非农部门劳动力增长速度研究

根据影响非农部门劳动力增长速度的相关因素,运用C-D生产函数,利用1996～2004年间的非农部门有关数据,对影响非农部门劳动力增长速度的有关因素进行实证分析,结果表明影响我国非农部门劳动力增长速度的主要因素为:资本增长速度、非农部门实物工资增长速度、技术进步引起的劳动边际产出的增长速度和工业劳动边际产出对劳动力的弹性。政府应通过提高资本质量、吸引国外投资,保持物价稳定、控制工资上涨,加强创新力度,提高员工技能以促进非农部门劳动力增长。     

在编人员工资更高吗?——对中国公共部门编制性工资差异及演变的考察

"双轨制"用工是我国公共部门人事管理的重要特征.文章利用2011年、2013年和2015年中国家庭金融调查数据,考察了我国公共部门"双轨制"用工导致的工资差异及演变趋势.研究发现:(1)编制内外员工的工资存在显著差异,在编人员工资显著高于非在编人员;(2)禀赋差异引起的工资差距大于特征回报差异引起的工资差距,工作经验是引起公共部门编制性工资差异的最重要因素,同时教育年限、政治面貌和职务也对公共部门编制性工资差异有重要影响;(3)公共部门的编制性工资差异存在异质性,主要表现为低工资群体的编制性工资差异大于高工资群体;与事业单位相比,政府部门的编制性工资差异更大,对非在编人员的歧视更严重.基于以上发现,在推动行政改革和取消事业编制的大环境下,文章的研究可为公共部门的编制改革提供实证经验和参考依据.     

农户种植结构区域分异研究——基于江汉平原与太湖平原农户调查数据

研究目的:分析当前我国农户种植结构选择行为的决策逻辑,提出农户种植结构区域分异规律。研究结果:(1)根据不同农作物的劳动边际产出的差异,可将农作物分为两类,一类是劳动边际产出较高的农作物如水稻,一类是劳动边际产出较低的农作物如棉花;(2)农户心理劳动报酬是在要素市场不发育的条件下,农户对自身劳动价值的判断;(3)农户种植结构调整的行为逻辑为:农户倾向于选择劳动边际产出与其心理劳动报酬接近的作物。研究结论:经济较发达地区,农户生产环境较好,该地区农业种植结构倾向于劳动边际产出较高的作物;经济欠发达地区,农户生产环境较差,该地区农业种植结构倾向于劳动边际产出较低的作物。     

结构变迁、工资差异与经济增长——基于75个国家和地区1978—2007年面板数据的实证研究

文章基于1978-2007年包括中国等发展中国家在内的跨国数据探讨结构变化的增长效应,通过扩展MRW(1992)模型得出结构变化与部门间工资比的关系,并着重考察结构变化和工资差异对经济增长的影响。研究发现:(1)当部门间劳动边际产出存在差异时,劳动的重新配置有助于经济增长。(2)结构变化率和工资差异与经济增长正相关。(3)在发展中国家或地区,结构变化的增长效应最大,物质资本的影响次之;在发达国家,人力资本的增长效应最大,结构变化的影响不显著。     

效率工资理论的新发展：阿克洛夫的观点

阿克洛夫的效率工资理论,通过吸收社会学、人类学的研究成果,将人的劳动行为看成基于公平出发的社会习俗。根据这一习俗,企业支付的工资不少于工人预期的公平工资,而工人根据企业支付的工资决定自己的努力程度,从而决定自己的边际产出。对于追求利润最大化的企业来说,并非支付的工资越高越好,支付工人的工资应等于工人的边际产出。当公平工资高于市场出清工资时,非自愿失业问题出现,工人技术程度与其失业率负相关。二元劳动力市场的现实与人类内生的行为规范,使得非自愿失业问题的解决前景十分悲观。     

中国资本回报率变动的动因分析——基于资本深化和技术进步的视角

本文推导了资本回报率的计算公式,从资本深化和技术进步的视角对资本回报率的变动进行了分解,发现影响资本回报率变动的主要因素有:乘数大小、资本深化和技术进步。利用1980—2009年数据计算了中国的资本回报率,估算了资本的边际产出弹性,并对资本回报率的变动进行了分解。实证研究发现,中国的资本回报率并没有随投资的增长而降低,资本深化虽然导致了资本回报率的降低,且乘数放大了这种效应,但技术进步却提高了资本的边际产出,从而使得中国的资本回报率处于一个稳定水平。     

