重庆市旅游产业区位熵系数研究

一个区域的产业集群度主要通过区位熵来反映,区域经济发展促进产业的集群,通过产业集群提高区域间的竞争力,进而推动区域经济的进步.通过对重庆市旅游产业区位熵的测度来衡量重庆市旅游产业的集聚程度,利用ARMA模型对历年的区位熵数据加以分析来预测未来3年的区位熵值,进一步分析重庆市旅游产业集聚所带来的经济效应,结果表明重庆市旅游产业对经济增长有良好的促进作用.     

产业集聚与医药产业竞争力相关性研究

测度了医药产业区域集聚水平,结合三大判别准则进行筛选,发现医药产业总体集聚程度较低,且主要集中于东部省份。构建医药产业竞争力评价体系并测度竞争力水平,总体来看,呈现东部、中部和西部区域产业竞争力递减的格局。经实证研究得出,产业集聚有利于提升产业竞争力且作用明显。最后提出提升我国医药产业竞争力及集聚水平的建议。     

物流产业集聚对区域经济增长的影响——基于长江经济带省级面板数据

在理论分析物流产业集聚促进区域经济增长作用机理与传导机制的基础上,文章首先对物流产业集聚化发展的空间经济效应进行了系统分析.结合长江经济带2000-2016年的面板数据,将物流产业区位熵系数引入柯布-道格拉斯生产函数,建立物流产业集聚的空间经济计量模型,实证检验了物流产业集聚对区域经济增长的促进作用及其空间差异性.研究发现,长江经济带物流产业集聚能够显著促进区域经济增长,但上、中、下游各地区间的差异化特征明显.文章认为长江经济带各级政府在促进物流产业集聚时,应尊重市场规律,创造良好的营商环境和基础设施条件,充分调动微观市场主体的积极性,准确把握物流产业集聚的空间经济溢出效应,促进现代物流产业集聚在区域内实现良性协同发展.     

产业融合、产业集聚与区域产业竞争优势提升

产业融合与产业集聚是现代产业发展的新特征和趋势,是影响产业竞争优势的重要变量,研究湖北省产业发展所处的融合、集聚状态及其对产业竞争优势的影响,对于制定适应产业发展要求,提升产业竞争优势的有关政策,具有重要指导和借鉴价值。运用投入产出分析方法对湖北省先进制造业与电子信息业、现代服务业的产业融合态势进行测算,采用区位熵对湖北省先进制造业等产业集聚状态进行测度,利用多元线性回归模型实证分析产业融合、产业集聚对先进制造业竞争优势提升的贡献。结果表明,湖北省处于融合非集聚状态,产业融合对提升产业竞争优势具有一定促进作用;产业集聚度低,不仅制约了湖北省产业竞争优势的提升,还挤出了产业融合的竞争优势提升效应。     

浙江省制造业产业集聚影响因素实证研究

产业集聚的影响因素一直是学术界重点关注的问题,其因不同行业不同地区而存在差异。为了探究浙江省制造业产业集聚的具体影响因素,文章选用浙江省2005—2014年22个制造业行业作为样本,用区位熵指数测算制造业产业集聚度,采用面板数据建模对浙江省制造业产业集聚的影响因素做实证研究,结果发现规模经济和历史因素对产业集聚有促进作用,地方政府政策会降低产业集聚度,但FDI对浙江省制造业产业集聚的影响却不显著。     

中国工业设计产业城市集聚对策——整合产业竞争力和集聚趋势分析

研究区别于广义创意产业的工业设计产业,为城市设计产业集聚发展提供实证基础。整合运用多元统计方法,计算城市工业设计产业综合竞争力,利用区位熵等指标分析其相对集聚程度的时间演化趋势。结果发现:1工业设计产业集聚程度高于当地制造业,中国设计产业有向更多省份分散集聚的趋势,但在省内则有向少数城市集聚的趋势;2城市设计产业相对集聚程度与产业综合竞争力大致相符,不存在产业综合竞争力较弱但相对集聚程度较高的城市;3国家应重点扶持区域性或省级工业设计园区发展,避免中小城市工业设计园区泛滥。     

