开发了量表，进行了实证研究。发现休闲娱乐惠顾动机可以细分成七个维度，建议百货店管理者根据目标顾客的动机结构，在营销策略上进行适应性调整。     

上海居民购物行为的时空间特征及其影响因素

基于上海市居民购物行为的问卷调查数据,研究居民购物行为的时空间特征,并从主观决策和客观物质空间的两个方面探讨其影响因素。结果表明,上海市居民购物行为表现出低频率、夜间化、短距离以及非机动与公交出行方式为主的一般特征;商品购物出行的时空间等级明显,但具有分散化和扁平化的特征。其中,不同商品购物活动空间选择因素的不同导致其购物出行范围的等级性差异,而城市商业物质环境和空间分布更多地决定了居民购物行为的具体方式、空间大小和集中程度。