通胀及货币政策的不确定性对货币政策调控的影响——基于TVP-GARCH-M模型的实证分析

利用TVP-GARCH模型从通货膨胀率中分离出结构型、冲击型和稳态型通胀不确定性,然后以7天短期利率为货币政策中介工具,在通胀及货币政策不确定性的费雪效应框架下分析中央银行对名义利率的调整机制。研究发现,中央银行通过利率机制调控经济增长的效果并不明显,但对通胀及通胀预期的调控效果显著,通胀及货币政策的不确定性是引起短期利率波动的重要因素;货币政策不确定性与短期名义利率负相关,为了不致短期名义利率被扭曲,中央银行应减少货币政策的不确定性。     

人民币汇率对CPI传递效应分析——基于均值与波动溢出层面的视角

本文基于二元VAR-GARCH(1,1)-BEKK模型从均值与波动层面实证分析了汇率变动与CPI变动的关联性。研究表明,从均值层面看,汇率变动是CPI变动的Granger原因,CPI变动不是汇率变动的Granger原因;从波动层面看,汇率波动性对CPI波动性存在显著ARCH效应,说明汇率波动水平会显著影响CPI的波动大小,但是CPI波动水平对汇率变动的ARCH效应不显著。汇率变动与CPI变动之间存在显著的"时变性",通胀环境以及我国进口产品结构的变化是"时变性"的主要原因。     

垄断与通货膨胀:理论与证据

本文从微观层面构建多维状态非线性系统理论模型,应用非线性模型预测控制方法研究了垄断与通货膨胀之间的关系。理论分析表明,垄断与通胀存在明显的正向关系。本文进一步应用变系数半参数估计方法为上述理论预期提供了经验支持,并发现我国在生产效率较低的行业中,垄断会导致显著的通胀效应,但这种效应在生产效率较高的行业中则明显减弱。上述结论对我国当前“下限保增长、上限防通胀”的宏观调控目标具有重要的启示意义。     

中国通货膨胀的波动性与杠杆效应研究——基于条件异方差模型的实证分析

利用条件异方差模型对我国居民消费价格指数建模,并基于此展开对中国通货膨胀的一般特征进行分析、研究。实证结果表明,我国的通货膨胀具有强惯性、波动集群性、杠杆效应等特征。依据我国通货膨胀的动态特征和机制来制定相应的货币政策将有助于缩短货币政策的时滞和合理疏导微观主体的通胀预期,也有利于正确地引导和稳定市场经济,并最终能提高货币政策的有效性。所以,我国通货膨胀治理过程中必须充分考虑我国通货膨胀特征的影响,及时采取措施消除那些与市场制度逻辑不一致的政策传导因素以及对政策信号不能作出理性反应的市场因素。     

中国通货膨胀预期及其影响因素分析——基于混频无套利Nelson-Siegel利率期限结构扩展模型

综合国债市场的利率期限结构信息以及不同频率的宏观信息,本文构建混频无套利Nelson-Siegel利率期限结构扩展模型,在对不同期限债券进行一致性定价理论约束下,提取了中国通货膨胀预期的期限结构并对其进行影响因素分析。研究结果表明,本文模型提取的通胀预期期限丰富、结果稳健,具有较好的参考价值。通胀预期水平和变动响应主要受货币增长率、通胀率及全球食品价格变动等国内外相关宏观变量的影响,与国债收益率因子之间的关系不显著;国债收益率因子对中长期通胀预期的方差波动具有较强解释力,表明国债定价反映了未来通胀的不确定性。本文研究有助于充分利用我国宏观与金融市场信息条件,有效发现和锚定通胀预期,一方面,研究结果可为政策制定者和市场投资者提供科学的决策参考,另一方面,研究方法对丰富宏观金融领域的分析框架具有参考价值。     

中国通货膨胀预期及其影响因素分析——基于混频无套利Nelson-Siegel利率期限结构扩展模型

综合国债市场的利率期限结构信息以及不同频率的宏观信息,本文构建混频无套利Nelson-Siegel利率期限结构扩展模型,在对不同期限债券进行一致性定价理论约束下,提取了中国通货膨胀预期的期限结构并对其进行影响因素分析。研究结果表明,本文模型提取的通胀预期期限丰富、结果稳健,具有较好的参考价值。通胀预期水平和变动响应主要受货币增长率、通胀率及全球食品价格变动等国内外相关宏观变量的影响,与国债收益率因子之间的关系不显著;国债收益率因子对中长期通胀预期的方差波动具有较强解释力,表明国债定价反映了未来通胀的不确定性。本文研究有助于充分利用我国宏观与金融市场信息条件,有效发现和锚定通胀预期,一方面,研究结果可为政策制定者和市场投资者提供科学的决策参考,另一方面,研究方法对丰富宏观金融领域的分析框架具有参考价值。     

