基于升值预期的我国货币错配状况及其经济效应

现有的关于货币错配的研究一般只关注贬值预期下存在净外币负债的情况。本文分析了汇率预期与货币错配的关系,指出贬值预期与净外币负债的货币错配相互促进,而升值预期则与净外币资产的货币错配相互促进。然后,对我国当前升值预期下货币错配的规模和程度进行了估计,表明我国存在较高的货币错配规模和程度。最后,分析了我国升值预期下货币错配对宏观经济的影响。     

汇率制度改革必须高度关注货币错配风险

货币错配风险是着力从稳定性的角度来考察汇率波动对经济运行带来的冲击.随着世界经济一体化程度的加深,本币不是"关键货币"的国家都面临着货币错配的风险.中国目前也存在着较大程度的货币错配问题.但汇率和资本流动制度的改变是大势所趋,严重货币错配的存在将使金融的稳定运行如履薄冰.因此,在确定汇率制度与外汇管理制度改革方略的时候,应当将与之相关的各种问题进行统筹安排.     

货币错配与经济金融稳定——一个基于本币升值预期的两期微观经济主体行为模型

国内外的研究普遍显示,货币错配是造成金融和经济危机的主要原因之一。但是,目前研究者所构建的模型主要集中于对净外币负债形态的货币错配风险的研究,无法对我国当前所面临的净外币资产形态的货币错配风险的引致渠道作出解释。基于此,本文构建了两期微观经济主体(银行、企业)行为模型。模型表明本币的大幅升值会恶化微观经济主体的资产负债表,在一定情况下会导致一国的金融或经济危机。在此基础上,本文提出了相应的防范净外币资产形态下货币错配风险的政策建议。     

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郭新明：商业银行货币错配问题的分析与思考 中国人民银行西安分行行长郭新明撰文指出,当前,我国商业银行货币错配主要表现为：银行外汇敞口净头寸呈上升趋势;银行汇兑损失有所好转;银行外币现金流对汇率的敏感性较高。为防范货币错配风险．需将商业银行货币错配纳入宏观审慎监管范畴.     

货币错配与净值损失:来自银行部门的经验证据

本文构建了货币错配与净值的关系模型,用银行部门数据进行验证,并判断出现银行危机的可能性,以银行的净外币资产作为银行货币错配的替代变量,用汇总损益与外币折算差额来代替货币错配的损失。结果表明,尽管由于折算汇率等会计处理方式的不同,但货币错配与净值损益间关系仍然显著。中国银行业整体上有着非常严重的货币错配,给银行带来了很大的损失和风险。部分银行还存在发生较大危机的可能性。由于巨额的货币错配,银行业对汇率非常敏感,但账面损失在减少。     

中国公司部门货币错配与汇率敏感性实证研究

引言在经过长时期的汇率稳定后,2005年7月21日进行了汇率制度改革,人民币汇率理论上呈双向波动状态,货币错配风险开始显性化。如果说在汇率没有放开之前,这种货币错配风险不太为人注意,但汇率制度改革之后,这种未经测度、未经控制管理的货币错配风险可能会带来非     

我国外汇储备剧增的理性思考

在亚洲金融危机之后,我国的外汇储备数量一直居高不下,尤其是近两年外汇储备以每年2000多亿美元的速度增长.至2006年10月底已经突破1万亿美元大关.本文从我国外贸和外资政策、全球经济失衡、人民币存在升值预期等角度分析了我国存在高额外汇储备的必然性.尽管持有大量的外汇储备存在汇率风险以及会对本国的货币政策产生影响,但从我国的现实情况,即维持汇率稳定、化解货币错配风险以及稳定经济金融环境的角度分析,我国持有大量外汇储备具有一定的必要性.     

债权型货币错配理论及对中国的研究:1999-2008年

中国存在着表现为巨额正外币资产头寸的货币错配,随着金融改革的不断深入,这种货币错配的风险也必将逐步从微观层面向宏观层面扩散,对中国债权型货币错配问题的研究具有重要的现实意义.本文首先总结了债权型货币错配的理论假说,其次通过AECM公式对中国的1999-2008年的债权型货币错配水平进行度量,分析其产生的原因,提出弱化中国货币错配水平的政策建议.     

货币错配风险的特征与组合评估

提出一种基于VaR模型失败率的VaR风险综合值的权数构造方法,并利用它测度货币错配VaR风险上下限值和分析风险变动特征。同时AR(m)—ARCH类模型VaR组合风险测度表明:组合模型的VaR值比单一模型更合理和可靠;具有债权型特征的我国货币错配风险主要来自于外币资产增长快于外币负债的增长;货币错配风险区间的波动宽度与外币资产与外币负债增长之比值呈正相关关系;在本币升值和贬值之间权衡得失时,本币升值比贬值更有利于债权型货币错配风险的弱化。     

浅谈货币错配与货币政策

经济发展的内在逻辑是全球货币最终趋于统一,但在主权货币没有消亡、各国经济日益融合的现实条件下,货币错配是一种普遍现象。本文将总体货币错配分为两种类型即债权型货币错配和债务型货币错配,并分析了它们对一国经济与金融稳定的不同影响。对新兴市场国家以及日本的实证分析表明,严重的货币错配影响货币政策的有效性。居高不下的外汇储备意味着我国的货币错配形势已相当严峻,由此形成的货币政策困境要求货币政策重心转移,即以内部目标取代外部目标。     

