复方坦索罗辛非那雄胺胶囊的含量测定方法研究

目的探讨复方坦索罗辛非那雄胺胶囊的制备和质量控制。方法将非那雄胺和微晶纤维素混合后与溶解有坦索罗辛的乙醇溶液混合制粒装入胶囊中。盐酸坦索罗辛的含量测定采用高效液相色谱法,色谱柱为KromasilC18柱(250mm×4.6mm,5μm),流动相为乙腈-0.2mol.L-1磷酸二氢钾-0.2mol.L-1磷酸盐溶液=5:7:7(v/v),流速为1mL.min-1,柱温为30℃,检测波长225nm。非那雄胺的含量测定也采用高效液相色谱法,色谱柱为WatersC18柱(250mm×4.6mm,5.0μm),流动相为甲醇-水(75:25),流速为1mL.min-1,检测波长220nm。结果结论所用方法简单,易于操作,含量测定方法简便、准确、回收率高,可用于复方坦索罗辛非那雄胺胶囊的质量控制。     

蒙药通拉嘎-5治疗高脂血症疗效初步观察

目的观察蒙药通拉嘎-5治疗高脂血症的临床疗效。方法将40例高脂血症患者,随机分为两组,治疗组采用蒙药通拉嘎-5治疗;对照组采用血脂康治疗,60d为一个治疗疗程。仔细观察采用两种药物治疗后两组的血脂水平。结果治疗组总有效率95%,对照组总有效率90%。结论蒙药通拉嘎-5对高脂血症具有确切疗效。     

浅谈EDTA滴定法龄期效应标准曲线制备及应用

本文以石灰剂量随龄期变化的衰减效应规律及《公路工程无机结合料稳定材料试验规程》JTGE51-2009规程的要求,结合工程实践,浅谈了采用EDTA滴定法龄期效应标准曲线的绘制及工地现场相应的灰剂量质量检测、校正等问题。     

蒙药嘎木朱尔治疗褥疮20例

目的观察蒙药嘎木朱尔治疗褥疮的临床疗效,将其扩大该药应用范围。方法积极治疗原发病,积极进行抗感染及营养支持治疗相结合,再进行常规褥疮护理,视褥疮创面情况予外科常规换药、清创、引流,适量外用蒙药嘎木朱尔。结果 20例褥疮患者经治疗治愈率40%,好转率55%,无效率5%。结论蒙药嘎木朱尔具有良好活血化瘀、消炎、镇痛、祛腐生肌,促进表皮生长的功效。     

活血胶囊质量标准的研究

目的建立包头市中心医院临床验方中药制剂活血胶囊的质量标准.方法采用薄层色谱法,对活血胶囊中红花、黄芪、川芎进行定性鉴别,采用高效液相色谱法测定羟基红花黄色素A含量.色谱柱采用Agilent TC-C18柱（150mm ×4.6mm,5μm）;以甲醇-乙腈-0.7%磷酸溶液（26：2：72）为流动相;检测波长为403.0nm.结果检测的结果是羟基红花黄色素A呈良好的线性关系,条件是在0.1372－0.9601μg范围内,r=1,平均回收率99.0%,RSD=0.8%（n=6）.结论该方法简便、准确、可靠,可作为活血胶囊的质量控制方法.     

振源胶囊中人参皂苷Re含量测定方法分析

目的探讨振源胶囊中人参皂苷Re含量的测定方法和结果。方法使用Lichrospher C18色谱柱进行人参皂苷Re含量的测定,以乙腈-0.05%磷酸为流动相,柱温为35℃,流速为1mL?min-1,检测波长为203nm。结果振源胶囊中人参皂苷Re含量范围在0.308～1.540μg,加样回收率约为97.5%。结论由本次医学研究结果可知,使用高效液相色谱法对振源胶囊中人参皂苷Re含量进行检测,具有较高的准确性,是一种较为高效的临床检测方法。     

