乡村重构视角下全域土地综合整治的机制解析与案例研究

研究目的：解析全域土地综合整治的内涵特征并揭示其助推乡村重构的机理,基于全域土地综合整治试点案例,剖析全域土地综合整治助推乡村“空间—经济—社会”重构的现实路径,以期指导全域土地综合整治实践。研究方法：理论分析法、归纳总结法、案例分析法。研究结果：（1）相较于传统土地整治,全域土地综合整治更加强调整治范围的整体性、整治对象的综合性、整治模式的差异性、整治措施的系统性、整治目标的多样性。（2）基于3项整治类型和2项制度供给,全域土地综合整治整合乡村“人口—土地—产业”三大要素,助推乡村空间格局优化、经济发展动能激活、社会治理能力提升。（3）全域土地综合整治试点区域助推乡村重构的路径主要体现在：①以垦造耕地、工业用地保护更新、城乡建设用地增减挂钩、河流综合治理等实现乡村空间重构;②以工业用地容积率提升、村集体资产置换、农户“三置换”等实现乡村经济重构;③以公共空间治理、高标准农田建设、渔耕文化传承等实现乡村社会重构。研究结论：全域土地综合整治试点实践需立足乡村重构的现实需求,以实现乡村地区空间格局优化、功能提升、形态重塑为目标,推动乡村经济、社会、生态、文化协调全面发展。     

试论全域土地综合整治的基本逻辑、关键问题和主要关系

研究目的：剖析全域土地综合整治的基本逻辑、关键问题和主要关系,以期为全域土地综合整治的理论研究和实践探索提供参考。研究方法：文献综述法,理论分析法,归纳演绎法和图示法。研究结果：（1）全域土地综合整治应遵循人地协调的共生逻辑、综合治理的系统逻辑、城乡统筹的整体逻辑、生态文明的价值逻辑、供需匹配的实践逻辑和以人为本的民生逻辑;（2）当前全域土地综合整治的关键问题包括理论与实践存在目标偏差、试点选取行政倾向明显、公众参与不充分、“全域”特征未彰显等;（3）根据全域土地综合整治的多类导向、多元要求及多面问题,辨析了要素与系统、项目与整体、农业与产业、供给与需求、城市与乡村、整治与规划、效率与正义、保护与发展、传统与现代9对关系。研究结论：全域土地综合整治兼具工程属性、管理属性和社会属性,从基本逻辑、关键问题和主要关系进行全面解析,有利于系统理解全域土地综合整治,提升理论研究对整治实践的指导作用。     

乡村振兴背景下土地整治模式与生态导向转型 ——以浙江省为例

研究目的：阐释土地整治生态转型内涵,梳理土地整治实践较为超前的浙江省典型整治模式及生态转型困境,通过构建土地整治生态转型理论框架并提出土地整治生态转型的优化路径,助推土地整治生态转型。研究方法：文献资料法、归纳演绎法、案例分析法。研究结果：（1）土地整治生态转型以“两山”理念为指导,通过统筹“山水林田湖草”全要素综合治理,挖掘各要素蕴含的生态服务价值,增强乡村地域生态和文化功能,将土地整治与乡村振兴目标的融合,实现以“短、平、快”为主要特征的传统土地整治向以生态环境改善和受损生态系统修复为导向的土地整治进行转型。（2）根据运作方式、整治对象和重点的不同,浙江省土地整治模式可分为4类：“土地整治+美丽乡村建设”模式、“土地整治+现代农业引领”模式、“土地整治+传统古村保护”模式和“土地整治+乡村旅游发展”模式。（3）浙江省土地整治生态转型的实践困境包括：土地整治工程措施改变生态系统自然恢复条件、土地整治重经济效益轻生态环境效益、“土地整治+”模式的复杂性影响整治效果。研究结论：土地整治应充分发挥作为管控土地利用转型重要手段的作用,通过重塑生态价值导向明确土地整治转型方向、分区开展生态工程因地制宜优化生态功能、健全绿色基础设施推进乡村生态环境改善、拓宽两山转化通道助力生态产品价值实现等优化土地整治生态转型路径,可有效改善区域生态环境和提升生态系统服务功能,助力中国乡村振兴。     

