基于GIS技术的人居环境自然适宜性评价研究——以遵义市为例

以公里格网为基本单元,基于GIS技术,建立包括地形起伏度、温湿指数、水文指数和地被指数的人居环境自然适宜性评价模型,系统评价遵义市不同地区的人居环境自然适宜性与限制性。研究表明,遵义市人居环境以适宜性为主要特征,自然适宜程度整体呈现出由西北向东南递增的趋势,其中44.41%为一般适宜区、54.13%为比较适宜区以及极小比例为临界适宜区;遵义市人居环境自然条件较好,地形、地被、水文和气候对人口分布的限制性不明显,其中地形条件对人口分布的限制性最强,其次是地被条件。     

乡村收缩背景下松嫩平原乡村地区人口—经济空间耦合关系

以松嫩平原乡村地区32个县域单元为例,基于空间自相关分析及人口集中度指数、经济集中度指数、人口与经济分布不一致指数的测度,揭示乡村收缩背景下松嫩平原乡村地区人口—经济的空间耦合关系。结果表明:(1)2000—2018年,松嫩平原乡村地区人口数量先增加后减少,人口密度空间分布呈现"南密北疏"的格局。(2)人口空间分布的关联性较强,呈现典型的集聚分布模式,人口集中度指数南高北低且高值区域逐渐向北扩展。(3)经济集中度分布格局多呈现"双核"模式,且经济空间分布不均衡性大于人口空间分布的不均衡性。总体来看,近20年来,松嫩平原乡村地区人口—经济的空间耦合类型中,协调发展型和经济迟滞型的县域类型居多。     

湖南省人口分布格局时空变化特征及主要影响因素分析

基于全国四次人口普查数据,运用反距离权重插值法、探索性空间数据分析方法、人口分布指数等,以县域为基本单元,探究湖南省1982—2010年人口分布的时空变化特征及主要影响因素。结果表明:(1)1982年以来,湖南省人口密度呈现出"东高西低"的分布格局,并以高值区为核心圈层梯级递减,高值区范围扩大,中值区范围缩小,低值区范围基本保持不变;(2)在人口增速总体趋缓的背景下,同一时期人口密度低、中、高值区人口增长速度依次递增,人口分布地区差异扩大;(3)人口分布的空间自相关性不断增强,冷热点格局基本稳定,热点区有所增加,冷点区有所减少,冷热点区在空间上呈集聚分布,人口分布不均衡化趋势加剧;(4)影响湖南省人口分布格局及变化的因素众多,自然地理条件和资源禀赋差异奠定了人口分布的基本格局,不均衡的经济发展不断重塑着人口分布格局,渐进式的区域发展战略对人口分布格局有重要的导向作用。全面提高"以人为本"的城镇化质量,稳步推进新型城镇化健康持续发展,是促进湖南省人口分布格局优化的必由之路。     

基于ESDA的中国人口空间格局及影响因素研究

利用ESDA技术,基于GIS平台对2005年中国人口空间格局进行研究,发现2005年全国县域人口密度不仅数值差距较大,基尼系数达0.55,而且空间自相关性较强,Mom's I指数为0.42.京津冀、长三角、珠三角、四川盆地、东北经济带仍是全国人口最密集地区.局部空间自相关结果显示,京津冀、长三角、珠三角和四川盆地是高高型人口集聚区.哈尔滨、长春、银川、昆明等城市地区是高低集聚区.低高型区域集中在高高型区域四周.西北干旱区、内蒙古北部、东北北部山区属于低低集聚区.将人口密度分为五级,通过人口重心观察,以及将人口密度与自然和经济因素叠加,发现气候和海拔高度仍是影响人口分布的主要因素.产业结构和交通对全国人口格局影响显著.自然因素不同的组合形式将对人口格局产生不同的影响,其中气候和地形因素长期稳定地影响人口空间格局,但其对人口空间分布的约束力将随着技术进步而降低.经济因素是人口空间格局短期变动的主要原因.     