中国制造业资本深化和就业调整-基于利润最大化假设的分析

联系要素市场干预的现实,在利润最大化假设条件下,本文建立了中国制造业行业就业调整和资本深化关系模型。研究发现:(1)近10年来,增加值产出就业吸收能力大幅下降的趋势正在中国制造业行业普遍发生;(2)作为一种与增加值产出就业吸收能力大幅下降相伴随的现象,资本深化趋势在中国制造业行业正普遍发生作用;(3)增加值产出就业吸收能力的持续下降,表明中国制造业行业资本/劳动强替代弹性已成为该部门增长不得不面对的现实。     

FDI、劳动异质性与我国劳动收入份额

不同技能劳动的划分一直是劳动力市场的一个重要研究视角,也是难点之一。文章创新性地采用模糊聚类方法测算了我国第二产业中各行业的劳动高技能性,推算了高低劳动技能行业的工资比率,并进一步实证分析了高低劳动技能行业的工资比率、FDI等因素对我国劳动收入份额的影响。研究结果表明:(1)由于高技能劳动一般与资本结合得更为紧密,高低劳动技能行业工资比率的提高抑制了劳动收入份额的上升;(2)FDI引入对我国劳动收入份额也具有负向影响。     

本溪重工业与旅游业的比较分析

在中国转型经济面临产业结构转型的大背景下,本文聚焦本溪的地区经济发展模式。通过运用实证分析方法,具体考察本溪重工业和旅游业的产值、GDP占比以及人均劳动产出等指标,本文得出以下结论:相对于重工业,旅游业将会成为本溪新的经济增长点,本溪就业结构也会从边际生产率较低的重工业部门转移至边际生产率较高的旅游业部门。     

效率工资的理论与实践研究

一、效率工资的理论分析1.边际生产率工资理论的局限性。边际生产率工资理论认为 ,企业工人工资的高低是由劳动投入要素的边际产值决定的 ,工人的劳动边际产值越高 ,工资越高。这一理论的基础是古典经济学的边际分析 ,厂商利润最大化的条件是边际成本等于边际收益 ,工人的工资取决于工人的边际生产力 ,厂商劳动力的最佳雇佣量是劳动的边际成本等于劳动的边际收益。边际生产率工资理论成立是有较为严格的假设 :①工人的劳动是可以精确地度量。确定工人劳动的边际产值 ,须要对工人的劳动贡献作准确无误的测量 ,但实际上 ,对工人的劳动贡献是很…     

Public Sector Employment and the Skill Premium: Sweden versus the United States 1970–2012

Swedish census data and tax records reveal an astonishing decline in the aggregate skill premium of 30 percent between 1970 and 1990, with only a modest recovery in the next couple of decades. In contrast, the US skill premium rose by around 24 percent over those four decades. A theory that equalizes wages with marginal products can rationalize these disparate outcomes when we replace commonly used measures of total labor supplies by private sector employment. The dramatic decline in the skill premium in Sweden is the result of an expanding public sector that has disproportionately hired unskilled labor.     

Higher education and public sector employment: evidence from Finnish data on twins

Using data from Finland on twins, this paper examines the effect of labour quality, as measured by education, on the choice to work in the public sector. A distinction to previous studies is made by allowing controls of family background and genetics effects that could drive the positive relationship between higher education and public sector employment. The conditional (fixed effects) logit regression estimates indicate that highly qualified employees are more likely to seek public sector employment. The paper also utilizes the longitudinal structure of the data to examine whether the results vary over time. These results indicate that the association between public sector work and higher education is counter-cyclical. In other words, highly qualified workers are more likely to hold public service positions and to have greater access to public sector jobs during economic downturns.     

Private and Government Employment in the OECD: Productivities and Wages

This paper estimates the productivity of private and government employment for a panel of 23 OECD economies over the 1961–1992 period, and investigates their relation to the government/private wage ratio. The paper finds that (i) the elasticities of output with respect to private and government employment are statistically significantly different from each other; (ii) the marginal products of private and government employment are not statistically significantly different, which suggests that government employment is neither over- nor under-provided, and that shifting employment from one sector to the other is not likely to produce substantial output gains; and (iii) in most of the countries examined, government workers are overpaid in the sense that the government/private wage ratio exceeds the corresponding ratio of marginal products.
(J.E.L. E24, E62).     

FDI对我国制造业就业结构的影响

本文使用1999-2007年我国制造业的面板数据分析外商直接投资（FDI）对我国制造业行业间和行业内就业结构变化的影响。在FDI的影响下,行业间就业结构呈低端化,但是行业内就业结构得到优化。FDI通过促进劳动密集型行业的就业增长带动了制造业的就业增加,同时劳动密集型行业劳动力从内资流向外资的情况也较严重,即FDI主要通过增加自身的就业而非内资的就业带动了我国就业数量的增长。行业内就业结构来看,技术密集型行业就业结构得到优化的结果比劳动密集型行业要明显。其中竞争效应促进了内资就业结构的升级,但存在高技能劳动力从内资企业流向外资企业的情况。总体上增加就业和提升就业结构的因素在于内资投资的增加。     

Is there a Laffer curve between aggregate output and public sector employment?