基于村庄类型差异的农村居民点整治潜力研究 ——以聊城市为例

研究目的：梳理村庄类型与农村居民点整治间的逻辑关系,探究基于村庄类型差异的农村居民点整治潜力,并提出因类施策的整治方案。研究方法：空间叠加分析法、等级组合法、综合指数法。研究结果：（1）基于城镇辐射影响、规模集聚程度、生态胁迫度的村庄类型识别,结合特色资源、区位条件和“三区三线”管控要求的村庄类型筛选,将聊城市5 782个村庄划分为4个一级类和8个二级类,为分析不同类型村庄在发展特征、整治潜力和需求等方面的差异提供有效支撑;（2）聊城市农村居民点现实整治潜力为15 155 hm2,占比16.7%;各村庄类型的“数量—格局—质量”整治潜力特征差异明显,存续提升型是数量最多且潜力最高的重点整治类型,可整治面积占45.7%;（3）根据各个类型村庄的潜力特征及其影响机制提出整治对策和实施项目。研究结论：考虑村庄类型的差异有利于提高农村居民点整治潜力测算的合理性,研究成果可为实现多元化的整治目标、优化村庄功能布局、分类推进乡村振兴提供科学依据和实践路径。     

2023年土地科学研究重点进展评述及2024年展望 ——土地工程与信息技术分报告

研究目的：归纳分析2023年国内外土地工程与信息技术领域的研究进展,展望研究趋势。研究方法：文献分析法。研究结果：国内研究主要集中在土地综合开发模式与运行机制、全域土地综合整治的潜力机制及路径、碳中和背景下的土地复垦与生态修复、土壤—植物—微生物模式下的复垦土壤重构、国土空间生态修复差异化分区与格局构建、土地信息智能化监测技术与信息提取方法、数字化国土空间规划技术、基于GIS的土地管理技术。国外研究主要集中在农业用地土地整理模式、基于土壤改良的矿区土地复垦、土壤—植物—微生物协同修复作用机制、基于社会经济和生态指标的生态修复、土地信息监测与预测技术、基于人工智能的土地规划技术、土地管理系统优化技术。研究结论：2023年土地工程与信息技术在全域土地综合整治、土地复垦与土壤重构、国土空间生态修复、土地信息监测与管理技术等方面取得了一定进展。结合当前科技需求,2024年及未来重点关注山水林田湖草沙一体化保护和系统治理、全域土地综合整治和国土空间生态保护修复、碳中和目标下的矿区土地复垦、乡村振兴背景下的土地集约利用和低效用地治理、土地信息可视化技术和土地信息智能化处理技术。     

大都市全域土地综合整治与耕地多功能 ——基于“情境—结构—行为—结果”的分析

研究目的：剖析大都市全域土地综合整治如何影响耕地多功能的价值显化和优化配置,以期为实现耕地多功能供需平衡和推动耕地保护转型提供理论依据。研究方法：探索性案例研究法、“情境—结构—行为—结果”政策过程分析法。研究结果：（1）情境层面。地方性、价值观和制度环境是探讨全域土地综合整治和耕地多功能两者影响关系的基础。（2）结构层面。全域土地综合整治参与主体具有多元性和嵌入性,耕地多功能的价值显化是多元主体共建共享的结果,因此,全域土地综合整治和耕地多功能的互动过程本质上是多元主体的集体行动。（3）行为层面。借助低效建设用地减量化、城乡建设用地增减挂钩、宅基地三权分置等政策工具,联动培育“全域土地综合整治+”模式,推动耕地多功能价值发现和优化配置。（4）结果层面。耕地多功能与乡村土地利用多功能性之间存在“部分与整体”和“中心与外围”的逻辑关系,因此,全域土地综合整治首先是通过促进乡村土地利用多功能性,增强耕地外援系统的多功能性,进而促进和稳固耕地系统的多功能性。研究结论：通过在大都市郊野空间内部开展全域土地综合整治,不断优化耕地本体环境及其外围环境,强化耕地与其外援系统之间的要素互动与交换,重构耕地多功能利用的外部环境,最终推动耕地多功能供给与外部多元需求的高效互动与匹配。     