人口聚集、经济扩散及其不一致状况——来自长江三角洲的经验研究

在区域发展环境变化及发展格局转变情况下,文章引入地理集中度、不一致指数及不均衡指数等方法,对比分析2000—2015年长江三角洲人口、经济地理集中度及人口与经济不一致指数的时空格局演变趋势,并基于面板数据回归对人口与经济不一致指数的影响因素进行实证研究。结果表明,在经济分布向边缘区扩散的格局下,人口分布总体呈现向核心区集聚的态势,由此带来的人口与经济不一致指数变化主要表现为核心区的上升与边缘区的下降,且人口与经济空间布局的协调性有所提高。对不一致指数影响因素的定量分析表明,市场力量、政府政策及城市发展状况等都对人口与经济分布不一致性产生重要的影响。     

旅游资源非优区人居环境空间格局及其影响因素研究——以吉林省为例

人居环境的全方位提升是旅游资源非优区可持续发展的关键逻辑节点。文章利用空间自相关指数、空间变差函数和地理加权回归模型,测度2015年吉林省旅游资源非优区人居环境空间格局及其影响因素。结果显示:(1)旅游资源非优区人居环境水平整体不高,空间分异特征不明显,高值集中于东南部通化市,低值分布于中部辽源市和四平市,子系统呈现生态环境社会经济环境基础设施环境居住环境。(2)旅游资源非优区人居环境水平相似地区空间集聚,均质性和空间自组织性突出,空间格局呈现两端高、中间低的"哑铃型"结构,西北部存在若干"柱状峰体"。(3)社会经济环境、居住环境、基础设施环境和生态环境对旅游资源非优区人居环境影响程度的空间差异显著,社会经济环境以正向影响为主,居住环境以负向影响为主,基础设施环境对东南部影响较大,生态环境影响的空间异质性最不明显。     

河南省人口空间结构演变格局研究

以河南省人口总体以及各地市数据为基础,采用Arc?GIS从空间演化的角度进行定量研究,研究结果表明:河南省人口整体逐年增加,呈"中心性"趋势,但增长速率放缓,人口分布非均衡性和空间集中性呈现不断增强趋势;高人口密度地市逐渐增多,低人口密度地市的范围逐渐变小,各个地市之间人口密度呈现显著性差异,地市的人口密度大于河南省总体的人口密度;而人口在空间分布的不平衡,主要受制于自然、历史、经济和政策等众多因素的综合影响,可从构建多中心区域结构、调整区域产业空间布局、平衡区域资源配置以及优化基础设施的区域差异方面入手,从而保证区域的可持续发展.     

兰西城市群人口分布格局及其与地形要素的关系

以黄河上游的兰州—西宁城市群为例,基于DEM数据、乡镇尺度的人口普查数据和土地利用数据,运用土地利用影响模型和GIS格网技术实现人口数据空间化,进而探讨人口分布格局与地形要素的关系,结果表明:①人口空间化结果达到精度要求,能反映兰西城市群人口分布的实际情况。②兰西城市群人口东密西疏的分布格局基本稳定,呈现"大分散、小集中"的分布特征;分布形态与黄河干支流水系形态高度相似,湟水谷地呈"鱼骨状"分布,东部黄河流域呈带状分布。③人口分布的非均衡性增强,极度稀疏区面积扩大,人口高度分散分布;稠密区的人口极化效应增强,兰州、西宁和临夏是3个人口集聚中心。④人口分布随地形变化呈现垂直梯度效应和中低海拔河谷盆地指向,随着地形起伏度、海拔和坡度增大,人口密度不断降低,人口主要分布于地形起伏度小于200 m、海拔低于2 500 m、坡度小于15°的河谷盆地内。     

湖南省乡村人居环境脆弱性格局变化及响应指数的影响机制

基于PSR模型构建乡村人居环境脆弱性评估体系，采用指标聚合、地理加权回归等方法对2010—2018年湖南省乡村人居环境脆弱性及其响应指数的影响因素进行研究。结果显示：(1)湖南省乡村人居环境脆弱性呈明显下降趋势，其中压力指数下降速度最慢，响应指数下降速度最快，2014—2018年下降幅度大于2010—2014年；(2)脆弱性高值区集中分布在大湘西和洞庭湖流域，脆弱性低值区集中分布在长株潭城市群周围，总体上呈现“西高东低”的空间格局特征；(3)脆弱性响应指数影响因子的作用强度在空间上具有差异性，自然因素是影响乡村人居环境脆弱性响应指数的主导因素，经济因素起到关键作用，人口、环境以及区位因素在乡村人居环境脆弱性响应机制中起到重要作用。不同区域应根据脆弱性根源的差异，科学开展乡村人居环境整治，不断完善脆弱性响应机制，促进乡村振兴战略的顺利实施。     

