银行董事会特征、CEO报酬与银行绩效——基于对11家股份制银行的数据分析

本文通过采集2005～2008年11家已上市的全国股份制商业银行的数据,实证分析了银行董事会独立性与CEO报酬之间的关系,并在考虑银行CEO报酬内生性基础上,进一步检验了银行董事会独立性、CEO报酬和银行绩效的关系。研究结果显示:长任期的CEO、CEO兼任董事长、较大比例的内部董事和较大的董事会规模构成了中国上市银行的监管障碍。银行CEO的高薪酬是不足为奇的,因为高薪酬对应的是银行业绩的显著增长。CEO报酬是银行公司治理的强化机制,授予银行CEO合理的激励报酬可以克服银行监管障碍,提高银行治理水平。     

专门委员会重叠与CEO运气薪酬:基于国有控股上市公司的证据

薪酬委员会和审计委员会是董事会下设的两个最重要的专门委员会,其董事人员的重叠可能从信息优势或董事迎合两种不同渠道影响高管薪酬。本文以A股国有控股上市公司为样本检验了两个专门委员会的职位重叠对CEO运气薪酬的影响,结果显示:审计委员会与薪酬委员会的董事职位重叠有助于降低CEO薪酬对运气的敏感性,但在CEO权力较大的公司,两个专门委员会的职位重叠对运气薪酬的治理效果减弱;进一步研究发现,运气薪酬呈现非对称特征,而两个专门委员会的职位重叠主要削弱了CEO薪酬对好运气的敏感度。结果表明,薪酬委员会与审计委员会的职位重叠所形成的董事内部兼任网络带来了信息优势,有利于遏制高管在薪酬上的抽租,增强对非业绩薪酬的治理。     

商业银行公司治理与信用风险:基于上市银行的实证研究

本文基于中国16家上市银行2008～2011年的数据,从股权集中度、董事会规模、董事独立性和监事会规模等方面反映银行的公司治理状况,并运用面板数据模型,实证分析商业银行公司治理与信用风险之间的关系。研究结果表明:商业银行股权集中度、商业银行董事会规模与信用风险显著正相关;商业银行董事独立性、商业银行监事会规模与信用风险显著负相关。     

上市银行CEO薪酬与董事薪酬的影响因素

本文利用沪深两市14家上市银行2005～2009年面板数据，以广义最小二乘法分析了上市银行CEO薪酬、董事薪酬的影响因素。研究发现，CEO薪酬与公司治理变量及代表股东权益的EPS显著相关，这表明CEO薪酬已经与企业绩效初步关联；独立董事薪酬与银行规模、股权结构、公司治理、CEO薪酬以及ROA及其滞后变量显著相关，而关联...     

公司复杂性、最优董事会及其独立性选择

当前各国公司治理都实施统一的董事会治理监管,然而公司经营环境复杂,最优董事会是否是内生性的争论成为近年来公司治理关注的焦点。本文以CEO寻租空间、监督成本等构建最优董事会抉择模型,研究发现:治理成本的存在,使得CEO寻租空间对董事会规模和独立董事比例有积极影响,而监督成本对二者有负面影响;从边际治理成本角度,最优董事会与其独立性存在一定程度的替代性。我国1999～2008年上市公司实证研究发现:一定监管条规下,最优规模与独立性的替代假说成立,鉴于公司经营差异性,僵化的监管制度将提升治理成本,造成董事会效率低下。由此,建议监管机构从治理执行效果出发,考虑最优董事会的相机抉择行为,采用柔性化的监管条规,提高公司治理绩效。     

董事会和经理层的业绩考核与薪酬制定——美国经验

美国是当今世界第一大经济体,其公司治理在世界上也处于领先水平,本文就美国公司对董事会和经理层的业绩考核及薪酬制定做比较系统的讨论和分析,以资借鉴。一、对董事会的业绩考核全美公司董事联合会提出,董事会的业绩评估包括三个部分:董事会整体业绩、董事长业绩、董事个人的业绩。每个董事会都应该为董事会整体和每个委员会建立目标,即使董事长或委员会主席是由公司CEO担任,也应制定董事长专门的职位说明,董事会应该按照这些目标、职位说明和职责来测评     

国际商业银行的薪酬探秘(下)

国际商业银行薪酬水平的决定薪酬的决定主体员工的薪酬水平、支付标准和支付方式等薪酬制度均由商业银行董事会内设的薪酬委员会来决定。薪酬委员会是董事会下辖的若干专业委员会之一。通常情况下,其委员都由独立董事兼任,这些独立董事不在公司高级管理人员和员工的薪酬福利计划的受益人之中,因而其立场可以比较中立,可以避开“公司高层自己给自己定标准、加工资”的嫌疑。如,汇丰银行董事会的薪酬委员会共有4名成员,全部是独立董事。其主要职责是制订和实施银行的薪酬政策；与银行外部的专家保持密切联系,招聘／解聘外部薪酬顾问；定期进行市场薪酬标准(Market Benchmarking)调查；评估薪酬政策的合规性。商业银行的调薪一般都能有规则的进     