农村建设用地整治潜力精准预测与地块整治优先级识别

研究目的：测算不同村庄类型下农村建设用地整治潜力,精准识别地块整治优先级,使得土地整治决策更加准确、科学。研究方法：以湖北省黄梅县为研究区域,结合空间规划和自身资源禀赋对村庄进行分类;对不同类型村庄的农村建设用地整治潜力进行测算,并利用单类支持向量机对农村建设用地图斑的整治重要性进行识别,最终实现潜力总量约束下的潜力图斑的整治优先级安排。研究结果：（1）黄梅县共划分出城郊融合型、特色保护型、集聚发展型、存续提升型、搬迁撤并型5类村庄类型,其中包含村庄数量最多的是存续提升型,共有272个行政村;（2）规划期内黄梅县农村建设用地整治理论潜力规模6 624.66 hm2,现实潜力规模3 586.03 hm2;（3）整治紧迫图斑占潜力规模的7.21%,整治较紧迫图斑占潜力规模的15.02%,整治一般紧迫图斑占潜力规模的51.14%,整治不紧迫图斑占潜力规模的26.63%。研究结论：村庄分类下的农村建设用地整治潜力规模预测与地块整治优先级识别,可以为村庄布局优化和乡村全域土地综合整治提供理论参考和实践操作模式。     

2022 年土地科学研究重点进展评述及 2023 年展望——土地工程与信息技术分报告

研究目的：归纳分析2022年国内外土地工程与信息技术领域的研究进展，展望研究趋势。研究方法：文献分析法。研究结果：国内研究主要集中在土地整理工程模式与实践、全域土地综合整治路径、土地复垦理论与创新、复垦土壤改良、国土空间生态修复分区与治理、“双碳”目标下的生态保护修复、土地覆盖分类多源数据融合技术、土地动态变化3S监测技术、土地信息互联网技术应用。国外研究主要集中在可持续发展目标下的土地开发、土地整理与优化配置、矿区复垦土壤改良与植被生长、土地复垦与环境可持续性、土地恢复及生态系统功能恢复、土地信息实时精确提取、土地GIS优化配置技术、土地数据库互联网技术。研究结论：2022年土地工程与信息技术在全域土地综合整治、土地复垦理论、国土空间生态修复、土地信息获取与信息分析技术等方面取得了一定进展。结合当前科技需求，2023年及未来重点关注国土空间生态修复理论及区域多样性保护修复、以矿区为主的土地复垦理论及实践、全域土地综合整治理论与实施路径、土地生态系统固碳增汇及其监测技术、时空大数据及互联网技术在土地信息技术中创新便捷应用等议题。     

“双碳”目标背景下全域土地综合整治减排增汇的 机理与路径研究

研究目的：剖析“双碳”目标与全域土地综合整治的互馈关系,解析全域土地综合整治减排增汇的内涵特征、机理和路径,为“双碳”目标背景下全域土地综合整治规划和实施方案的优化提供科技支撑。研究方法：文献资料法和归纳演绎法。研究结果：（1）“双碳”目标赋予了全域土地综合整治减排增汇的新时代生态要义,而全域土地综合整治可以赋能“双碳”目标的实现,二者具有相辅相成的互馈关系。（2）全域土地综合整治系统内涵体现为通过培育多元主体低碳理念,在低碳化整治工程的基础上,优化国土空间碳源/碳汇格局,推动产业活动低碳转型。（3）全域土地综合整治减排增汇过程形成了多要素综合作用的“外缘—内核式”复杂系统,“社会—经济—生态”外缘系统发挥支撑和约束作用,内核系统实现“人—地—业”的协同发展,外缘内核之间双轮耦合,系统推进。（4）最后通过强化“双碳”目标在“社会—经济—生态”外缘系统中的约束作用,构建 “人—地—业”内核系统的减排增汇实施路径。研究结论：全域土地综合整治的减排增汇路径探索是响应“双碳”目标的时代所趋,需要结合内外部环境统筹推进,破解乡村系统实现“双碳”目标的现实压力,助推美丽乡村和生态文明建设。     

