土耳其里拉危机成因及对发展中国家政策启示

通过对比土耳其里拉危机前后各项经济数据及分析土耳其经济增长的现有文献,剖析里拉危机的因素.将里拉危机的因素分为根本原因和触发性因素,归纳出里拉危机的三条核心传导路径:债务刚性兑付提高银行流动性风险;过度金融开放促进资本流动;强美元周期外部环境推波助澜.据此为发展中国家提出政策建议:保持合理通胀水平;努力平衡经常账户逆差;保持合理外债水平,防止过度依赖国际资本;加强监管外债规模,及时预警外债风险;审慎实行金融自由化,防范国际资本冲击;保持合理外汇储备防范化解输入性通胀;斟酌制定财政政策和货币政策.     

国际外汇储备管理的启示

对不同经济体外汇储备管理体制特点的研究表明,中国外汇储备管理仍应首先立足于本国经济特点与国情。新兴市场经济体：外汇储备快速增长20世纪90年代以来,东亚新兴市场经济体外汇储备快速增长的现象颇引人注目。实证研究表明,这一现象在新兴市场经济体和发展中国家具有普遍性。笔者认为,金融全球化使全球金融活动和风险发生机制日益紧密联系,这加剧了货币危机与货币替代的威胁,并导致发展中国家大幅调整其外汇储备管理战略。     

发展中国家与发达国家国际储备之比较分析

国际储备增长迅速,黄金储备、特别提款权和在IMF的头寸总量基本未变,但外汇储备增长迅速。通过对发达国家与发展中国家国际储备进行对比分析后发现:发展中国家的国际储备增长迅速,发达国家的国际储备占全球储备的份额在逐年下降;黄金储备、特别提款权和在IMF的头寸主要集中在发达国家,而外汇储备主要集中在发展中国家;美元仍然在全球外汇储备中扮演着举足轻重的角色。其产生差别的主要原因在于国际货币体系、各国的汇率制度和金融发展水平。     

人民币外债管理模式探析

外债管理的核心是偿债能力管理,本币外债偿债能力管理的重点在于本国财务稳健性和本币发行权的管理人民币外债是指我国境内经济主体与境外经济主体之间以人民币签约、结算并计值度量的对外负     

汇率制度、流动性不足与货币危机

亚洲金融危机之后，金融危机再次成为理论上的热点问题。本文认为，内生于钉住汇率制度的道德风险是造成东南亚国家金融体系脆弱的主要原因，而脆弱的金融体系、大量的短期外汇负债又会在国际资本的冲击下最终导致钉住汇率制度的崩溃。虽然危机前，各国在维护钉住汇制度和保护国内金融体系这两个目标之间更趋向于后者，但是对于一个短期外债比例较大的东南亚国家来说，一旦货币危机发生会反过来对国内脆弱金融体系造成更大的冲击，并引发国内的银行危机。因此，当经常项目持续逆差主要是由短期外债的流入来融资的，为了避免双重危机（Twincrises)——货币危机和银行危机的爆发，就需要一场主动的、及时的汇率贬值来纠正。     

国际金融危机期间我国短期资本流动的影响因素分析

短期资本通常具有投资期限短、流动性高、稳定性弱等特点.在全球经济一体化和金融自由化大背景下,短期资本在全球范围内流动的规模不断扩大,并加大了对发展中国家经济冲击的潜在威胁.2008年国际金融危机和2010年欧债危机以来,我国短期资本的流入规模明显扩大,导致了基础货币投放被动增长,并由此影响了宏观经济政策效果,也对我国外汇储备和汇率稳定构成影响.     

外汇储备的积极管理:新加坡、挪威的经验与启示

一定规模的外汇储备有助于保持汇率的稳定,保证正常的进口和偿债支出,并能有效应对外部冲击导致的金融风险。但是,中国当前的外汇储备规模已经远远超过了最优规模。本文试图借鉴新加坡和挪威等国的经验,介绍外汇储备的积极管理。新加坡和挪威的经验表明,外汇储备的积极管理可以提高本国储备资产的长期购买力、提升本国的国际竞争力并消除外汇储备增加对宏观政策自主性的影响。在消极外汇储备管理的模式下,中国优化外汇储备的货币结构和资产结构存在一定的局限性。本文对建立中国的外汇储备积极管理体制提出了建议并指出值得注意的若干问题。     

中国主权债务的现状分析及风险防范对策

20世纪70年代以来,国际债务危机频繁发生,陷入危机的国家都遭受了重大损失.2007年次贷危机所引发的经济衰退仍摧残着全球经济,继冰岛破产后,一系列发达国家和发展中国家纷纷陷入债务危机,造成全球金融动荡.本文从中国外债的现状出发,对当前外债格局的原因进行分析,在借鉴历次主权债务危机经验的基础上提出中国防范主权债务风险的对策建议.     

