垂直薪酬差距对企业创新"质"与"量"的影响

创新不仅取决于管理层决策,而且与员工支持密不可分,那么垂直薪酬差距(管理层与员工的薪酬差距)如何影响企业创新？依据锦标赛理论和社会比较理论,以中国2007-2015年A股非金融上市公司为样本,进行Tobit实证检验。研究发现,垂直薪酬差距对企业创新发挥“锦标赛”激励作用,其中,对创新数量的促进效应在薪酬差距较低组显著,企业融资约束会反向调节垂直薪酬差距与企业创新的关系;薪酬差距中的管理层薪酬溢价能显著提升企业创新数量和质量,而员工薪酬溢价会显著降低企业创新数量,提升企业创新质量,并且对非国有企业更显著。据此提出优化企业薪酬设计、加大企业创新资金支持及人才建设等建议。     

Campaign spending limits,incumbent spending,and election outcomes

Abstract. We study the impact of campaign spending limits for candidates in Canadian federal elections. We first demonstrate that spending limits are binding mostly for incumbent candidates. We then use this information to produce endogeneity‐corrected estimates for the impact of incumbent spending on electoral vote shares. Furthermore, we examine the impact of spending limits on broader measures of electoral outcomes, finding that larger limits lead to less close elections, fewer candidates, and lower voter turnout.     

院士(候选人)独董能促进企业创新吗——来自中国上市公司的经验证据

本文首次考察了两院院士及其候选人担任独立董事发挥的治理职能和对企业创新的影响。研究发现：（1）院士（候选人）独立董事与企业创新显著正相关，控制企业个体效应、倾向得分匹配法（PSM）和Heckman两阶段法等一系列稳健性检验后该结论依然成立。（2）院士（候选人）独董的任期越长、兼职公司数量越多，对企业创新的促进作用越好，女性院士（候选人）独董可以更好地促进企业创新，但具有海归经历的院士（候选人）并没有更有效地发挥作用。（3）影响渠道检验结果表明，一方面，战略风格越保守、管理层短视程度越严重的公司聘请院士（候选人）独董对企业创新的促进作用越大，表明院士（候选人）独董可以通过战略咨询有效缓解保守战略和管理层短视对企业创新的制约作用；另一方面，院士（候选人）独董发挥了“桥梁科学家”作用，增加了企业未来两年建立院士工作站的可能性，从而促进了企业的产学研合作和技术创新。（4）与其他公司治理变量的交叉影响分析发现，院士及其候选人在非国有企业、股权结构集中、机构投资者持股比例高和高管不持股的公司中更能发挥促进创新的作用。本文对于充分发挥顶尖科学家作用以及推动企业创新与国家创新体系的构建具有参考价值。     

社会资本能降低劳动力工资扭曲吗?——测度和传导机制分析

文章主要回答了社会资本能否降低劳动力工资扭曲的问题.根据CFPS2010数据,采用随机前沿分析方法(SFA)测度出微观层面的劳动力工资扭曲程度,扭曲均值约为33.2％?45.7％.实证研究发现,社会资本能够显著降低工资扭曲,平均而言,社会资本每扩大1％,工资扭曲程度降低3.42％;社会资本降低工资扭曲的影响作用对工资扭曲程度较低的劳动者更大,一定程度上将扩大不同群体的工资扭曲差距.伴随着市场化程度的加深,社会资本修正工资扭曲的作用不断被削弱.文章基于中介效应模型的传导机制分析显示,社会资本通过部门进入效应、晋升效应和信息效应对工资扭曲产生影响.文章研究对深入认识中国劳动力市场的收入分配具有重要意义.     

Macroeconomic determinants of remittances: evidence from Romania

Given the globalization of the labour market and the promotion of free movement for work, young people are looking for employment opportunities from at least two perspectives – professional careers and socio-economic benefits from employment. In developing countries, such as Romania, the labour market is less attractive, which has led to profound, numerical and structural imbalances, due to external mobility for work. Both new generations of graduates and young people aged up to 40 years, decide to work abroad as a more beneficial individual solution, i.e. remittances. The purpose of this paper is to examine the macroeconomic determinants of remittances to Romania, in order to substantiate public policies on diaspora, to adjust employment policy on the national labour market by promoting incentives to create decent, youth-friendly jobs. Using panel data model we selected several variables with potential influence on remittances level. The results demonstrate that traditional influence’s factors as distance, migration routes diaspora concentration or unemployment rate are, at present, less important than wage gap or tax rate at least for developing origin countries.     