建国以来山东省人口分布地域格局及集疏变化分析

采用人口密度、人口集疏度和人口稳定度等指标来研究建国以来山东省人口分布地域格局及集疏程度的时空变化情况。结果表明:①建国以来山东省人口分布一直保持较为均衡的态势,但基尼系数不断增大,人口分布日趋集中;②山东省人口分布地域格局从根本上受到自然环境条件的约束,人口密度随自然环境差异表现出沿"鲁西平原区—鲁中南低山丘陵区—半岛丘陵区"由西南向东北逐渐降低,且呈现出"高—高"关联和"低—低"关联的分布模式;③山东省人口空间集疏不断发展并将继续强化。前30年各县域人口普遍增加,人口集疏不明显,人口分布相对稳定。近30年各县域人口增减趋于普遍,人口集疏日益加剧,集疏程度不断提高,且人口流入/流出趋于频繁,影响范围越来越广;④改革开放是山东省人口分布格局和集疏快速变化的一个转折点。改革开放以后国家和区域发展政策发生了巨大变化,地区发展差异成为人口集疏变化的重要原因,城市化成为人口流动的强大推力,极大地促进了山东省人口的再分布。     

John Stuart Mill's Theory Of Justice

John Stuart Mill has traditionally been portrayed as self-contradictory and failing to construct a unified social theory. Recent scholarship, however, has challenged this view, finding Mill's work to be creatively synthetic in bridging the antinomies inherent in liberal democratic thought. This revisionist interpretation of Mill is advanced by an understanding of his theory of justice and its role in shaping his policy positions on issues such as welfare, education, voting rights, property rights, taxation, government intervention, and the future of capitalism.     

A Rich Vein for Reality Mining

Arik Hesseldahl In the aftermath of the September 11 attacks, U.S. officials quickly turned their attention to other potential targets, including California's Golden Gate Bridge. What would happen if terrorists took down the bridge between San Francisco and Marin County? How much of the region would be affected and for how long?     

中国养活自己能力的长期预测:技术和政策分析

中国拥有世界五分之一强的人口 ,收入又在迅速增长。因此 ,国际上很自然地会考虑或推测她在今后的几十年是否有能力养活自己。中国的人口预计将从 2 0 0 0年的 1 2 8亿增长到 2 0 2 0年的 1 4 6亿 ,和 2 0 3 0年的 1 4 9亿。与此同时 ,人均收入的增长将导致对家畜和鱼类产品更大的需求 ,因而对饲料的需求也将有很大的增长     

Toward a Phylogenetic Reconstruction of Organizational Life

Synopsis Classification is an important activity that facilitates theory development in many academic disciplines. Scholars in fields such as organizational science, management science and economics and have long recognized that classification offers an approach for ordering and understanding the diversity of organizational taxa (groups of one or more similar organizational entities). However, even the most prominent organizational classifications have limited utility, as they tend to be shaped by a specific research bias, inadequate units of analysis and a standard neoclassical economic view that does not naturally accommodate the disequilibrium dynamics of modern competition. The result is a relatively large number of individual and unconnected organizational classifications, which tend to ignore the processes of change responsible for organizational diversity. Collectively they fail to provide any sort of universal system for ordering, compiling and presenting knowledge on organizational diversity. This paper has two purposes. First, it reviews the general status of the major theoretical approaches to biological and organizational classification and compares the methods and resulting classifications derived from each approach. Definitions of key terms and a discussion on the three principal schools of biological classification (evolutionary systematics, phenetics and cladistics) are included in this review. Second, this paper aims to encourage critical thinking and debate about the use of the cladistic classification approach for inferring and representing the historical relationships underpinning organizational diversity. This involves examining the feasibility of applying the logic of common ancestry to populations of organizations. Consequently, this paper is exploratory and preparatory in style, with illustrations and assertions concerning the study and classification of organizational diversity.     