基于ARIMA模型的我国外汇储备短期分析与预测

外汇储备是代表了一国的偿债能力和资信水平,反映了一国的对外金融实力.本文从我国外汇储备的现状出发,建立了关于我国外汇储备量的ARIMA时间序列模型并进行了短期预测,得出目前我国在短期内还将保持高额的外汇储备的结论,并提出相关政策建议     

发展中国家外汇储备的增加原因及管理现状

20世纪90年代以来，全球国际储备规模增长较快，发展中国家外汇储备的增长更为明显。本文通过对最近十多年来发展中国家外汇储备的变化、原因及管理进行分析，指出在现有国际货币体系下，发展中国家外汇储备的增加是应对世界经济动荡的无奈之举，而其外汇储备的管理存在一些短期内难以克服的问题。近年来，我国国际储备剧增，对我国而言，最大的挑战就是如何继续利用目前有利的金融形势，实行必要的宏观经济和结构性改革，以克服发展中国家外汇储备管理中类似的难题。     

Remittances and Currency Crisis: The Case of Developing and Emerging Countries

Employing the first-generation currency crisis model of Flood and Garber (1984), I explore the financial effects of migrants' remittances on the economies of developing and emerging countries in a currency crisis. The model implies that remittances can contribute to a reduction in the likelihood of a currency crisis and appreciation in foreign exchange rates via the promotion of foreign exchange reserves. Panel estimation with twelve developing and emerging countries that previously experienced financial crises confirms the implications, suggesting that migrants' remittances can play a significant role in mitigating financial constraints and thus contribute to financial stability.     

Presidential Address: Debt and Money: Financial Constraints and Sovereign Finance

Economic analyses of corporate finance, money, and sovereign debt are largely considered separately. I introduce a novel corporate finance framing of sovereign finance based on the analogy between fiat liabilities for sovereigns and equity for corporations. The analysis focuses on financial constraints at the country level, making explicit the trade‐offs involved in relying on domestic versus foreign‐currency debt to finance investments or government expenditures. This framing provides new insights into issues ranging from the costs and benefits of inflation, optimal foreign exchange reserves, and sovereign debt restructuring.     

Foreign currency debt,financial crises and economic growth: A long-run view

Foreign currency debt is widely believed to increase risks of financial crisis, especially after being implicated as a cause of the East Asian crisis in the late 1990s. In this paper, we study the effects of foreign currency debt on currency and debt crises and its indirect effects on short-term growth and long-run output effects in both 1880–1913 and 1973–2003 for 45 countries. Greater ratios of foreign currency debt to total debt are associated with increased risks of currency and debt crises, although the strength of the association depends crucially on the size of a country's reserve base and its policy credibility. We found that financial crises, driven by exposure to foreign currency, resulted in significant permanent output losses. We estimate some implications of our findings for the risks posed by currently high levels of foreign currency liabilities in eastern Europe.     

Exchange Rate Crises and Fiscal Solvency

This paper combines insights from generation one currency crisis models and the fiscal theory of the price level (FTPL) to create a dynamic FTPL model of currency crises. The initial fixed‐exchange‐rate policy entails risks due to an upper bound on government debt and stochastic surplus shocks. Agents refuse to lend into a position for which the value of debt exceeds the present value of expected future surpluses. Policy switching, usually combined with currency depreciation, restores fiscal solvency and lending. This model can explain a wide variety of crises, including those involving sovereign default. We illustrate by explaining the crisis in Argentina (2001).     