This paper develops a model of the relationship between public sector employment, total output and aggregate real demand in market prices, where public employment has a positive productivity effect on private output. Public employment crowds out private employment and output because its increase induces higher wages and taxes. The valuation of government output is also taken into account. While public employment affects total output and aggregate real demand in an a priori ambiguous way, numerical simulations suggest that the relationship may be nonlinear; positive, when public sector is “small” and negative, when it is “large”. Using the annual data from 22 OECD countries over the period 1960–1996 and estimating and testing for threshold models and more commonly used specifications with multiplicative interaction terms give support to this nonlinearity hypothesis between public employment and private sector output. First version received: October 1996/Final version received: April 2000     

Regional productivity variation and the impact of public capital stock: an analysis with spatial interaction,with reference to Spain

In this article, we examine whether variations in the level of public capital across Spain's Provinces affected productivity levels over the period 1996 to 2005. The analysis is motivated by contemporary urban economics theory, involving a production function for the competitive sector of the economy (‘industry’) which includes the level of composite services derived from ‘service’ firms under monopolistic competition. The outcome is potentially increasing returns to scale resulting from pecuniary externalities deriving from internal increasing returns in the monopolistic competition sector. We extend the production function by also making (log) labour efficiency a function of (log) total public capital stock and (log) human capital stock, leading to a simple and empirically tractable reduced form linking productivity level to density of employment, human capital and public capital stock. The model is further extended to include technological externalities or spillovers across provinces. Using panel data methodology, we find significant elasticities for total capital stock and for human capital stock, and a significant impact for employment density. The finding that the effect of public capital is significantly different from zero, indicating that it has a direct effect even after controlling for employment density, is contrary to some of the earlier research findings which leave the question of the impact of public capital unresolved.     

Public Employment and the Business Cycle*

We add a public employment sector to the basic search and matching model in order to study the business cycle impact of public wage and employment policies. The government is assumed to follow exogenous rules for public wages and employment calibrated to match some cyclical features of US policies. These features include a positive public wage premium and mildly procyclical public wages and employment. We find that the presence of the public sector increases the volatility of employment and output.     

Labour market effects of public capital stock: evidence for the Spanish private sector

This paper provides a new rationale for the positive effect of public capital stock on employment and wages. We show that higher levels of public capital reduce wages along the wage equation and enhance employment due to the resulting larger elasticity of labour demand with respect to wages. The estimation of a structural model for the Spanish private sector reveals that this wage channel is empirically relevant. We use the estimated parameters to simulate the recent incidence of the ratio of public to private capital stock on the private sector economic performance. We find (i) sizeable effects on employment, capital stock and gross domestic product, and (ii) that the wage channel is particularly important for employment.     

Tax competition and the political economy of public employment: a model for Austria

In this work, we simulate the effects of the tax autonomy of the Austrian states on the levels of public employment in each state. We show that depending on the strength of the public sector lobby, tax autonomy would require a reduction of employment in the public sector of between 25 and 35% of the current level. We also show that tax autonomy increases welfare levels by 1–1.5%; that is, the positive change in the disposable income of the workers more than offsets the welfare loss resulting from the lower provision of public goods. Finally, we show that the reduction of public employment is superior in terms of welfare to an alternative scenario in which employment levels are held constant but the wage levels in the public sector are adjusted.     

Does public‐sector employment fully crowd out private‐sector employment?

Employment matters for development because it can raise household income, lower inequality, promote economic growth, and contribute to political stability. Many countries have high rates of public employment, but what effect does this have on overall employment and unemployment rates? This paper investigates if and to what extent public‐sector employment crowds out (reduces) private‐sector employment. In particular, we estimate regressions of unemployment or private‐sector employment on two measures of public‐sector employment. The study uses an especially assembled dataset, which is novel for its coverage of a large sample of developing countries as part of a panel of rich and poor countries. Our results point to full or just about full crowding‐out for the entire sample. Unlike previous cross‐country studies, which were restricted to advanced economies, we are able to show that these results also apply to developing countries, although crowding‐out may not be quite as high as in advanced economies. The results mean that high rates of public employment have an offsetting large negative impact on private employment rates and do not reduce overall unemployment rates. With the qualifier that government activities may help the economy in other ways, our results imply that, rather than creating public‐sector jobs, scarce fiscal resources could be better spent on other developmental needs.