The unequal distribution of unequal pay – An empirical analysis of the gender wage gap in Switzerland

In this paper we analyze the distribution of the gender wage gap. Using microdata for Switzerland we estimate conditional wage distribution functions and find that the total wage gap and its discrimination component are not constant over the range of wages. At low wages an overproportional part of the wage gap is due to discrimination. In a further analysis of specific individuals we examine the wage gap at different quantiles and propose a new measure to assess equal earnings opportunities. These additional results reveal that it is primarily low education that causes the large discrimination component at low wages. First version received: April 1999/Final version accepted: July 2000     

Political salaries,electoral selection and the incumbency advantage: Evidence from a wage reform

Incumbents tend to gain solid electoral advantage in many voting systems. In this study, we examine the relationship between salaries prescribed to politicians and the incumbency advantage by exploiting a political wage reform and data from close elections in a proportional semi-open list system in the Czech Republic. We show that higher salaries reduce the average incumbency advantage, as they increase the probability to run again for previously non-elected candidates much more than for incumbents. Still, we find that higher wages improve candidate selection, especially by encouraging repeated candidacy from university-educated incumbents. Higher wages also improve relative positions of re-running incumbents on candidate lists compared to previously non-elected re-running candidates. Our results overall suggest that incumbency per se changes the relationship between political wages and candidate selection.     

服务业跨国公司投资动因理论前沿研究

服务业以其区别于制造业的行业特性和资产组合决定了它特有的跨国投资模式,本文主要针对服务业跨国投资动因问题进行分析,在梳理最新研究成果的基础上提炼服务业投资动因理论的新趋势,即基于市场寻求、竞争优势、效率寻求和距离论动因,进一步探讨国别和行业差异的影响作用。     

Do networks or performance impact the promotion of Chinese officials? Evidence from prefecture‐level cities

This study examines the effects of connections and economic performance on the promotion of Chinese city mayors. Our study differs from the published literature in four respects. First, this study covers a comprehensive data set, including 1,422 mayors from 284 prefecture‐level cities. The use of a large data set helps resolve mixed results of past studies. Second, we use a broader range of top leaders. Third, we apply a more comprehensive definition of connections than earlier studies. Finally, we examine the effects of the policy shift of the 11th 5‐year plan on promotion of mayors. Our results reveal that the performance of a city mayor assisted his/her promotion to party secretary before 2006 but not afterwards. However, a mayor's connection with five types of top leaders is helpful. Among the four types of connection, colleagueship is the most effective in expediting the promotion of mayors. Graduating from the same university and department is also helpful but to a lesser extent. Township connection is not useful.     

Are children driving the gender wage gap?

We examine how much children and the responsibilities related to them contribute to the divergence of men's and women's wages, and consequently, to the formation of the gender wage gap. To derive the relative contribution of gender‐specific parent gaps to the overall gender wage gap, we provide a modification of the Oaxaca–Blinder decomposition and include simultaneous corrections for selection into employment and parenthood. The results show that the fatherhood wage premium contributes most significantly to the gender wage gap, especially in Poland. The motherhood penalty is also significant, while the role of the gender gap among childless individuals is small.     

MONEY AND INFLATION IN INDIA: EVIDENCE FROM P‐STAR MODEL

This study uses P‐star model to examine the role of money in explaining inflation in India. In particular, we compare the performance of traditional Phillips curve approach against P‐star model in forecasting inflation. Moreover, the study estimates P‐star model using the alternative measures of money such as simple sum and Divisia M3, to examine the relevance of aggregation theoretic monetary aggregates in explaining inflation. The empirical results indicate that P‐star model with real money gap has an edge over traditional Phillips curve approach in forecasting inflation. More importantly, we found that the P‐star model estimated with Divisia real money gap performs better than its simple sum counterpart. These empirical findings suggest that the changes in real money gap play a crucial role in explaining inflation in India.     