商业银行董事会治理：特征与绩效——基于美国银行业的实证研究

本文以1996—2005年间美国43家商业银行为样本,实证分析了商业银行董事会治理的特征及其对绩效的影响。研究表明:平均而言,商业银行董事会的规模略大于非金融性企业的这一指标,且外部董事的比例较高;董事会规模与银行绩效之间存在非线性的倒U型曲线关系,但外部董事的比例对银行绩效的影响不显著;董事长与总经理两职合一、董事会次级委员会的数量、外部董事拥有的董事席位数均与银行绩效显著负相关;董事会会议频率对当年度银行绩效的影响不显著,但与前一会计年度的绩效之间存在显著的负相关关系;董事持股比例与银行绩效之间存在非线性的关系,而总经理任职年限对银行绩效的影响不显著。     

董事薪酬、CEO薪酬与公司业绩--合谋还是共同激励？

本文从中国沪深两市观测到的上市公司中CEO和董事薪酬的趋同现象,综合代理理论和乘员理论等多理论基础,基于薪酬激励和公司治理绩效的关系,考察了董事与CEO之间的合谋、单边激励和共同激励等复杂关系。论文采用2005-2007年度我国上市公司样本池数据,通过混合回归、固定效应回归和敏感性分析等实证检验发现,我国董事与CEO薪酬激励已初步与公司业绩挂钩,但是研究揭示CEO激励走在董事绩效激励前面,董事激励不足问题突出。进一步的研究发现上市公司中CEO薪酬与公司业绩正向相关,董事薪酬对公司业绩没有显著影响;结论认为我国上市公司中董事与CEO关系并非简单合谋或共同激励关系,而是处于CEO选择合适角色或监控得当,董事仍持代理角色,并且其战略指导要弱于监控作用的"单边激励"状况。     

董事薪酬、CEO薪酬与公司未来业绩:监督还是合谋?

本文从薪酬视角,对董事与CEO之间的关联关系进行了研究。研究发现:"董事监督薪酬"与CEO薪酬正相关,同时对公司未来业绩有显著的正向影响,"董事超额薪酬"也与CEO薪酬正相关,但对公司未来业绩有显著的负向影响,中介效应检验显示"董事监督薪酬"和"董事超额薪酬"对公司未来业绩的影响分别有15.37%和40.54%是通过CEO薪酬安排这一途径间接实现的,表明目前董事与CEO之间兼具监督和合谋两种效应,但合谋效应要强于监督效应。此外,还发现董事薪酬和CEO薪酬的影响因素高度趋同,股权集中度的提高可以替代董事监管。总体而言,研究结果表明进一步厘清董事和CEO的职能差异,重视董事监督职能相匹配的薪酬设计是提高公司业绩的重要途径。     

Corporate governance and bank capitalization strategies

This paper examines the relationship between banks’ capitalization strategies and their corporate governance and executive compensation schemes for an international sample of banks over the 2003–2011 period. Shareholder-friendly corporate governance, in the form of a separation of the CEO and chairman of the board roles, intermediate board size, and an absence of anti-takeover provisions, is associated with lower bank capitalization, consistent with shareholder incentives to shift risk towards the financial safety net. Higher values of executive option and stock wealth invested in the bank are associated with higher capitalization as a potential reflection of executive risk aversion, but the risk-taking incentives embedded in executive compensation packages are associated with lower capitalization.     

Corporate Governance, Opaque Bank Activities, and Risk/Return Efficiency: Pre- and Post-Crisis Evidence from Turkey

Does better corporate governance unambiguously improve the risk/return efficiency of banks? Or does either a re-orientation of banks’ revenue mix towards more opaque products, an economic downturn, or tighter supervision create off-setting or reinforcing effects? The authors relate bank efficiency to shortfalls from a stochastic risk/return frontier. They analyze how internal governance mechanisms (CEO duality, board experience, political connections, and education profile) and external governance mechanisms (discipline exerted by shareholders, depositors, or skilled employees) determine efficiency in a sample of Turkish banks. The 2000 financial crisis was a wake-up call for bank efficiency and corporate governance. As a result, better corporate governance mechanisms have been able to improve risk/return efficiency when the economic, regulatory, and supervisory environments are more stable and bank products are more complex.     