全域土地综合整治的现实困境及政策思考——以广东省为例

全域土地综合整治是新时期自然资源部统一行使所有国土空间用途管制和生态保护修复职责的重要平台抓手。文章以广东省全域土地综合整治试点为例,总结了广东省开展农村拆旧复垦、垦造水田、高标准农田建设、村级工业园改造等土地整治探索与实践,分析了全域土地综合整治在规划、权属、现状地类、社会资本参与、资金筹措等方面面临的现实困境,并结合实践提出建议:(1)建立满足调整重构型整治需求的规划和用途管制机制;(2)建立健全权属调整的政策机制和技术体系;(3)畅通农业、生态空间价值实现路径;(4)完善市场参与和投融资机制;(5)构建以农民集体为实施主体的全域土地综合整治组织模式。     

The Effect of the Structural Adjustment Program on the Output,Prices and Exports of Major Agricultural Export Crops in Nigeria

The primary objective of this paper is to examine changes in the level of output, prices and exports of major export crops resulting from the Structural Adjustment Program (SAP) in Nigeria. THere two main sources of data: the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) through its annual reports, Economic and Financial Review, and the Nigerian Federal Office of Statistics (FOS) through its Trade Summaries. Although the SAP led to appreciable increases in output and producer prices, its effects on exports were insignificant. The implications of these for the implementation of the program are explored.     

Revealing different understandings of soil held by scientists and farmers in the context of soil protection and management

This paper aims to analyse and draw together results from similar studies in England, Switzerland and France which investigated farmers’ understanding of soil and compared it with that of scientists, researchers and advisors (collectively called scientists in this analysis). A range of methods were used across the three studies and different theoretical approaches, looking at forms of knowledge, local practice of knowledge production and conceptions of reality, were employed to explain the results. Despite the different contexts, methodologies and theoretical approaches in the three studies, the results reveal similar patterns of difference in farmer and scientist understanding of soil. In the English study, farmers demonstrate a ‘know-how’ form or intuitive working knowledge of soil while advisors rely on scientifically established forms of ‘know-why’ and seek to understand and explain soil processes. Similarly in the Swiss study farmers’ and scientists’ differing perceptions are directed and shaped by their respective aims, methods and context of work. In the French study, farmers and researchers are shown to have different conceptions of soil, they attribute different meaning to the same activities, and use different words and language to describe the same features. In all three studies understanding is shown to be cultural and contextual, as such an integrative theoretical framework is proposed.     

森林生物多样性评价模型的改进

针对2002年的评价模型中的不足,提出了新的改进后的森林生物多样性变化的评价模型,并在我国第六次森林资源清查(1999～2003)资料的基础上,对1973～2003年我国森林生物多样性的变化进行了补充评价。评价结果表明:我国森林生物多样性的压力越来越大,压力指数由1973年的100,上升到2003年的199.10,上升了1.99倍;森林物种多样性总体的下降趋势已有一定幅度的改变,森林物种多样性指数增加了31.12%。森林生态系统多样性和森林生物多样性先逐渐上升,尔后又下降,第六次森林资源清查时又有所恢复,并分别上升了4.67个百分点和17.90个百分点。     

转变地质工作发展与服务方式的实践和建议

天津市地矿局注重加快转变经济发展方式，发挥地质工作优势，推进低碳清洁能源的开发利用创新和技术进步，紧紧依托地质工作的人才、技术和行业优势，加大清洁环保资源的勘查、研究、开发、利用。针对天津市水资源缺乏的情况，积极加强后备和应紧水源勘查。按照“两种资源，两个市场”的思路，通过实施中外合作勘查项目，以境外勘查工作为载体和平台，实施引进来和走出去战略，为天津市经济社会发展提供地质技术支撑。     

Trust-A monolithic panacea in land use planning?

