中原经济区城市空间联系及其网络格局分析——基于城际客运流

利用中原经济区城际铁路与公路客运班次,分析城市间空间联系格局,再结合社会网络分析法阐释其网络结构特征,并对区域空间联系及其网络结构的影响因子进行分析。结果表明,中原城市群内部的城市间轴线联系强度大于城市群以外的区域,郑州在空间联系中的中心地位突出。中原城市群内部的城市间首位联系突出,三类区域间城市的首位联系相对孤立,跨区域及中原城市群内部联系需要加强。在两类客运联系网络中,中原城市群内城市的平均中心度大于其他两类区域,呈现梯度递减的圈层结构,中原经济区中郑州、洛阳等8个城市处于网络中的核心位置,边缘城市与地理区位相关,城市群对区域的联系网络控制力较强,且中心实力、交通设施、区域政策能够较好地反映空间联系及其网络格局的形成。     

基于百度指数的长三角核心区城市网络特征研究

全球化和信息化影响下的城市网络研究是近十几年来城市与区域研究的一个新方向.借助百度指数,获取2009和2012年长三角两两城市间的用户关注度数据,通过计算模拟城市信息流,分析长三角城市网络的时空演变.对比研究发现:①城市网络层级变动大,但上海依然是网络的绝对核心;②城市网络结构逐渐优化:由以南京、上海、杭州和宁波为支撑节点的“Z”型,发展到以扬州、南通、南京、上海、杭州和宁波为支撑节点的“8”字型,越来越多的城市融入成长为网络中的重要节点;③城市网络内部稳定性日趋增强:各城市信息联系总量增加,但年际变化减小.进一步研究表明,基于百度指数的区域城市网络时空变化受经济发展基础、城市功能定位、大事件效应以及城市网络营销等因素的影响.     

基于QQ群网络的东北地区城市联系特征与层级结构

基于腾讯QQ群视角,查找联系两个城市的QQ群,利用社会网络分析法研究东北地区城市网络联系特征和层级结构。研究表明:①东北城市QQ群联系网络密度为63.81%,大部分城市之间存在QQ群联系。②从城市联系对象看,沈阳、大连等4个城市联系特征为全体伙伴型,大庆、锦州等10个城市属于众多伙伴型,齐齐哈尔、四平等15个城市为普通伙伴型,伊春、白山等5个城市则是寡少伙伴型。③从QQ群联系总量看,东北地区城市具有明显层级结构。沈阳为大区中心城市,是东北地区的中心;七台河等4个城市为地方边缘城市,其他城市层级介于之间,分属另外5个层级。     

中国城市间流通网络及其层级结构——基于中国连锁企业百强店铺分布的网络分析

本文以网络的视角透析中国城市间的流通体系,选取中国连锁百强企业的店铺网络为样本,应用社会网络分析的测度方法,对中国城市间流通网络的整体属性及其层级结构进行了研究.研究发现:(1)联结全国主要城市的完整流通网络已初步形成,但网络密度不高,并且网络区域性特征明显,区域网络之间存在重叠,也存在结构洞.(2)中国城市间流通网络的不均衡性较强,层级结构明显,北京和上海是城市间流通网络的核心.(3)流通网络在空间分布上很不均衡,也呈现明显的层级结构,东部地区的网络密度明显高于中、西部地区,东部城市在网络层级中的位置较高,而网络结构洞主要存在于中、西部地区和东部地区之间.     

基于交通与信息流的哈长城市群空间网络结构

基于哈长城市群11个地级市间的公路、铁路客运与百度指数数据,采用Arc GIS可视化和社会网络分析方法,研究城市空间联系格局和网络结构特征及其影响因素。结果表明,群域内综合联系呈现"下"字型格局,整体联系强度走势与"哈大齐牡"、"长吉图"发展带和哈长发展主轴基本吻合;网络结构特征整体上表现为以哈尔滨、长春为双核心,地理位置越靠近核心,其交通信息通达性越好,对外联系水平越高;群域内城市形成发展的历史因素、行政区边界壁垒、城市综合发展实力、城市功能定位对哈长城市群空间网络结构有一定的影响作用。     

