Residential development on gardens in England: Their role in providing sustainable housing supply

Development of garden land has attracted political and media attention in recent years, yet there remained uncertainty over whether the issue was nationally or locally significant. Gardens are not a land use in their own right and have no special status in planning law. This enabled them to be considered, until very recently, as previously developed land according to The Brownfield Guide (English Partnerships, 2006). This allowed garden sites to be developed for new housing, thereby helping some authorities to meet their targets for residential development on brownfield land as monitored through their strategic housing land availability assessment (SHLAA). This paper reports the findings of a survey of local planning authorities carried out in 2009 and focused on planning applications and permissions on garden sites over a five year period ending 31 March 2008. The results reveal that garden development was a significant issue in only certain regional contexts, South East, London and West Midlands, and its actual and potential contribution to the local housing stock was variable. Where other forms of brownfield land were in short supply, garden sites might be crucial in meeting targets. The paper examines the policy framework underpinning such applications and shows that where local planning authorities had specific policies on the subject in place they were able to reach more robust decisions on garden site planning applications and there was less likelihood of first stage rejection decisions being overturned on appeal.     

湖南省乡村建设水平评价及对景观的影响利弊

［目的］改善乡村人居环境，推动新农村建设，是全面建设小康社会的重要组成部分。［方法］从经济发展水平、生活质量水平、社会发展水平及生态发展状况等4个方面构建包括20个指标在内的评价体系，基于2007—2017年的统计数据，采用熵权法对湖南省乡村建设水平进行定量化测度。在此基础上，进一步阐述了乡村建设对乡村景观影响的利弊。［结果］湖南省乡村建设发展水平评价分值呈现显著的递增趋势，由2007年的0177提高到2017年的0692。其中经济发展水平、生活质量水平、社会发展水平均明显提升，但生态发展状况波动较大，虽近年来得到一定的控制，但仍是制约新农村建设的重要因素。新农村建设为乡村景观的规划提供了经济支持，改善了乡村景观基本硬件设施条件，乡村旅游产业的发展也丰富了乡村景观的形式内容，推动了乡村景观的建设，但也在一定程度上引发了对生态系统平衡的破坏和对乡村景观的蚕食。［结论］在新农村建设过程中，遵循生态理论，充分体现地域特色，科学合理地进行乡村景观规划对推动新农村建设水平的整体提升至关重要。     

‘If You Build It,They Will Come’: Governing property-led rural regeneration in Ireland

This article examines the governance of rural regeneration in the Republic of Ireland, through the case of the Rural Renewal Scheme (RRS), which provided fiscal incentives to subsidise the construction and renovation of housing and business premises in a declining rural region. It reveals that the RRS has been successful in achieving two of its key objectives – stemming population decline and increasing housing output. It has also contributed to significant employment generation, albeit mainly in construction, which is unlikely to be sustainable over the longer term. However, the RRS was incompatible with sustainable rural development of its target region because it has resulted in significant negative unintended impacts, most notably excess housing output, which in turn has contributed to high vacancy rates. These impacts are linked to over centralised programme design and implementation, a particular pro development ethos among rural local authorities and poor linkages between the RRS and wider rural and regional development policies. Thus, this case raises questions about the authenticity of multi-level rural governance which has been widely reported in rural development and planning academic discourse internationally and in Ireland, and about the appropriateness of property-led regeneration interventions to the rural context.     

农村宅基地流转的障碍因素分析及激励措施——以重庆市璧山县为例

农村宅基地流转对于农民致富、统筹城乡发展、加快农村劳动力转移有着重大意义。本文以重庆市璧山县为例，在抽样调查的基础上，分析了该县农村宅基地流转的障碍性因素，运用数学模型进行了定量分析，有针对性地提出了促进农村宅基地流转的建议。     