高效液相色谱法测定蒙药色布茹-7中甘草苷的含量

目的采用高效液相色谱法测定色布茹-7中甘草苷的含量。方法甘草苷含量分析采用高效液相色谱法。色谱条件:乙腈-0.5%冰醋酸(18:82)为流动相;检测波长为276 nm,流速1.0 ml/min。结果样品中甘草苷达到基线分离;结果甘草苷在0.09856~0.98560μg范围内呈良好的线性关系(r=1.0000),平均加样回收率为98.5%(RSD=3.1%)。结论所建立的含量测定方法简便、准确、具有实用性。     

紫外-可见分光光度法测定不同产地山楂果实中总黄酮含量

目的建立紫外-可见分光光度法测定不同产地山楂果实中总黄酮含量。方法采用超声法提取山楂果实中的总黄酮,采用紫外-可见分光光度法测定不同产地山楂总黄酮含量,检测波长为500nm。结果芦丁在质量浓度20-120μg/mL（r=0.9993）范围内与吸光度值线性关系良好,平均回收率为100.1%,RSD=0.3%（n=6）,来自8个产地的总黄酮含量在3.53%-4.12%之间。结论本方法简便、准确,重复性好,可快速测定山楂果实中总黄酮的含量;不同产地山楂总黄酮的含量存在一定差异,本实验可为控制山楂的质量提供参考依据。     

硫酸铵—亚硝酸盐容量法对钢材中锰的测定分析

锰是钢铁的基本元素之一,锰在钢铁中以固溶态和化合态(如MnS或MnC等)的形式存在,锰能增强钢的硬度和减弱延展性,一般含量在0.3%—0.8%之间,超过0.8%称为合金钢,钢铁中锰的含量的分析通常采用比色法和滴定法。本文介绍硫酸铵—亚硝酸盐容量法。     

高效液相色谱法测定苯海拉明薄荷霜中盐酸苯海拉明的含量

目的：建立测定苯海拉明薄荷霜中盐酸苯海拉明的含量方法。方法采用高效液相色谱法（HPLC）,色谱柱为Phenomenex Luna-CN柱（200.0 mm×4.6 mm,5μm）,流动相为乙腈-水-三乙胺（50：50：1）（用冰醋酸调节pH值至6.5）,流速为1.0 ml/min,检测波长为258 nm。结果盐酸苯海拉明在0.0411～0.6170 mg/ml浓度范围内,线性关系良好（r=0.9998）,测得平均回收率为99.28%,RSD为0.81%。结论本方法准确、灵敏、可靠,可用于苯海拉明薄荷霜的含量测定。     

Forecasting the price of gold

This article seeks to evaluate the appropriateness of a variety of existing forecasting techniques (17 methods) at providing accurate and statistically significant forecasts for gold price. We report the results from the nine most competitive techniques. Special consideration is given to the ability of these techniques to provide forecasts which outperforms the random walk (RW) as we noticed that certain multivariate models (which included prices of silver, platinum, palladium and rhodium, besides gold) were also unable to outperform the RW in this case. Interestingly, the results show that none of the forecasting techniques are able to outperform the RW at horizons of 1 and 9 steps ahead, and on average, the exponential smoothing model is seen providing the best forecasts in terms of the lowest root mean squared error over the 24-month forecasting horizons. Moreover, we find that the univariate models used in this article are able to outperform the Bayesian autoregression and Bayesian vector autoregressive models, with exponential smoothing reporting statistically significant results in comparison with the former models, and classical autoregressive and the vector autoregressive models in most cases.     

Planned adaptation in risk regulation: An initial survey of US environmental, health, and safety regulation

In principle, we want regulatory programs to be based on current realities, as reflected for example in the best knowledge of relevant experts. That would imply that old rules now on the books should be consistent with today's knowledge base, not just what was known when a rule or standard was originally set. This paper reports on a survey of US programs, examining how often existing rules are actually updated in light of better knowledge, and identifies five programs that attempt to make policy routinely adaptive. These programs exhibit what we term Planned Adaptation: they both revise rules when relevant new knowledge appears, and take steps to produce such improved knowledge. While Planned Adaptation is rare, it is used in several nationally prominent programs, including air pollution, airplane safety, and drug safety. Planned Adaptation is a policy tool that deserves more attention.     