改革开放40年来中国城市经济联系空间格局演化

以全国297个地级及以上城市为研究对象,截取1984、1995、2006和2016年等4个时间节点,按照点(城市潜能)—线(经济联系轴线)—网络(经济联系网络)的分析框架,借助城市潜能模型、经济辐射场强模型、变异系数模型和线性加权平均方向模型等测算城市经济联系的强度、差异、形态、层级和方向,刻画改革开放40年来我国城市经济联系时空格局的演化历程:①我国城市潜能在"递进演化"的同时,其地域分异特征愈加明显且差距不断扩大,高潜能城市始终分布于"胡焕庸线"以东,城市潜能空间格局具有显著的"顽健性"。②城市经济联系主轴线的"跨省"特征日益凸显,且从1995年开始逐渐突破省域界线,呈现出以重点城市为中心的"簇状"延伸形态,并由此形成了不同等级城市的经济垂直关联体系。③我国城市间经济联系网络密度不断加大,复杂性逐渐增强,且经济联系日益突破距离限制,跨省经济联系规模和联系网络密集度日益增大;城市间经济联系网络在2006年开始由省域经济逐渐向城市群经济转变,2016年城市群经济特征愈加明显。④城市间经济联系方向具有明显的"向心性"特征,在空间上以直辖市或省会城市等重点城市为核心呈"汇聚"态势,呈现出明显的"中心—外围"空间格局。未来,应有序引导和调整城市间经济联系的层级、方向,优化完善城市经济联系网络与区域协调发展机制,构筑梯次良好、互通密切的城市经济联系空间格局。     

基于航空客运流的中国城市空间格局与空间联系

基于中国180个地级市的航空客运数据,运用大数据方法、GIS空间分析、社会网络分析等多种研究方法,初步揭示了全国城市网络的空间形态、整体联系和局部联系特征。研究表明:(1)从空间形态看,全国城市网络基本形成以"菱形结构"为核心的全国城市网络结构和以"倒三角结构"为核心的"一带一路"城市网络结构,并呈现出以区域性中心城市为核心的轴辐式网络结构;(2)从整体联系看,全国航空客运联系按距离远近呈右偏态分布,但总体符合距离衰减特征,并呈现以"一带一路"沿线城市为核心的多中心分布结构,"一带一路"城市网络航空联系则主要集中在海上丝绸之路以及丝绸之路经济带东部区域;(3)从局部联系看,我国城市群呈现以长江三角洲城市群为核心的"一超多强"的结构,城市群尺度航空节点城市呈"扇形"核心—边缘结构,且城市群航空网络结构呈现东密西疏的特征,全国尺度航空节点城市则呈"20∶34∶46"的核心—边缘结构。     

多元流视角下东北城市网络特征分析

基于交通、信息、企业的多元要素视角,运用社会网络分析法从网络密度、中心性、核心—边缘结构三方面测度"流空间"背景下的东北城市网络结构特征,并对网络特征的影响因素进行探析。结果表明:①交通及信息流要素在东北城市间相互作用更加明显、网络联系相对紧密;多元流的城市网络结构均显示出省内联系强于跨省域联系,城市跨省域联动发展格局远未形成。②沈阳、大连、长春、哈尔滨四大城市在多元网络均处于主导性地位,区内辽中南及哈长两大城市群在网络中的发育水平较高。③多元流视角有交通信息型、交通商贸型、信息商贸型、交通信息商贸型四种核心—边缘结构类型,核心城市多分布在城市群内,对网络具有较强的控制作用,而边缘城市处于从属地位,尚未进入良好的协同发展阶段。④文章认为资源禀赋、时空压缩、区域经济、政策引导等因素共同影响区域网络结构特征。     

基于城市联系网络的城市群等级结构对比

城市群已成为中国新型城镇化发展的主体形态,基于城市联系网络分析城市群城市等级结构为当前研究热点。文章以长三角、珠三角、京津冀和成渝4个城市群为研究区,通过获取公路客运的日均发车班次数据构建城市群的城市联系网络,基于城市联系强度划分出不同层级的联系子网,利用复杂网络中度和特征向量指数对比分析城市群等级结构特征。结果表明:各城市群城市之间的联系强度均呈现出明显的重尾分布特征,基于重尾分级法可将城市联系网络及城市节点划分成不同层级。城市联系网络的层级结构和城市节点的等级结构特征形成明显的映射关系,等级较高的联系线以中心城市为核心形成辐射状结构,而中等水平的联系线以地方中心城市间的联系形成网络状结构,对城市群的发展轴线或经济密集区有一定指示作用。长三角城市群与珠三角城市群的等级结构较为合理,不同等级的中心城市在对应的联系子网中占据首要地位。京津冀城市群和成渝城市群处于中心城市快速发展阶段,中心城市与周边城市形成较为明显的"断层"现象,且以成渝城市群最为明显。     