中国工业设计产业城市集聚对策

研究区别于广义创意产业的工业设计产业,为城市设计产业集聚发展提供实证基础。整合运用多元统计方法,计算城市工业设计产业综合竞争力,利用区位熵等指标分析其相对集聚程度的时间演化趋势。结果发现：①工业设计产业集聚程度高于当地制造业,中国设计产业有向更多省份分散集聚的趋势,但在省内则有向少数城市集聚的趋势;②城市设计产业相对集聚程度与产业综合竞争力大致相符,不存在产业综合竞争力较弱但相对集聚程度较高的城市;③国家应重点扶持区域性或省级工业设计园区发展,避免中小城市工业设计园区泛滥。     

我国东中西部地区创新效率差异研究 ——基于电子及通信设备制造业产业聚集视角

利用2009-2019年我国电子及通信设备制造业省级面板数据，将产业创新过程划分为知识生产与成果转化两个阶段，利用区位熵指数对产业集聚度进行测量，通过Malmquist指数计算区域创新效率，构建两阶段知识生产模型，研究产业集聚对区域创新效率的影响。研究发现，产业集聚与区域创新效率并未呈现传统的东高西低分布特征，并且知识生产阶段的区域创新效率高于成果转化阶段。同时，面板随机前沿回归结果显示，产业集聚阻碍区域创新效率提升，不利于区域创新，而来自政府资金、政策等方面的支持会在知识生产阶段促进区域创新效率提升，在成果转化阶段阻碍区域创新效率提升。最后，根据研究结论，从政府与企业两个方面给出提高区域创新效率的相关建议。     

数字新基建、高技术产业集聚与区域创新绩效

选取2012—2021年我国30个省域面板数据,实证分析数字新基建、高技术产业集聚对区域创新绩效的影响。研究表明：数字新基建对区域创新绩效具有“U”型影响;高技术产业集聚可提升区域创新绩效;数字新基建、高技术产业集聚均可提升邻近区域创新绩效。异质性分析结果显示,数字新基建在2017—2021年内能够提升中部、东部区域创新绩效,但未对西部区域创新绩效产生显著影响;高技术产业集聚可显著提升三大区域创新绩效,且作用效果在2017—2021年更显著,具有“西部>东部>中部”特征。     

制造业集聚趋势的实证分析——以广东省为例

在经济全球化和区域一体化背景下,广东经济的持续竞争力在很大程度上来源于产业集聚的规模经济优势,尤其是珠三角地区的集聚经济优势一直成为该地区吸引外商投资和国内配套产业跟进的重要动因。本文在分析广东区域经济发展特点和制造业结构调整特征的基础上,应用区位熵指数、空间基尼系数和集中率指数等分析工具,详细研究了广东制造业的比较优势与集聚规模、地理集聚程度与变化动态以及空间分布水平与转移趋势,对不同类型行业的集聚程度和变化趋势进行了深入分析,相关结论对于当前制定推动产业结构调整和建设现代产业体系的政策具有重要的参考价值。     

Pleasure and belief in Hume's Decision Process

Abstract

The purpose of this paper is to introduce explicitly pleasure and belief in what aims at being a Humean theory of decision, like the one developed in Diaye and Lapidus (2005a). Although we support the idea that Hume was in some way a hedonist – evidently different from Bentham's or Jevons' way – we lay emphasis less on continuity than on the specific kind of hedonism encountered in Hume's writings (chiefly the Treatise, the second Enquiry, the Dissertation, or some of his Essays). Such hedonism clearly contrasts to its standard modern inheritance, expressed by the relation between preferences and utility.

The reason for such a difference with the usual approach lies in the mental process that Hume puts to the fore in order to explain the way pleasure determines desires and volition. Whereas pleasure is primarily, in Hume's words, an impression of sensation, it takes place in the birth of passions as reflecting an idea of pleasure, whose “force and vivacity” is precisely a “belief”, transferred to the direct passions of desire or volition that come immediately before action. As a result, from a Humean point of view, “belief” deals with decision under risk or uncertainty, as well as with intertemporal decision and indiscrimination problems.

The latter are explored within a formal framework, and it is shown that the relation of pleasure is transformed by belief into a non-empty class of relations of desire, among which at least one is a preorder.     