Although trust research has been extensive and substantial, the constitution and actual merits of trust in land use planning remain nebulous. What do participants of a local land use planning process actually mean when they say they trust the planning committee? How important is participants’ trust in the planning committee in shaping their perceptions of the planning process and their cooperation in it? To explore the everyday meaning of trust in the specific context of local land use planning, semi-structured interviews with the participants of a local planning project in Switzerland were conducted (n = 9). Based on these results, the constitution and the relevance of trust in the responsible planning committee among a wider circle of participants were assessed (n = 66). The results show that participants trust the planning committee if they perceive its members as competent, honest, open, fair, reliable, reciprocating, respectful and committed. Interestingly, a considerable part of trust in the planning committee hinges explicitly on whether the committee incorporates the personal interests of the participant. Trust is indeed vital to participants’ belief that a meaningful discussion and cooperation with the members of the planning committee is possible. However, trust is neither a guarantee for people's approval of planning decisions nor for their cooperation. One implication of the findings is that in order to evaluate trust-building practice comprehensively, it is necessary to first understand the specific everyday meaning of trust for ‘real people’ in real planning processes.     

Agricultural Land in Vietnam: Markets Tempered by Family, Community and Socialist Practices

Since the late 1980s, markets involving agricultural land have emerged in the Socialist Republic of Vietnam. One major reason is that collective farms, previously a central feature of the country's political economy, ended. And a major reason for that was villagers' everyday politics gnawed the underpinnings of the collectives until they collapsed. Rural households, for the most part, wanted to farm separately. Today they do. Land is not privatized, however. Farming households have land use rights, not ownership. This tempers markets, as do other conditions arising from contending schools of thought in Vietnam about how land should be used, distributed and regulated.     

Conservation agriculture (CA) in Tanzania: the case of the Mwangaza B CA farmer field school (FFS), Rhotia Village,Karatu District,Arusha

This project was initiated to promote conservation agriculture (CA) in Tanzania so as to improve the food security and rural livelihood of small- and medium-scale farmers through the scaling-up of CA as a sustainable land management (SLM) tool as well as increasing the numbers of SLM-CA farmer field schools (FFS) in communities. The project had two phases from 2004 to 2010. It was funded by a Government of Germany trust fund and implemented by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and the Ministry of Agriculture in Tanzania. The project pilot districts include Arumeru (Arusha and Meru Councils), Karatu, Babati, Hanang and Moshi districts. CA has been shown to offer positive elements that could contribute to fighting hunger and poverty.     

Successful Practices in California Wine Exporting

Abstract

California is one of the world's largest wine producers, yet it has exported only a small portion of its products. Many US wineries want to pursue opportunities in foreign markets but only a few are actually doing this successfully. Therefore, this study attempts to identify the successful practices of 12 California wineries that have achieved their financial targets and other export goals. A qualitative research design of in-depth interviews was employed. Results indicate that there are 5 major success factors, with the two most important being the foreign partner relationship and top management vision and commitment to exporting.     

Time Allocation Decisions Associated with Job Market Preparation: Undergraduate Perceptions versus Market Realities

A survey of agribusiness firms identifies characteristics associated with above average starting salary offers in the allied fields of agribusiness, agricultural economics, business, and economics. A complementary survey is made of students at Texas A&M University and University of Georgia. Results show that firms value work experience and leadership experience more than students do, whereas students value raising grade point average and interview preparation more than do firms. Students seeking a firm's maximum starting salary offer will need to enhance academic performance with substantial work experience and leadership experience.     

Developments in the Doha Round and WTO dispute settlement: some implications for EU agricultural policy

Progress in the Doha Round is assessed against the changes tothe common agricultural policy (CAP) brought about by the Fischlerreforms of 2003–2004, and that proposed for sugar. Anelimination of export subsidies could place EU exports of processedfoods at a competitive disadvantage because of high sugar andmilk prices. Provided the single payment scheme falls withinthe green box, the likely new limits on domestic support shouldnot be problematic for the post-Fischler CAP. However, an ambitiousmarket access package could open up EU markets and bring pressurefor further reform. If there is no Doha agreement, existingprovisions will continue to apply, but without the protectionof the Peace Clause; and increased litigation is likely. FurtherCAP reform is to be expected.