京津冀区域经济联系强度与网络结构分析

文章应用修正引力模型对京津冀13个城市间经济联系强度进行测算,并引入社会网络分析法,对京津冀区域经济网络结构进行分析,得出以下结论:京津冀城市间的经济联系不均衡,主要经济联系集中在京津地区,石家庄、唐山和廊坊与周边城市经济联系较多,但影响力有限,其他城市间经济联系较少.京津冀区域经济网络结构不均衡,整体网络密度从2010年的10.2增长到2017年的22.3,增长速度较快,城市间的经济联系越来越紧密度.京津冀区域经济网络中,北京、天津的经济核心位置突出,经济集聚能力显著;石家庄和唐山具有一定经济集聚能力,其他城市一直处于经济净流出状态.建议借助雄安新区建设加强冀南经济核心区建设,促进京津冀区域经济网络均衡发展.     

Pleasure and belief in Hume's Decision Process

Abstract

The purpose of this paper is to introduce explicitly pleasure and belief in what aims at being a Humean theory of decision, like the one developed in Diaye and Lapidus (2005a). Although we support the idea that Hume was in some way a hedonist – evidently different from Bentham's or Jevons' way – we lay emphasis less on continuity than on the specific kind of hedonism encountered in Hume's writings (chiefly the Treatise, the second Enquiry, the Dissertation, or some of his Essays). Such hedonism clearly contrasts to its standard modern inheritance, expressed by the relation between preferences and utility.

The reason for such a difference with the usual approach lies in the mental process that Hume puts to the fore in order to explain the way pleasure determines desires and volition. Whereas pleasure is primarily, in Hume's words, an impression of sensation, it takes place in the birth of passions as reflecting an idea of pleasure, whose “force and vivacity” is precisely a “belief”, transferred to the direct passions of desire or volition that come immediately before action. As a result, from a Humean point of view, “belief” deals with decision under risk or uncertainty, as well as with intertemporal decision and indiscrimination problems.

The latter are explored within a formal framework, and it is shown that the relation of pleasure is transformed by belief into a non-empty class of relations of desire, among which at least one is a preorder.     

Globalization,Neoliberalism and the attack on social security

Neoliberal political movements advocate privatization of public pension systems. Globalization imposes pressure on nations to conform to neoliberal policy views with respect to the design and structure of social insurance, including public pension systems. The paper begins with an investigation of the economic, ethical and ideological dimensions of the privatization debates in the U.S.; it argues that privatization advocates may be largely moved by ideology, since the other reasons advanced appear weak or unfounded. The second part discusses the history of Social Security, the purposes for its creation, and some of its economic effects. Differences between public and private pension systems are considered. A brief international comparison of some aspects of public pension system finance and benefit structures is presented. The final section considers the ethical, macroeconomic and distributional implications of privatization, prefunding and payroll tax funding, and argues for a pay as you go system financed with income taxes. In order to promote equity, economic security, community, and social cohesion, public pension systems should be universal in coverage. In order to reduce the inequality, income insecurity, and aged poverty generated by market economies, public pension systems ought to be progressive: benefit/contribution ratios should be inversely proportional to income, and progressive income taxes should finance the system. To promote economic growth, the systems should be financed on a pay-as-you-go basis, and should not be prefunded except for an emergency reserve. The fiscal policy recommendations partially depend upon the theory developed by Abba Lerner in the 1940s, and recently advanced by Wynne Godley and Randy Wray: Lerner's “principle of functional finance.”     

Interest on reserves and inflation

The payment of interest on reserves has been a common practice in inflationary economies. This policy may seem paradoxical since it involves returning part of the seigniorage, generated by the inflation process, with the intention to finance the fiscal deficit. This paper argues that the motivation for this policy can be captured by the discretionary regime, where the policymaker pays interest on reserves because he is concerned with the erosion of real liquidity by inflation, which is in part beyond his control. However, this policy is an unlikely outcome in the commitment regime, where the policymaker is in full control of inflation.     