Globalization,Neoliberalism and the attack on social security

Neoliberal political movements advocate privatization of public pension systems. Globalization imposes pressure on nations to conform to neoliberal policy views with respect to the design and structure of social insurance, including public pension systems. The paper begins with an investigation of the economic, ethical and ideological dimensions of the privatization debates in the U.S.; it argues that privatization advocates may be largely moved by ideology, since the other reasons advanced appear weak or unfounded. The second part discusses the history of Social Security, the purposes for its creation, and some of its economic effects. Differences between public and private pension systems are considered. A brief international comparison of some aspects of public pension system finance and benefit structures is presented. The final section considers the ethical, macroeconomic and distributional implications of privatization, prefunding and payroll tax funding, and argues for a pay as you go system financed with income taxes. In order to promote equity, economic security, community, and social cohesion, public pension systems should be universal in coverage. In order to reduce the inequality, income insecurity, and aged poverty generated by market economies, public pension systems ought to be progressive: benefit/contribution ratios should be inversely proportional to income, and progressive income taxes should finance the system. To promote economic growth, the systems should be financed on a pay-as-you-go basis, and should not be prefunded except for an emergency reserve. The fiscal policy recommendations partially depend upon the theory developed by Abba Lerner in the 1940s, and recently advanced by Wynne Godley and Randy Wray: Lerner's “principle of functional finance.”     

Forecasting the price of gold

This article seeks to evaluate the appropriateness of a variety of existing forecasting techniques (17 methods) at providing accurate and statistically significant forecasts for gold price. We report the results from the nine most competitive techniques. Special consideration is given to the ability of these techniques to provide forecasts which outperforms the random walk (RW) as we noticed that certain multivariate models (which included prices of silver, platinum, palladium and rhodium, besides gold) were also unable to outperform the RW in this case. Interestingly, the results show that none of the forecasting techniques are able to outperform the RW at horizons of 1 and 9 steps ahead, and on average, the exponential smoothing model is seen providing the best forecasts in terms of the lowest root mean squared error over the 24-month forecasting horizons. Moreover, we find that the univariate models used in this article are able to outperform the Bayesian autoregression and Bayesian vector autoregressive models, with exponential smoothing reporting statistically significant results in comparison with the former models, and classical autoregressive and the vector autoregressive models in most cases.     

Planned adaptation in risk regulation: An initial survey of US environmental, health, and safety regulation

In principle, we want regulatory programs to be based on current realities, as reflected for example in the best knowledge of relevant experts. That would imply that old rules now on the books should be consistent with today's knowledge base, not just what was known when a rule or standard was originally set. This paper reports on a survey of US programs, examining how often existing rules are actually updated in light of better knowledge, and identifies five programs that attempt to make policy routinely adaptive. These programs exhibit what we term Planned Adaptation: they both revise rules when relevant new knowledge appears, and take steps to produce such improved knowledge. While Planned Adaptation is rare, it is used in several nationally prominent programs, including air pollution, airplane safety, and drug safety. Planned Adaptation is a policy tool that deserves more attention.     

Interest on reserves and inflation

The payment of interest on reserves has been a common practice in inflationary economies. This policy may seem paradoxical since it involves returning part of the seigniorage, generated by the inflation process, with the intention to finance the fiscal deficit. This paper argues that the motivation for this policy can be captured by the discretionary regime, where the policymaker pays interest on reserves because he is concerned with the erosion of real liquidity by inflation, which is in part beyond his control. However, this policy is an unlikely outcome in the commitment regime, where the policymaker is in full control of inflation.     

The greenhouse effect: Damages,costs and abatement

The buildup of so-called greenhouse gases in the atmosphere — CO₂ in particular-appears to be having an adverse impact on the global climate. This paper briefly reviews current expectations with regard to physical and biological effects, their potential costs to society, and likely costs of abatement. For a worst case scenario it is impossible to assess, in economic terms, the full range of possible non-linear synergistic effects. In the most favorable (although not necessarily likely) case (of slow-paced climate change), however, it seems likely that the impacts are within the affordable range, at least in the industrialized countries of the world. In the third world the notion of affordability is of doubtful relevance, making the problem of quantitative evaluation almost impossible. We tentatively assess the lower limit of quantifiable climate-induced damages at $30 to $35 per ton of CO₂ equivalent, worldwide, with the major damages being concentrated in regions most adversely affected by sea-level rise. The non-quantifiable environmental damages are also significant and should by no means be disregarded.The costs and benefits of (1) reducing CFC use and (2) reducing fossil fuel consumption, as a means of abatement, are considered in some detail. This strategy has remarkably high indirect benefits in terms of reduced air pollution damage and even direct cost savings to consumers. The indirect benefits of reduced air pollution and its associated health and environmental effects from fossil-fuel combustion in the industrialized countries range from $20 to $60 per ton of CO₂ eliminated. In addition, there is good evidence that modest (e.g. 25%) reductions in CO₂ emissions may be achievable by the U.S. (and, by implication, for other countries) by a combination of increased energy efficiency and restructuring that would permit simultaneous direct economic benefits (savings) to energy consumers of the order of $50 per ton of CO₂ saved. A higher level of overall emissions reduction — possibly approaching 50% — could probably be achieved, at little or not net cost, by taking advantage of these savings.We suggest the use of taxes on fossil fuel extraction (or a carbon tax) as a reasonable way of inducing the structural changes that would be required to achieve significant reduction in energy use and CO₂ emissions. To minimize the economic burden (and create a political constituency in support of the approach) we suggest the substitution of resource-based taxes in general for other types of taxes (on labor, income, real estate, or trade) that are now the main sources of government revenue. While it is conceded that it would be difficult to calculate the optimal tax on extractive resources, we do not think this is a necessary prerequisite to policy-making. In fact, we note that the existing tax system has never been optimized according to theoretical principles, and is far from optimal by any reasonable criteria.During the academic year 1989–90 Dr. Ayres was at the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), Laxenburg, Austria.During the summer of 1989 Mr. Walter was a member of the Young Scientists' Summer Program at IIASA.     