基于集体建设用地流转与土地征收视点探讨完善农村住房体系建设——以北京市为例

研究目的：从农村集体建设用地流转与土地征收的视点切入，分析完善农村住房体系建设的可能性，提出统筹城乡一体化住房体系建议。研究方法：文献资料法、比较分析法和调研相结合。研究结论：中国正处于城市化快速发展时期，大量人口从农村进入城市需要解决居住问题，而现有城市住房体系无法满足这一要求。完善农村住房体系，建设新农村，是推进城市化的有效途径。     

Attitudes to housing and planning policy in rural localities: Disparities between long-term and mobile rural populations in Ireland

Drawing on the counterurbanisation and rural gentrification literature, in this paper we seek to contribute to understanding residents’ perspectives on the balance between housing and environment in rural localities. Migration and socio-cultural change in rural localities provide a key driver underpinning land-use and housing policy, by not only underpinning the reconfiguration of rural housing markets and housing demand, but also by introducing a new mix of attitudes and social aspirations in rural localities that increasingly frame rural planning debates. Using Ireland as a case study, we firstly explore the nature of rural migration processes arguing that rural mobilities are complex and nuanced, involving counterurban service-class movements but also local, lateral and return migration. Secondly, we test the hypothesis that the residential status (i.e. long term or newcomer) and social class status ascribed to rural residents have an impact on their views on planning and housing. While differences in attitudes are present, there was also a high degree of similarity between different groups with respect to accommodating new housing in rural localities. This reflects both a period of rapid rural change in Ireland, but also is indicative of the nature of rural migration processes whereby recent movers to rural areas may hold similar values and norms to the established local community.     

UK Land Use Futures: Policy influence and challenges for the coming decades

This paper, originally contributed as part of the government's Foresight investigation of Land Use Futures, considers the likely shape of policies affecting UK rural land use up to 2060, based on literature review, analysis of past and current trends and drivers, and discussion with selected policy experts. The postwar, centralised approach to spatial planning and countryside management has come under increasing challenge from domestic and international needs and concerns. European policy influence has increased in respect of agriculture and the natural environment. Zoning of land-use and a restrictive approach to built development have gradually weakened, and land-use drivers have become more multifunctional. Policy has moved away from a ‘top-down’ process designed in Whitehall towards a multi-layered structure within which international agreements and negotiations must be reconciled with regional and local, partnership-based approaches to planning and management, via national frameworks and a complex mix of regulatory and market-based instruments. Climate and energy policy, as well as policies on food and health, will require new and more diverse forms of development. A major challenge for the future could be the extent to which current, multi-layered spatial planning policies can accommodate the scale of change implied by the new mix of drivers from other policy areas. There is the possibility of an increasingly differentiated response across the UK countryside, as well as much more radical change in the system driven from the centre, as pressures increase.

While the Government Office for Science commissioned this review, the views are those of the author, are independent of Government, and do not constitute Government policy.     

Housing land availability — some observations of the process of housing development in contrasting urban locations

Summary

Housing development operates at different levels of intensity in the urban areas of Britain, and private and public housebuilders exert varying pressures on local planning authorities. The findings of a research study on the provision of land for residential development in urban areas are examined by means of six case studies. These expose the significance of landownership and planning policies in influencing the rate of housing development. In order to exploit fully the potential of urban sites for residential development there is a need for coordinated action by local authorities which may include compulsory purchase power and a housing development budget.     

英国城乡规划体系及农村规划管理的经验与启示

[目的]对英国城乡规划体系及农村规划管理的发展历程、基本经验和主要特点进行归纳总结,分析其对我国当前加强农业与农村规划管理、推进城乡统筹发展、促进新型城镇化建设的启示和借鉴意义。[方法]基于赴英国进行城乡规划体系及农村规划管理与保护方面的实地考察、培训以及相关文献的综述分析。[结果]英国城乡规划体系建立缘于其解决城镇化发展过程所产生的"大城市病"问题,其发展经历了多次修改和调整,目前形成了"区域空间战略"和"地方发展框架"两级规划结构;英国的城乡规划体系十分注重对农村地区和小城镇的规划管理和保护,形成了一系列重要规则和制度。[结论]英国在城镇化发展过程中,完整地保存了传统乡村的历史建筑、风土文化和景观环境,值得充分学习和借鉴。当前,在统筹城乡发展和推进新型城镇化建设过程中,应充分发挥规划的引导作用和社会公众的参与作用,高度重视对农业与农村的保护和规划管理,同时要注重基于中国国情的再创新。     