论国际货币清算规则下的本币金融开放

与目前社会上普遍存在的认知不同,本文认为我国的金融对外开放早已启动,只不过是以外币开放的形式进行。根据货币的国际清算规则,这种以外币主导的金融开放,其结果只是使国内涉外领域中的货币错配现象日趋严重．迄今为止,也还没有任何一个发展中国家能够在外币主导的金融对外开放中获得成功。而以人民币开展跨境贸易结算所带来的本币金融对外开放则有实质性的不同,依据目前跨境贸易人民币结算的两种清算模式．人民币的对外开放,不仅降低了开放难度和货币错配风险,且对外风险可控,有利于金融市场自然形成对外开放和金融服务水平的提高。     

中国金融部门货币错配测算研究

本文从两个方面修正了货币错配测算模型。一方面,引入了表外的外币资产和负债及金融部门的外币衍生工具;另一方面,运用GDP剔除经济规模的影响。在此基础上,本文利用修正的ACMAQ模型,以中国金融部门24家上市企业的数据为基础,估算了中国金融部门的货币错配情况。本文发现,2001～2004年间,中国金融部门存在轻微的债权型货币错配,但2005年以后中国金融部门债权型货币错配现象十分严重。     

Foreign currency debt,financial crises and economic growth: A long-run view

Foreign currency debt is widely believed to increase risks of financial crisis, especially after being implicated as a cause of the East Asian crisis in the late 1990s. In this paper, we study the effects of foreign currency debt on currency and debt crises and its indirect effects on short-term growth and long-run output effects in both 1880–1913 and 1973–2003 for 45 countries. Greater ratios of foreign currency debt to total debt are associated with increased risks of currency and debt crises, although the strength of the association depends crucially on the size of a country's reserve base and its policy credibility. We found that financial crises, driven by exposure to foreign currency, resulted in significant permanent output losses. We estimate some implications of our findings for the risks posed by currently high levels of foreign currency liabilities in eastern Europe.     

Capital Structure and Financial Risk: Evidence from Foreign Debt Use in East Asia

Using a data set of East Asian nonfinancial companies, we examine a firm's choice between local, foreign, and synthetic local currency (hedged foreign currency) debt. We find evidence of unique as well as common factors that determine each debt type's use, indicating the importance of examining debt at a disaggregated level. We exploit the Asian financial crisis as a natural experiment to investigate the role of debt type in firm performance. Surprisingly, we find that the use of synthetic local currency debt is associated with the biggest drop in market value, possibly due to currency derivative market illiquidity during the crisis.     

发展中国家的货币错配与汇率制度选择困境

货币错配是诱发发展中国家货币金融危机的一个重要因素,也加大了危机的解决成本。货币错配问题的形成是内外因素双重作用的结果,长期实行的“软”钉住汇率制度是其中的一个重要原因。发展中国家普遍遇到了货币错配与汇率制度选择的两难困境,僵硬的汇率制度为货币错配风险的累积提供了正向激励,加深了货币错配,货币错配程度的加深强化了汇率制度的“浮动恐惧”,必须采取有效措施走出这个困境。     

亚洲汇率波动及政策挑战

自东亚危机以来,亚洲各国采取了一系列的措施降低货币危机的风险,包括执行保守的汇率政策,实现经常账户盈余,积累外汇储备,减少外部债务,谨慎开放资本市场和展开地区金融合作,这些改革使亚洲在全球金融危机期间的表现远胜于其他新兴市场经济。但亚洲货币依然受到了严重冲击,而且出现了非常大的差异性。这既是亚洲的开放经济所决定的,同时也在三个方面对下一步的亚洲汇率政策提出了挑战:第一,汇率体系究竟应该浮动还是管制?第二,到底多少外汇储备才是最佳规模?第三,地区金融合作能否增强亚洲汇率的稳定性?     

Exchange rate exposure and the use of foreign currency derivatives in the Australian resources sector

In this paper, we provide a re-examination of the exchange rate exposure and foreign currency derivative use by Australian resources firms in the 2006–2009 period which is characterized by increased volatility caused by the global financial crisis. In particular, we consider the interaction of a resources firm's exchange rate risk exposures, foreign currency derivative use and the global financial crisis simultaneously. Conforming to expectations, our results indicate that more companies are significantly exposed to exchange rate risk since the onset of the financial crisis. However, there is a lack of evidence that the use of foreign currency derivative is more effective in alleviating exchange rate exposures during the crisis as opposed to the pre-crisis period.     

The role of foreign currency debt in financial crises: 1880–1913 versus 1972–1997

We show that exposure to foreign currency debt does not necessarily increase the risk of having a financial crisis. Some countries do not suffer from financial fragility despite original sin. Before 1913 British offshoots and Scandinavia afflicted with it avoided financial meltdowns. Today many advanced countries have original sin, but few have had crises. In both periods, aggregate balance sheet mismatches are associated with a greater likelihood of a crisis. The evidence suggests that foreign currency debt is dangerous when mis-managed. This is part of the difference between developed countries and emerging markets both of which borrow in foreign currency.     

The pricing of foreign exchange risk around the Asian financial crisis: evidence from Taiwan's stock market

The volatile exchange rate movement during the Asian financial crisis has led global investors to re-evaluate the importance of currency exposures in Asian stock markets. In this paper, we examine industry-level currency risk of Taiwan's stock market around the Asian financial crisis. The results show that most export-oriented industries, except for the electronics industry, are positively affected by the depreciation of the New Taiwan Dollars (NTD) against the US Dollars (USD). We also find that the magnitude of currency risk is less for banking and electronics industries in the Taiwan Stock Exchange (TSE) than for those in the over-the-counter (OTC) security exchange. Our results are consistent with the findings of Chow et al. (J. Financial Res. 2 (1997b) 191) and have important implications for international investors with exposures in Taiwan's stock market.