Pleasure and belief in Hume's Decision Process

Abstract

The purpose of this paper is to introduce explicitly pleasure and belief in what aims at being a Humean theory of decision, like the one developed in Diaye and Lapidus (2005a). Although we support the idea that Hume was in some way a hedonist – evidently different from Bentham's or Jevons' way – we lay emphasis less on continuity than on the specific kind of hedonism encountered in Hume's writings (chiefly the Treatise, the second Enquiry, the Dissertation, or some of his Essays). Such hedonism clearly contrasts to its standard modern inheritance, expressed by the relation between preferences and utility.

The reason for such a difference with the usual approach lies in the mental process that Hume puts to the fore in order to explain the way pleasure determines desires and volition. Whereas pleasure is primarily, in Hume's words, an impression of sensation, it takes place in the birth of passions as reflecting an idea of pleasure, whose “force and vivacity” is precisely a “belief”, transferred to the direct passions of desire or volition that come immediately before action. As a result, from a Humean point of view, “belief” deals with decision under risk or uncertainty, as well as with intertemporal decision and indiscrimination problems.

The latter are explored within a formal framework, and it is shown that the relation of pleasure is transformed by belief into a non-empty class of relations of desire, among which at least one is a preorder.     

The greenhouse effect: Damages,costs and abatement

The buildup of so-called greenhouse gases in the atmosphere — CO₂ in particular-appears to be having an adverse impact on the global climate. This paper briefly reviews current expectations with regard to physical and biological effects, their potential costs to society, and likely costs of abatement. For a worst case scenario it is impossible to assess, in economic terms, the full range of possible non-linear synergistic effects. In the most favorable (although not necessarily likely) case (of slow-paced climate change), however, it seems likely that the impacts are within the affordable range, at least in the industrialized countries of the world. In the third world the notion of affordability is of doubtful relevance, making the problem of quantitative evaluation almost impossible. We tentatively assess the lower limit of quantifiable climate-induced damages at $30 to $35 per ton of CO₂ equivalent, worldwide, with the major damages being concentrated in regions most adversely affected by sea-level rise. The non-quantifiable environmental damages are also significant and should by no means be disregarded.The costs and benefits of (1) reducing CFC use and (2) reducing fossil fuel consumption, as a means of abatement, are considered in some detail. This strategy has remarkably high indirect benefits in terms of reduced air pollution damage and even direct cost savings to consumers. The indirect benefits of reduced air pollution and its associated health and environmental effects from fossil-fuel combustion in the industrialized countries range from $20 to $60 per ton of CO₂ eliminated. In addition, there is good evidence that modest (e.g. 25%) reductions in CO₂ emissions may be achievable by the U.S. (and, by implication, for other countries) by a combination of increased energy efficiency and restructuring that would permit simultaneous direct economic benefits (savings) to energy consumers of the order of $50 per ton of CO₂ saved. A higher level of overall emissions reduction — possibly approaching 50% — could probably be achieved, at little or not net cost, by taking advantage of these savings.We suggest the use of taxes on fossil fuel extraction (or a carbon tax) as a reasonable way of inducing the structural changes that would be required to achieve significant reduction in energy use and CO₂ emissions. To minimize the economic burden (and create a political constituency in support of the approach) we suggest the substitution of resource-based taxes in general for other types of taxes (on labor, income, real estate, or trade) that are now the main sources of government revenue. While it is conceded that it would be difficult to calculate the optimal tax on extractive resources, we do not think this is a necessary prerequisite to policy-making. In fact, we note that the existing tax system has never been optimized according to theoretical principles, and is far from optimal by any reasonable criteria.During the academic year 1989–90 Dr. Ayres was at the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), Laxenburg, Austria.During the summer of 1989 Mr. Walter was a member of the Young Scientists' Summer Program at IIASA.     