Land use change in Britain

Data on land use change in the UK and its constituent nations is variable in scope and quality, but has improved in recent years. It shows that the popular image of cities spreading across the countryside is a false one. In fact most new housing is built within existing settlements or in small rural developments, whilst more crop and grazing land has been turned over to woodland in the past 25 years than into housing. It also shows that market forces, taxes and subsidies have a rapid effect on land use decisions by developers, farmers and others, for example on what type of housing to build, what crops to grow and whether to turn farmland into woodland.     

Promoting planning for housing development: What can Sweden learn from Germany?

In the years 2006–2014, urban planning reform was seen as the major remedy against housing shortage in Sweden. The present government has the continuation of such reform on its agenda, but as of yet has made no proposals; instead, other housing policy measures have been introduced.In light of the uncertainty as to the future course of urban planning reform, possible future steps can be discussed. This article accordingly investigates whether German urban planning law and implementation could provide interesting reference points for discussion of further urban planning reform in Sweden, and if so, what parts of the German experience should be the center of attention.The article covers three aspects of German planning that influence the uncertainty, duration, and cost of residential planning as well as social goals addressed through planning: planning law, focusing on facilitated planning procedures of German planning law, measures taken in the organization of planning authorities to make development planning more efficient, and planning-related city demands for affordable housing.The conclusions encompass proposals for the further reform of the Swedish planning process in the form of a facilitated and accelerated development planning procedure for housing projects, as well as the introduction of private initiative in development planning. Further improvements to the organization and incentives of planning authorities are proposed. More research is required into municipal demands for affordable housing in the form of inclusionary zoning; such research should draw on the extensive international experience of such zoning, relating it to a Swedish pilot project.     

基于统筹城乡发展的陕西新农村建设思路研究

在分析统筹城乡发展与建设社会主义新农村发展相互关系的基础上,对当前陕西城乡二元结构的主要表现进行了阐述,即经济社会发展滞后,城乡发展不协调,城乡二元结构造成的深层次矛盾依然存在。提出了陕西社会主义新农村建设的基本思路是:大力推进农业现代化建设,努力促进农民增收;实施"农业产业化"战略,夯实农村经济基础;不断推进农村金融改革步伐,助推农村综合改革;科学制定乡村建设规划,建设生态文明新农村;培养和造就新型农民,更好发挥人才资源效力。     

发展观光休闲乡村旅游的机遇与策略研究

乡村观光休闲旅游作为一种新型旅游模式,促进了农村经济的快速发展,但同时也面临着诸多挑战与机遇。文章采用文献分析及实地调研相结合的方法,对我国观光休闲乡村旅游发展中所面临的机遇进行细致分析,结果表明,居民收入水平提高、节假日时间增多、城市病日益加重及交通便捷等状况为观光休闲乡村旅游带来了很好的发展契机;与此同时,观光休闲乡村旅游的发展也存在规模较小、功能单一、层次偏低等问题。基于此,该文从强化政府引导和监管、加强民俗文化与休闲农业的融合、创建优势品牌及加大科技投入等方面提出对策建议,以期为我国观光休闲乡村旅游的健康发展提供一定的借鉴作用。     

门槛分析法及其在环洞庭湖区 新农村整治规划中的运用

“门槛分析法”是城市规划的重要方法之一,曾运用于城市总体规划、区域规划及旅游规划等方面的分析研究.该文从“门槛分析法”起源、发展与内涵三方面阐述了“门槛分析法”基本理论,并通过构建环洞庭湖区“村庄门槛分析程序”的理论思考与环洞庭湖区苏家堆村新农村整治规划实践探索,论证了该方法在环洞庭湖区新农村整治规划中的运用.     