Did China Effectively Manage Its Foreign Exchange Reserves? Revisiting the Currency Composition Change

To estimate the currency composition of China’s foreign exchange reserves and assess its effectiveness of management, the constrained least square method and variance sensitive analysis are utilized, respectively. Based on portfolio accounting identities, the change of foreign exchange reserves was decomposed into the net purchase change and the non-purchase change. The newly constructed non-purchase change was used to estimate the latent currency composition. Empirical results show that by the end of 2015Q1, China held about 63.6% of its reserves in the U.S. dollar, 19.6% in the euro, 3.09% in the Japanese yen, 4.89% in the pound sterling, 2.22% in the Canadian dollar, 2.03% in the Australian dollar, and 0.09% in the Swiss franc. Although the currency composition kept relatively stable, more attention had been paid to the emerging international currencies. China decreased the U.S. dollar share during the subprime crisis, while resorted to the portfolio rebalance strategy since 2011. The euro share and the pound sterling share declined during the European sovereign debt crisis. The first derivative of the U.S. dollar was positive while those of other currencies were negative before 2014Q3, and vice versa after 2014Q4. In general, the currency composition management of China’s foreign exchange reserves was effective.     

货币错配与经济金融稳定:亚太经验比较分析

中国的汇率制度改革使得在盯住汇率制度下积聚的巨大货币错配风险逐渐暴露出来.货币错配是否会影响经济金融稳定,本文通过对亚洲金融危机、日本经济衰退以及本世纪以来亚洲新兴市场国家的累积的新风险进行梳理、比较与分析,得出净外币负债型货币错配与净外币资产型货币错配在一定的条件下都会影响经济金融稳定.     

Exchange Rate Changes and Inflation in Post‐Crisis Asian Economies: Vector Autoregression Analysis of the Exchange Rate Pass‐Through

Macro‐economic consequences of large currency depreciations among the crisis‐hit Asian economies varied from one country to another. Inflation did not soar after the Asian currency crisis of 1997–98 in most crisis‐hit countries except Indonesia where high inflation followed a very large nominal depreciation of the rupiah. The high inflation meant a loss of price competitive advantage, a key for economic recovery from a crisis. This paper examines the pass‐through effects of exchange rate changes on the domestic prices in the East Asian economies using a vector autoregression analysis. The main results are as follows: (i) the degree of exchange rate pass‐through to import prices was quite high in the crisis‐hit economies; (ii) the pass‐through to Consumer Price Index (CPI) was generally low, with a notable exception of Indonesia; and (iii) in Indonesia, both the impulse response of monetary policy variables to exchange rate shocks and that of CPI to monetary policy shocks were positive, large, and statistically significant. Thus, Indonesia's accommodative monetary policy, coupled with the high degree of CPI responsiveness to exchange rate changes was an important factor in the inflation‐depreciation spiral in the wake of the currency crisis.     

The role of foreign currency debt in financial crises: 1880–1913 versus 1972–1997

We show that exposure to foreign currency debt does not necessarily increase the risk of having a financial crisis. Some countries do not suffer from financial fragility despite original sin. Before 1913 British offshoots and Scandinavia afflicted with it avoided financial meltdowns. Today many advanced countries have original sin, but few have had crises. In both periods, aggregate balance sheet mismatches are associated with a greater likelihood of a crisis. The evidence suggests that foreign currency debt is dangerous when mis-managed. This is part of the difference between developed countries and emerging markets both of which borrow in foreign currency.     

我国外汇储备的溢出效应研究——基于引力模型的分析

本文采用2000-2015年199个国家和地区的外汇储备面板数据,基于引力模型理论,考察了我国高额外汇储备的溢出效应及对全球资产配置的影响。研究发现:我国外汇储备具有随地理距离递减的空间外溢效应,双边汇率制度关联会增加外汇储备持有比例的相似程度,而且这种溢出效应更多地表现在与中国金融发展水平类似、资本账户开放程度相近的国家之间。上述结论凸显了国家间加强外汇储备合作调整的战略意义。探究我国外汇储备的溢出效应,有利于发展中经济体更好地理解外汇储备的变动逻辑,对于完善外汇储备管理体制,参与国际宏观经济政策协调机制均具有一定的积极意义。     

The size of banking crises in credible fixed exchange rate regimes

Since monetary policy is constrained in fixed exchange rate regimes, we should observe fewer banking crises due to moral hazard in countries with credible currency pegs. However, three countries with seemingly credible pegs in the nineteen-eighties and -nineties, namely China, Hong Kong and Argentina, still suffered crises in their domestic banking sectors. The present note illustrates that bank incentives to take on excess risk still exist in countries with currency peg credibility and that the size of that risk exposure (and thus the potential for crisis) may be positively related to the level of central bank foreign exchange reserves.