Globalization,Neoliberalism and the attack on social security

Neoliberal political movements advocate privatization of public pension systems. Globalization imposes pressure on nations to conform to neoliberal policy views with respect to the design and structure of social insurance, including public pension systems. The paper begins with an investigation of the economic, ethical and ideological dimensions of the privatization debates in the U.S.; it argues that privatization advocates may be largely moved by ideology, since the other reasons advanced appear weak or unfounded. The second part discusses the history of Social Security, the purposes for its creation, and some of its economic effects. Differences between public and private pension systems are considered. A brief international comparison of some aspects of public pension system finance and benefit structures is presented. The final section considers the ethical, macroeconomic and distributional implications of privatization, prefunding and payroll tax funding, and argues for a pay as you go system financed with income taxes. In order to promote equity, economic security, community, and social cohesion, public pension systems should be universal in coverage. In order to reduce the inequality, income insecurity, and aged poverty generated by market economies, public pension systems ought to be progressive: benefit/contribution ratios should be inversely proportional to income, and progressive income taxes should finance the system. To promote economic growth, the systems should be financed on a pay-as-you-go basis, and should not be prefunded except for an emergency reserve. The fiscal policy recommendations partially depend upon the theory developed by Abba Lerner in the 1940s, and recently advanced by Wynne Godley and Randy Wray: Lerner's “principle of functional finance.”     

SCIENCE AND INDUSTRY: TRACING THE FLOW OF BASIC RESEARCH THROUGH MANUFACTURING AND TRADE

This paper describes flows of basic research through the US economy during the late 20th century. In addition, the paper studies the effect of the flows on scientific papers in industries and fields. This article differs from others in its use of measures of science rather than technology. Together, its results present a picture of the structure of basic research flows in a modern, science-intensive economy. Basic research flows are large within petrochemicals and drugs, and within software and communications. Flows of chemistry, physics, and engineering are common throughout all industries – biology and medicine are almost confined to petrochemicals and drugs; and computer science is nearly as restricted to software and communications. In general, basic research flows are more concentrated within scientific fields than within industries. Our findings concerning the production of scientific papers indicate that the effect of a 1% change in academic R&D spillovers significantly exceeds that of industrial spillovers. In addition, within-field effects exceed effects between-fields, while within- and between-industry effects are roughly equal. It follows that scientific fields limit basic research flows more than industries do, perhaps because large firms implicitly span a range of industries.     

Valuing Mangrove-Fishery Linkages – A Case Study of Campeche, Mexico

This paper explores the value of mangrove systems as a breeding and nursery habitat for off-shore fisheries, focusing on mangrove-shrimp production linkages in Campeche State, Mexico. We develop an open access fishery model to account explicitly for the effect of mangrove area on carrying capacity and thus production. From the long-run equilibrium conditions of the model we are able to establish the key parameters determining the comparative static effects of a change in mangrove area on this equilibrium. We then estimate empirically the effects of changes in mangrove area in the Laguna de Terminos on the production and value of shrimp harvests in Campeche over 1980–90. Our findings suggest that mangroves are an important and essential input into the Campeche shrimp fishery, but that the low levels of deforestation between 1980 and 1990 mean that the resulting losses to the shrimp fishery are still comparatively small. Over-exploitation of the fishery due to open access conditions remains the more pervasive threat, and without better management any long-run benefits of protecting mangrove habitat are likely to be dissipated.     

Interest on reserves and inflation

The payment of interest on reserves has been a common practice in inflationary economies. This policy may seem paradoxical since it involves returning part of the seigniorage, generated by the inflation process, with the intention to finance the fiscal deficit. This paper argues that the motivation for this policy can be captured by the discretionary regime, where the policymaker pays interest on reserves because he is concerned with the erosion of real liquidity by inflation, which is in part beyond his control. However, this policy is an unlikely outcome in the commitment regime, where the policymaker is in full control of inflation.     

An Economic Analysis and Simulation of Woodfuel Management in the Sahel

This paper presents an economic framework and a computationalmethodology for assessing the evolution of woodfuel supply costsand the spatial distribution of biomass in a Sahelian woodlandsetting. Spatial data on standing stock and the costs oftransport to market are used to construct a supply curve for fuelto a fuel-consuming location. Given an exogenously specifieddemand, the model simulates, period by period, the extraction,regeneration, and transport of wood fuels. The model is appliedto evaluate the benefits and ecological impacts of scenarios forwoodland management around the city of N'Djamena, Chad.