研发过程模型优化——研发过程任意阶段知识运作模型研究

本文拟通过对三个现有研发过程模型的评述,结合其他相关文献的回顾以及当前企业界所能够提供的技术服务,对研发过程模型予以优化,并尝试提出了‘研发过程任意阶段知识运作模型”来探讨“知识在研发过程中究竟是如何运作的”的问题,以期能够为当前的企业界和学术界的研发过程运作模式的完善提供有益参考。     

Linking scenarios across geographical scales in international environmental assessments

The development and analysis of scenarios or plausible futures has evolved to be a useful approach for dealing with uncertainty about future developments in a structured and integrated manner. Commonly, scenario exercises have focussed on processes at one specific geographic scale. Recently scenario-based approaches have also been used to address multi-scale processes or to link scenarios developed at various geographical scales with each other in order to better understand the interaction of processes across scales.The level of interconnectedness across scales will vary, and depends largely on the approaches used to develop multi-scale scenarios. We distinguish five levels of interconnectedness scenarios may display across scales: (a) Equivalent, (b) Consistent, (c) Coherent, (d) Comparable, and (e) Complementary. Furthermore, we describe five different types of coupled scenario development processes: (a) Joint, (b) Parallel, (c) Iterative, (d) Consecutive, and (e) Independent.Based on this nomenclature, the relationship between the level of interconnectedness of scenarios and the degree of coupling of scenario development processes across geographical scales is discussed. Which process is best suited and how much interconnectedness is needed, will depend both on the focal issue and the primary purpose of the scenario exercise, i.e. whether the aim is education, scientific exploration, or decision-support.     

基础设施在中国农业全要素生产率中的作用

This paper uses the Malmquist index to examine the sources of Total Factor Productivity (TFP) in Chinese agriculture. The overall goal of this study is to create a framework for assessing the trend of China’s agricultural infrastructure and to measure its impact on Total Factor Productivity. The main methodological contribution is to provide more contributive measure of crop-specific technologies. Based on the province-level panel data set during 1988–2002, the primary finding is that infrastructure has positively and statistically significant association with the estimated coefficient on Total Factor Productivity for rice, wheat, maize, and bean. An erratum to this article is available at .     

Why Any Seatbelt Mandate is an Infinitely Iterated Prisoner’s Dilemma: A Health Economics Perspective

Abstract

Among the most controversial of public health measures are those that restrict people’s freedom of choice presumably for the purpose of protecting their own health and safety. Mandatory use of automobile seatbelts can inspire allusions to the “tyranny of health” and the ‘health police.” This study revisits state seatbelt legislation, which is in force in all but one state of the USA. In modeling seatbelt mandates as indefinitely repeated Prisoner’s Dilemma (PD) games, the study qualifies and overcomes the limitations of conventional interest group and expressive voting theories. It indicates why and how utility-maximizing players, particularly carmakers, insurance companies, consumer advocates and regulators, may choose to cooperate, even in instances where mutual defection would bring each of them higher payoffs. The study suggests why state seatbelt mandates endure, despite ongoing concerns that they undermine individual autonomy or that their social costs outweigh the benefits of law-enforcement. The evolution and mediating effects of reputation and reciprocity in otherwise highly contestable healthcare decisions are consequently explored. Finally, the study identifies the implications of indefinitely repeated games on the continuing nature of strategic relationships and for mitigating conflict over traffic safety regulation, regardless of time and place.     

R&D cooperation with scientific institutions: a difference-in-difference approach

Economists and business managers have long been interested in the impact of research and development (R&D) cooperation with scientific institutions on the innovation performance of firms. Recent research identifies a positive correlation between these two variables. This paper aims to contribute to the identification of the relationship between R&D cooperation with scientific institutions and the product and process innovation performance of firms by using a difference-in-difference approach. In doing so, we distinguish between two different types of scientific institutions: universities and governmental research institutes. For the econometric analyses, we use data from the German Community Innovation Survey. In total, data from up to 560 German service and manufacturing firms are available for the difference-in-difference analyses. The results suggest that R&D cooperation with universities and governmental research institutes has a positive effect on both product innovation and process innovation performance of firms.