我国政府对自然灾害应急管理的对策分析

我国政府作为社会公共物品的提供者，应当在重大自然灾害中提升其应急的管理能力与水平，发挥更为积极的职责与作用。主要表现为：建立专门的自然灾害应急管理机构；加强灾害管理法制建设和健全减灾计划管理制度；建立全国统一的灾害信息系统；建立政府应急管理的财政保障体系；广泛动员社会力量，争取社会对减灾工作的支持与参与；加强政府自然灾害应急管理的机制建设。     

极端天气事件导致基础设施破坏间接经济损失评估

极端天气事件造成的经济损失包括直接经济损失和间接经济损失.间接经济损失是衡量现代经济系统脆弱性的重要指标,也是灾后恢复重建的重要参考依据,加强间接经济损失评估具有十分重要的意义.以2008年中国南方低温雨雪冰冻灾害为例,应用非正常投入产出模型对灾害过程中电力和交通基础设施破坏造成的间接经济损失进行了评估.结果显示,电力、交通等基础设施破坏对经济系统其他产业生产造成严重影响,影响依据相互关联程度不同而存在差别,造成总的间接经济损失超过100多亿元.因此,极端天气事件风险分析和应急管理应该把间接经济损失评估纳入其中.非正常投入产出模型为经济系统脆弱性分析以及间接经济损失的估算提供了有力的工具.     

搅乱全球，“拉尼娜”还要折腾多久？

从洪水泛滥非洲、雪灾袭击中国南方到龙卷风光临美国南部,全球各地自去年下半年以来连续遭遇极端天气。 专家认为,异常天气全球频发的“幕后黑手”是拉尼娜现象,自去年秋天生成以来影响渐强。世界气象组织2月11日发表新闻公报说,今年上半年,拉尼娜现象将持续影响全球天气,改善季节性气候预测、加强应急措施追在眉睫。     

极端高温状态下医院空调运行管理策略

极端高温天气对医院后勤管理人员是应急能力的考验,按现在气候环境而言,我们遇见极端天气的概率会越来越高;要能够在现有条件下把设备功能发挥到最大的范围,确保医院安全运行是一项系统的工程;只有我们日常工作中重视,运用精细化管理工具逐一分析系统的每个环节;并对各个环节运用应急管理的要求做好方案与实施准备才能在极端状况下确保医院安全平稳运行,保障医护人员和来院患者有一个良好的室内环境     

创新和完善突发公共事件应急管理机制的思考

我国正处于社会转型期和矛盾突发期,创新和完善突发公共事件应急管理机制是加强执政能力建设的重要内容.根据突发事件的分期理论及政府应急管理的规律,应切实加强预案预警机制、应急处置机制、善后修复机制和长效环境机制建设.     

极端天气或成常态 如不应对后果严重

<正>2012年夏天,全球多国遭遇极端天气:美国遭受几十年未遇的罕见干旱,欧洲和亚洲的一些国家频频遭受火灾、干旱和洪水等自然灾害,生命财产遭受很大损失。有气象学家认为,持续的全球气候变化导致了这些极端天气的出现,在不远的将来,这样的极端天气有可能成为气候常态。俄罗斯遭遇洪灾、火灾和旱灾俄罗斯是世界上国土面积最大的国家,2012年夏季,恐怕也是全世界遭受自然灾害最多的国家,洪灾、火灾和     

基础设施公共安全风险管理制度研究

随着基础设施建设步伐的加快和城市人口的急剧膨胀,各种公共安全事故发生的频度和程度迅速增加,使得城市的可持续发展受到严重威胁,城市公共安全面临空前的挑战。本文提出加强基础设施公共安全规划、推行基础设施项目公共安全风险评价制度、健全安全风险分担机制、建立安全应急能力评价指标与应急管理机制、推进安全社区建设以及健全安全管理人才培养与安全教育体系等基础设施公共安全风险管理政策制度。     

重大自然灾害的城市政府应急管理——以都江堰政府为例

政府作为社会公共物品的提供者,理应在重大自然灾害中提升其应急管理水平,发挥更为积极的职责与作用.本文以"5.12汶川地震"中都江堰政府抗震救灾为例,对城市政府应急管理状况进行分析,并就加强地方政府灾害应急管理能力提出了相应的政策建议.     

基于低温雨雪冰冻灾害的农业损失分析与防灾避灾对策

2008年1月中下旬发生在我国南方大部分地区的低温雨雪冰冻天气,是我国近50年来极为罕见的一次大范围极端气象灾害,给灾区农业产业的生产经营造成了较大的影响和巨大的损失,值得总结与深思.本文就此分析了此次灾害对农业产业的不利影响,提出了应对农业重大自然灾害的防灾避灾对策.     

论外国的应急法制建设

国外应急法制建设的特点与新趋势,值得法学界和法律实务界研究和参考.我国应从强化应急管理机构综合协调职能、建立信息报告机制、加强应急联动机制和完善财税机制四个方面入手完善我国应急法制建设.     

UNPACKING THE INFLUENCE OF PUBLIC–PRIVATE PARTNERSHIPS ON DISASTER RESILIENCE: A COMPARISON OF EXPERT PERSPECTIVES

Public managers are under increasing pressure to develop and operate physical infrastructure systems that prove resilient in the face of natural disasters. At the same time, fiscal pressures and mounting infrastructure needs are drawing more and more attention to public–private partnerships (PPP) as a mechanism for delivering infrastructure. The research question guiding this study is how can the institutional designs of PPPs influence the potential for improving infrastructure resilience? We examined the perceived relationship between infrastructure resilience and PPPs by conducting and analyzing research interviews with twenty‐four senior infrastructure experts in Washington, DC. The results reflect findings of related privatization research, indicating that market‐based incentives can advance public values such as resilience, but the responsibility for ensuring they do so rests primarily with government. We note key differences in how the infrastructure investment experts and disaster resilience experts view issues in infrastructure management, and provide suggestions for improving public‐private collaboration to improve resilience.     