John Stuart Mill's Theories of Wealth and Income Distribution

Although he was much influenced by David Ricardo when he wrote the classical part of his Principles , John Stuart Mill was not a Ricardian when he penned his theories of wealth and distribution. They are based on a triple foundation. First, a belief that economics is a moral discipline. Second a theory of custom-driven human behavior. Third, an empirically formed conviction that the institutions of state, education and business cooperate to structure the distribution of income. On the basis of these presuppositions, Mill formulated 1) an institutional theory of the formation of human and non-human wealth and 2) an even more institutional theory of distribution demonstrating how the aforementioned institutions malignantly skew the distribution of income to the advantage of the propertied classes and to the extreme disadvantage of the working class. As a social economist, Mill recommended institutional reforms designed to eradicate the poverty of the working class.     

Neurally reconstructing expected utility

While the concept of “expected utility” informs many theories of decision making, little is known about whether and how the human brain might compute this quantity. This article reviews a series of functional magnetic resonance imaging (FMRI) experiments designed to localize brain regions that respond in anticipation of increasing amounts of monetary incentives. These studies collectively suggest that anticipation of increasing monetary gains activates a subcortical region of the ventral striatum in a magnitude-proportional manner. This ventral striatal activation is not evident during anticipation of losses. Actual gain outcomes instead activate a region of the mesial prefrontal cortex. During anticipation of gain, ventral striatal activation is accompanied by feelings characterized by increasing arousal and positive valence. These findings affirm the role of emotion in the anticipation of incentives, and may provide an initial step towards a neural reconstruction of expected utility.     

Duplication, Growth and ‘Total Return Economics’

Maintenance consumption is an expense recovered in product prices, yet also a source of taste satisfaction which must be exhausted, rather than reinvested, from the capital affording it. This riddle is solved in the duplication rules: the cost of maintenance consumption is recovered in pay and prices, but an equal flow is exhausted from the human capital of the worker earning the pay. The rules impact tradition in several ways. If output is defined in principle as value added, then it cannot also be described as consumption plus net investment without double-counting the maintenance consumption recovered in prices. Also rate of return in the stationary state is not zero, but is the rate sufficient to offset the exhaustion of individual human capital. The rules lead to new insights into economic return, and support an argument that all growth at the scale of closure is due to productivity gain rather than to thrift.     

Forecasting the price of gold

This article seeks to evaluate the appropriateness of a variety of existing forecasting techniques (17 methods) at providing accurate and statistically significant forecasts for gold price. We report the results from the nine most competitive techniques. Special consideration is given to the ability of these techniques to provide forecasts which outperforms the random walk (RW) as we noticed that certain multivariate models (which included prices of silver, platinum, palladium and rhodium, besides gold) were also unable to outperform the RW in this case. Interestingly, the results show that none of the forecasting techniques are able to outperform the RW at horizons of 1 and 9 steps ahead, and on average, the exponential smoothing model is seen providing the best forecasts in terms of the lowest root mean squared error over the 24-month forecasting horizons. Moreover, we find that the univariate models used in this article are able to outperform the Bayesian autoregression and Bayesian vector autoregressive models, with exponential smoothing reporting statistically significant results in comparison with the former models, and classical autoregressive and the vector autoregressive models in most cases.     

Simulating the Effect of Regulatory Systems in a Fishery, An Application to the French Driftnet Albacore Fleet

With a thin economic component, most bio-economic models of fisheries failto assess the effects of the regulation systems on firms. In order to analysethe short term consequences of different management schemes, a simulationmodel is applied to the French driftnet albacore fleet: licence allocation withdriftnet regulation, individual quotas, and individual transferable quotaswithout any input control. Vessel technology is estimated by using the datacollected, and groups of vessels are distinguished according to criteria ofperformance. We present the adjustment within firms and between groupsunder different scenarios (limited entry with and without driftnetregulation, individual quotas and individual transferable quotas allocation),and we compare their results in terms of quasi-rent value and otherindicators such as hake harvests or dolphin by-catches.     

Knowledge as a Path-Dependence Process

By following a new approach proposed by Cognitive and Neuroeconomics, this paper presents and extends that part of Hayek's theory concerning knowledge in path-dependent terms, and shows that this is a fertile theory, opening new lines of inquiry for contemporary economics. In his theory of knowledge Hayek shows that the dynamics of economic change is path-dependent, in a different and more profound way than in the rest of the path-dependent literature. This literature deals with an important controversy, which will be also discussed and its specific and original meaning will be highlighted. As it will emerge, knowledge as a path-dependent process is consistent with cognitive theories of perception and learning and it plays a more important role than is traditionally assumed. Path-dependence is in fact always present in the cognitive dimension of perception and in individual decision-making processes, as well as in the processes of organizational innovation, and even in the macro-dimension of institutional change. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.