关于新农村基础设施建设现状的研究与思考

加强农村基础设施建设,对我国在“十二五”时期推进农业现代化,促进农村经济发展,从根本上解决“三农”问题,加快社会主义新农村建设具有重大现实意义。近年来,我国农村基础设施建设得到了一定程度的改善,但仍然存在很多难点问题。本文首先研究了新农村基础设施建设的现状及存在的问题,然后从基础设施建设标准体系、规划布局、管理和制度保障、资金投入等方面深入分析存在问题的原因,并提出相关对策。     

CPA policies for countryside recreation in Wales

Public demand for countryside recreation in Wales has put increasing pressure on the country's eight county council planning authorities (CPAs). This article reviews the provision and planning structures in each country, to give an overall picture of countryside recreation in Wales at present. A number of underlying issues which affect the work of the county planning authorities are identified and their implications for the future of countryside recreation in Wales assessed. To demonstrate the significance of these underlying issues, the present situation is set against its historical background.     

基于内容分析法的美丽乡村概念研究

[目的]近年来美丽乡村建设正在我国如火如荼地开展,建设取得了很大成就,但是同时也存在同质化、空心化等问题。与此同时,关于美丽乡村的研究也呈不断上升的趋势,然而美丽乡村的内涵却并没有达成共识。为了明确美丽乡村建设的方向,从而促进美丽乡村的健康可持续发展,文章基于内容分析法重新构建了"美丽乡村"的概念。[方法]该文在诸多文献中选择了50个研究样本,其中包括25篇学术期刊论文、10篇学位论文、8本专著、4个政府文件以及3篇新闻报道;然后构建了美丽乡村概念的类目系统,并进行了研究的信度检验,最后对统计结果进行了分析,整个研究过程严格遵循了内容分析法公认的研究规范。[结果]类目频次超过50%频率的4个类目分别是"生态环境美"、"人居环境美"、"经济社会发展"、"社会和谐"。[结论]美丽乡村是指生态环境和人居环境优美、经济繁荣且具有可持续性、社会和谐文明的乡村。     

新农村交通干线环境综合整治专项规划的实践探索——以湖南常德桃源县为例

新农村交通干线环境综合整治专项规划是近年来湖南省新农村规划的新方向,受湖南省桃源县规划局委托,笔者主持了桃源县新农村交通干线环境综合整治专项规划的编制工作,对这个新农村规划新领域迈出了实践探索的第一步。通过实地调研,分析自然资源条件、用地状况和基础设施现状,对沿线村庄建设用地布局规划、沿线村庄基础设施建设规划、沿线村庄重要节点设计及景观规划、沿线村庄公共设施布局规划、沿线村庄农村住宅建筑规划等五个方面进行了深入的理论研究与实践探索。     

Accelerated restructuring in rural China fueled by ‘increasing vs. decreasing balance’ land-use policy for dealing with hollowed villages

Rapid industrialization and urbanization in China has produced a unique phenomenon of ‘village-hollowing’, shaped by the dual-track structure of socio-economic development. This paper analyzes the phenomenon of ‘village-hollowing’, identifying the processes and influences that have driven their evolution, and highlighting the challenge that the locking-up of unused rural housing land in ‘hollowed villages’ presents for China in the context of concerns over urban development and food security. The paper examines the ‘increasing vs. decreasing balance’ land-use policy has been adopted by the Chinese government in response to the problem, which seeks to balance increases in urban construction land with a reduction in rural construction land. The implementation of the scheme is discussed through a case study of Huantai county in Shandong province, drawing attention to its contested and contingent nature. It is argued that the policy is a top-down approach to rural restructuring that necessarily requires the acquiescence of local actors. However, it is noted that failures to adequate engage with local actors has led to resistance to the policy, including violent protests against the demolition of housing. The paper suggests that lessons might be learned from Europe by incorporating elements of ‘bottom-up’ planning into the process. As such, the paper demonstrates that rural restructuring in China is a dynamic, multi-scalar and hybrid process that shares common elements and experiences with rural restructuring in Europe and elsewhere, but which is also strongly shaped by the distinctive political, economic, social and cultural context of China.