Tropical cyclones and post-disaster reconstruction of public infrastructure in developing countries

When natural disasters destroy public capital, these direct losses are exacerbated by indirect losses arising from reduced private output during reconstruction. These may be large in developing countries that lack access to external finance. We develop a general equilibrium model of a small open economy that highlights the relation between public infrastructure and private capital, to examine the effects of natural disasters and alternative reconstruction paths. Calibrating the model to data from the Caribbean Catastrophic Risk Insurance Facility (CCRIF), we examine alternative post-disaster financing mechanisms including reserve depletion, budget reallocation, sovereign disaster insurance, debt and taxation. Disaster insurance is shown to play a limited role in financing reconstruction, while budget re-allocations are potentially damaging especially if they cannibalize operations and maintenance expenditures. Absent donor grants or concessional borrowing, tax financing – where feasible – remains the least damaging financing instrument, particularly if the country risk premium on external debt is high.     

Recovery from natural disaster: A numerical investigation based on the convergence approach

This article employs a simple growth model, using government-funded public infrastructure and external effects to examine how the 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake and Tsunami affected economic recovery in the post-disaster period. By examining the recovery period following the disaster, we concretely consider the recovery process from various angles. Our main finding is that the speed of convergence decreases slightly, from about 5.7% to about 5.4%, after the disaster. In the disaster area, many people have concerns about the length of the recovery period. In considering the recovery progress, we also examine several economic and social policies that might help to shorten the recovery period.     

西北地区发展减灾农业的问题与对策

西北地区自然灾害频发,生态环境日益脆弱,水资源极度缺乏,农业生产受干旱威胁日益加深,发展减灾农业是当务之急。在发展减灾农业的方式上,要突出重点,以抗旱防灾为主,又要根据不同区域灾害特征,探索发展特色减灾模式。文章针对西北地区如何发展减灾农业提出了相关对策。     

生态公益林自然灾害风险管理研究

本文通过对生态公益林自然灾害及其动力学机制的分析，认为其风险管理需要接受一定的风险水平，管理目标是边际总成本最低。生态公益林自然灾害风险管理是对风险的综合管理，并从有效的风险回避机制、多途径的风险转移机制和减灾能力建设三方面进行了探讨。     

自然资本引领绿色基础设施可持续管理

自然资本是将人类赖以生存的自然环境资本化，以 资本的视角看待自然。绿色基础设施的物质客体作为自然资本 存量的组成部分，为人类社会提供了蕴含巨大价值的生态系统 服务。将自然资本与绿色基础设施紧密结合，有利于精准制定 政策以协调经济发展和自然管理的关系，实现国土空间内自然 资本增值。通过梳理30多年来自然资本理论的演变特征，认 为自然资本经历了“理论探索阶段”的道德合理化、“应用推 广阶段”的应用普及和规范化，以及“制度建设阶段”的制度 化变迁。在其影响下，绿色基础设施提升了生态内涵，创新了 评估方法，最终二者在制度上走向了融合，成为实现可持续发 展的重要途径。自然资本提供了甄别绿色基础设施生态价值的 路径，并将绿色基础设施作为一种锚定在国土空间上的生态资 产进行永续利用，这为中国生态资产价值的实现和提升提供了 空间规划途径和政策制定思路。     

The Resilience Agenda in Neoliberalising Cambodia

The paper provides a critical assessment of disaster risk reduction (DRR) and resilience strategies in Cambodia with reference to resilience. The paper argues that resilience is a part of and correlated to the localised practices of a specific form of neoliberalisation in and of Cambodia. As a result, disaster risk strategy is a potential means of managed neoliberal state-led intervention capacity in sub-regions to pre-empt and manage particular forms of land and social conflict. The paper links current state-led resilience policy to the Cambodian government’s increasing interest in ensuring land for infrastructure connectivity as its national development plan in the context of regional economic integration.     

论农业自然灾害风险的规避

农业自然灾害频繁发生影响可持续经济发展,影响国家粮食综合生产能力。为促进农村经济的可持续性发展,必须根据农业自然灾害发生的现实原因,采取适合中国国情的规避风险的有效措施。     

The Sahel: A Malthusian Challenge?

The population of the least developed countries of the Sahel will more than triple from 100 million to 340 million by 2050, and new research projects that today’s extreme temperatures will become the norm by mid-century. The region is characterized by poverty, illiteracy, weak infrastructure, failed states, widespread conflict, and an abysmal status of women. Scenarios beyond 2050 demonstrate that, without urgent and significant action today, the Sahel could become the first part of planet earth that suffers large-scale starvation and escalating conflict as a growing human population outruns diminishing natural resources. National governments and the international community can do a great deal to ameliorate this unfolding disaster if they put in place immediate policies and investments to help communities adapt to climate change, make family planning realistically available, and improve the status of girls and women. Implementing evidence-based action now will be an order of magnitude more humane and cost-effective than confronting disaster later. However, action will challenge some long held development paradigms of economists, demographers, and humanitarian organizations. If the crisis unfolding in the Sahel can help bridge the current intellectual chasm between the economic commitment to seemingly endless growth and the threat seen by some biologists and ecologists that human activity is bringing about irreversible damage to the biosphere, then it may be possible also to begin to solve this same formidable problem at a global level.