Temporary migrants and gender housework division among left-behind household members

We examine whether Vietnamese migrant workers induce a shift in gender roles in housework division among the household members left behind. Using two waves of the Vietnamese Household Living Standard Survey (2006–2008), we apply the first-difference method and estimate a simple household fixed effects model with instrumental variables for robustness checking. We find that temporary female migrants are associated with a higher probability of undertaking housework by male members left behind and there is a reduction in the gender gap in terms of time spent on chores. However, we find little evidence for a similar reduction in the gender gap when the household size is altered for other reasons.     

“苏南”城市化历史进程及其动力机制研究

＂苏南＂是中国经济发展水平最高的地区之一,同时也是社会差距最小的地区。苏南城市化历史进程表明：苏南地区城市化的动力机制可分为内在机制和外在机制两种,内在机制主要是工业化、要素集聚与制度变迁三大因素,归根结底是要素的高级化,而外在机制则是政府的行政推动。     

Unemployment by Gender: Evidence from EU Countries

This paper applies panel unit-root tests that allow for structural breaks and cross-sectional dependence to examine the validity of hysteresis in gender unemployment rates and gender unemployment gap for a panel of 15 European countries. Addressing breaks, there is evidence to reject the null hypothesis of hysteresis for the unemployment rates and unemployment gap series. Allowing for both cross-sectional dependence and heterogeneous structural breaks, this result is reverted, and we fail to reject the null hypothesis of unit root.     

Organizational choices for efficiency and market power

We examine the role of strategic consideration in the choice of organizational structures characterizing large corporations. These considerations bridge the gap between the research on transaction costs and organizational forms and the research on strategic entry deterrence and threats. An illustrative model is presented and we derive propositions which look promising for providing empirical benchmarks.     

INFORMATION AND THE BEAUTY PREMIUM IN POLITICAL ELECTIONS

We use data on 800 candidates from the 2012 U.S. election cycle in U.S. and state congressional races to examine the degree to which beauty affects electoral outcomes. We find that a candidate that is one standard deviation more beautiful receives a 1.1 percentage point higher vote share and is 6.0 percentage points more likely to win the election. This beauty premium is larger in situations where voters are less likely to have more information about the candidate. The beauty premium is much smaller for U.S. congressional races than for state congressional races, and is also much smaller for incumbent candidates. In addition, we find a correlation that the beauty premium is lower when a candidate spends more money on the election. (JEL D72, J70)     

双元视角下调节聚焦对国防研发人员创新行为的影响机制

调节聚焦作为个体实现目标的动机调节系统，对个体创新行为具有重要作用，是组织行为学领域关注的热点。基于调节聚焦等相关理论，从二维视角深入考察个体调节聚焦对其双元创新的过程机理与边界机制。对527名国防科技研发人员进行问卷调研分析，结果发现：①促进聚焦和防御聚焦均正向预测双元创新及其平衡性与互补性，促进聚焦的预测作用更强；②探索式失败学习和利用式失败学习同时中介上述关系；③正向组织差错管理氛围正向调节促进聚焦与双元创新及其互补性的关系，负向组织差错管理氛围正向调节防御聚焦与双元创新及其互补性的关系。     

双元视角下调节聚焦对国防研发人员创新行为的影响机制

调节聚焦作为个体实现目标的动机调节系统，对个体创新行为具有重要作用，是组织行为学领域关注的热点。基于调节聚焦等相关理论，从二维视角深入考察个体调节聚焦对其双元创新的过程机理与边界机制。对527名国防科技研发人员进行问卷调研分析，结果发现：①促进聚焦和防御聚焦均正向预测双元创新及其平衡性与互补性，促进聚焦的预测作用更强；②探索式失败学习和利用式失败学习同时中介上述关系；③正向组织差错管理氛围正向调节促进聚焦与双元创新及其互补性的关系，负向组织差错管理氛围正向调节防御聚焦与双元创新及其互补性的关系。     

An application of the DEA double bootstrap to examine sources of efficiency in Bangladesh rice farming

In this article we examine sources of technical efficiency for rice farming in Bangladesh. The motivation for the analysis is the need to close the rice yield gap to enable food security. We employ the DEA double bootstrap of Simar and Wilson (2007) to estimate and explain technical efficiency. This technique overcomes severe limitations inherent in using the two-stage DEA approach commonly employed in the efficiency literature. From a policy perspective our results show that potential efficiency gains to reduce the yield gap are greater than previously found. Statistically positive influences on technical efficiency are education, extension and credit, with age being a negative influence.