Corporate Governance Reform,Board Structure,and Its Determinants in the Banking Industry—Evidence from Taiwan

This study employs the data of twenty-seven banks listed on the Taiwan Stock Exchange from 2000–11 to examine the determinants of board structure, e.g., board size and the independent directors ratio. The evidence shows that bank size, the degree of revenue diversification, and the CEO’s shareholding are positively associated with the independent directors ratio. A higher outside block shareholding is correlated with a larger board size and a higher independent directors ratio. As the creditors’ stake decreases, a larger board and greater board independence are required to maintain internal corporate governance. Finally, banks with M&A activity tend to downsize their board sizes and reduce board independence in the subsequent period.     

Risk management,corporate governance,and bank performance in the financial crisis

The recent financial crisis has raised several questions with respect to the corporate governance of financial institutions. This paper investigates whether risk management-related corporate governance mechanisms, such as for example the presence of a chief risk officer (CRO) in a bank’s executive board and whether the CRO reports to the CEO or directly to the board of directors, are associated with a better bank performance during the financial crisis of 2007/2008. We measure bank performance by buy-and-hold returns and ROE and we control for standard corporate governance variables such as CEO ownership, board size, and board independence. Most importantly, our results indicate that banks, in which the CRO directly reports to the board of directors and not to the CEO (or other corporate entities), exhibit significantly higher (i.e., less negative) stock returns and ROE during the crisis. In contrast, standard corporate governance variables are mostly insignificantly or even negatively related to the banks’ performance during the crisis.     

Inside debt and shadow banking

This study examines the effect of inside debt arising from CEO compensation deferral policies on shadow banking. We construct a parsimonious model that shows that increased bank inside debt leads to increased shadow banking. Using a CEO compensation deferral policy imposed on the Chinese banking industry in 2010, we empirically test our theoretical prediction on the effect of inside debt on shadow banking proxied by non-principal-guaranteed wealth management products. We find that banks that adopt the CEO compensation deferral policy exhibit higher levels of shadow banking than their counterparts and that this result is not contingent on bank size or the extent of government control. Moreover, the effect of inside debt on shadow banking is stronger in banks with higher loan-to-deposit and non-performing-loan ratios and in banks with CEO turnover, suggesting that the compensation deferral policy induces CEOs, especially newly appointed CEOs, to do more shadow banking to circumvent regulations regarding the balance-sheet risk and to boost performance.     

Governance,efficiency and risk taking in Chinese banking

We employ a hand-collected unique dataset on banks operating in China between 2003 and 2011 to investigate the impact of board governance features (size, composition and functioning) on bank efficiency and risk taking. Our evidence suggests that board characteristics tend to have a greater influence on banks' profit and cost efficiency than on loan quality. We find that the proportion of female directors on the board appears not only to be linked to higher profit and cost efficiency but also to lower traditional banking risk. Similarly, board independence is associated with higher profit efficiency of banks; while the opposite is found for executive directors and in the presence of dual leadership of the CEO/chairperson. Among the control variables, we found that liquidity negatively affects profit and cost efficiency, while positively affecting risk. Interestingly, we find some evidence of an incremental effect of specific board characteristics on efficiency for banks with more concentrated ownership structures and state-owned institutions; while for banks with CEO performance-related pay schemes the effect on efficiency when significant is usually negative. Our results offer useful insights to policy makers in China charged with the task of improving the governance mechanisms in banking institutions.     

Shari’ah supervision,corporate governance and performance: Conventional vs. Islamic banks

The performance and accountability of boards of directors and effectiveness of governance mechanisms continue to be a matter of concern. Focusing on differences between conventional banks and Islamic banks, we examine the effect of (i) Shari’ah supervision boards, (ii) board structure and (iii) CEO-power on performance during the period 2005–2011. We find Shari’ah supervision boards positively impact on Islamic banks’ performance when they perform a supervisory role, but the impact is negligible when they have only an advisory role. The effect of board structure (board size and board independence) and CEO power (CEO-chair duality and internally recruited CEO) on the performance of Islamic banks is overall negative. Our findings provide support for the positive contribution of Shari’ah supervision boards but also emphasize the need for enforcement and regulatory mechanism for them to be more effective.     

Corporate Governance and Mergers and Acquisitions Performance in Banks: Evidence under the Special Regulatory Environment in Taiwan

In this study, we focus on the relation between bank governance and bank merger results under Taiwan’s special regulatory environment in 2000. Adopting governance variables (executive remuneration, managerial ownership, and board diversity), we find that managerial ownership is positively related to bank merger results and that board size is negatively correlated with bank mergers’ performance. This study supports sound governance mechanisms to prevent banks from pursuing a value-loss merger and acquisition (M&A). Our results offer the insight that internal bank governance structures have a bigger impact on the value effects from bank mergers. Thus, regulators may elevate the performance of bank M&As by enhancing corporate governance codes.