SCIENCE AND INDUSTRY: TRACING THE FLOW OF BASIC RESEARCH THROUGH MANUFACTURING AND TRADE

This paper describes flows of basic research through the US economy during the late 20th century. In addition, the paper studies the effect of the flows on scientific papers in industries and fields. This article differs from others in its use of measures of science rather than technology. Together, its results present a picture of the structure of basic research flows in a modern, science-intensive economy. Basic research flows are large within petrochemicals and drugs, and within software and communications. Flows of chemistry, physics, and engineering are common throughout all industries – biology and medicine are almost confined to petrochemicals and drugs; and computer science is nearly as restricted to software and communications. In general, basic research flows are more concentrated within scientific fields than within industries. Our findings concerning the production of scientific papers indicate that the effect of a 1% change in academic R&D spillovers significantly exceeds that of industrial spillovers. In addition, within-field effects exceed effects between-fields, while within- and between-industry effects are roughly equal. It follows that scientific fields limit basic research flows more than industries do, perhaps because large firms implicitly span a range of industries.     

Bayesian estimation of duration models: An application of the multiperiod probit model

The multiperiod probit model is presented and Bayesian estimation using the Gibbs sampler with data augmentation is described. As an empirical illustration, the multiperiod probit model is then used to estimate a duration model using employment duration data for the Canadian province of New Brunswick. Bayesian estimation with unobserved heterogeneity is shown to be a simple extension of estimation of a duration model with no unobserved heterogeneity. More importantly, perhaps, some numerical problems encountered by other authors using Maximum Likelihood are avoided.I would like to thank M. Baker, G. Koop, A. Melino and D. Poirier for helpful comments and discussions. I would also like to thank M. Baker for providing his data.     

Scenarios and creativity: Thinking in new boxes

To be creative and make change happen, leaders must do more than simply ‘think outside the box’, as the traditional business manuals suggest, using the popular American expression. After all, the space outside the box is infinitely expansive. Moreover, there can be no guarantee that a solution to the problem will be found. The answer: ‘Think in new boxes.’ This requires developing the right new box; in other words, useful new models, a helpful new approach to a problem. That is the real art of practical creativity. This short article outlines the approach (Thinking in New Boxes) and its application to classic scenario planning with a few examples. The authors also present the ‘Expressway to Scenarios’, an approach that wins in impact and practicality what it loses in deep analysis, by having top executives involved in key steps.     

On the Role of Paradigms in Understanding Economic Globalization

Any adequate analysis of economic globalization necessarily requires fundamental understanding of the worldviews underlying the views expressed with respect to the nature and role of economic globalization. This paper is based on the premise that any worldview can be associated with one of the four basic paradigms: functionalist, interpretive, radical humanist, and radical structuralist. It argues that any view expressed with respect to economic globalization is based on one of the four paradigms or worldviews. It, therefore, discusses four views with respect to the nature and role of economic globalization which correspond to the four broad worldviews. The paper emphasizes that the four views expressed are equally scientific and informative; they look at the nature and role of economic globalization from a certain paradigmatic viewpoint. Emphasizing this example in the area of economic globalization, the paper concludes that there are opportunities for each paradigm to benefit from contributions coming from the other three paradigms.