汇率波动、货币政策与中国通货膨胀非线性路径衍化——基于MS-TVTP的视角

本文利用2001年1月-2012年8月的月度数据采用时变转换概率的马尔科夫转换方法(MS-TVTP)讨论了高通货膨胀与低通货膨胀路径衍化规律及其影响因素。研究发现:(1)低通胀水平自我衍化路径主要与货币供应量负相关、与汇率波动正相关、与进出口价格水平变化无关,高通胀水平衍化路径主要与货币供应量、汇率波动以及进出口价格水平变化正相关;(2)货币供应量和汇率波动对于维持较高通货膨胀水平具有最重要的作用,汇率变动仅次于货币供应量变动对影响通货膨胀自我衍化的最重要因素;(3)相对于低通货膨胀水平而言,我国经济更容易出现高通胀水平且其自我衍化能力较强。     

人民币实际汇率错位、汇率波动对中美出口贸易影响的实证分析

本文采用1994-2008年的季度数据,利用GARCH模型测算出人民币汇率波动率,并利用VAR模型建立人民币汇率的行为均衡模型,从而测算出实际汇率错位水平,进而研究人民币实际汇率错位以及汇率波动对中美出口贸易的影响.研究表明:人民币汇率波动对中美出口贸易产生了正向影响,主要是因为汇率波动所带来的不确定性对出口厂商预期利润的正向效应超过了来源于与汇率波动相关的不确定性所带来的负面效应;而实际汇率错位水平对中美出口贸易则产生了显著的负向影响.     

房地产价格波动、货币政策调控与宏观经济稳定——基于均值和波动层面溢出效应的实证研究

本文在一个完整框架内详细考察了房地产价格波动、货币政策调控与我国宏观经济稳定之间的溢出关系与关联特征,从均值水平和波动层面上实证研究了实际产出、通货膨胀、货币政策和房地产价格之间的作用关系。结果显示,房地产价格能够显著影响经济运行并能够在均值和波动层面显著影响货币政策,而货币政策对调控房地产价格作用有限,仅在波动层面具有显著影响。事实上,近年来的政策实践表明,仅靠货币政策难以有效调控房地产市场价格,必须借助多种相关政策措施的配合与协调。     

房地产价格与通货膨胀、产出的非线性关系——基于门限模型的实证研究

本文研究发现:融资约束效应、实业资本空心化效应、负收入效应和储蓄效应等机制是导致房价与通胀、产出之间非线性动态关系的重要原因。运用门限模型对中国现实进行实证研究,结果发现:(1)房价对未来产出与通胀的影响具有门限效应,当房价处于低增长阶段时,房价增长率对于通胀与产出产生比较显著的正向影响;当房价处于高增长阶段时,房价的这种影响效果不显著。(2)相对于线性模型,门限模型设定能够有效改善房价对通胀和产出的预测效果。因此,如果政策当局希望充分利用房价中所包含的关于未来通胀与产出的领先信息,进而实现"稳定通胀预期和保持经济平稳增长"之目标,则需将房价水平维持在低增长机制中。     

An Empirical Evaluation of the Friedman Hypothesis of Inflation on Capital Asset Pricing

An empirical model incorporating the Friedman inflation uncertainty hypothesis is evaluated on capital asset pricing in conjunction with the covariance effect of the Fisher inflation hypothesis. The Fisher-Friedman capital asset pricing empirical model (FFCAPM) is compared to the capital asset pricing model (CAPM) and the Chen-Boness (C-B) model for explanatory power and significance over three periods. The FFCAPM performed better than the two competing models in explaining the variation in equity returns. The Friedman hypotheses of a positive economy-wide inflation adjustment and a negative inflation uncertainty impact are supported. A firm-specific inflation response of Fisher inflation covariance was also supported. These results indicate that empirical support for the Fisher effect may be limited given the normal testing procedure of simply adding an inflation term as in previous studies.     

Macroeconomic uncertainty and performance in the European Union

We use a very general bivariate GARCH-M model and monthly data on EU countries covering the 1962–2003 period to test for the impact of real (output growth) and nominal (inflation) macroeconomic uncertainty on inflation and output growth. Our evidence supports a number of important conclusions. First, in the majority of countries uncertainty regarding the output growth rate is related to the average growth rate and the effect in several countries is negative. Second, in half of the cases there is no significant relationship between inflation uncertainty and output growth performance. Third, inflation and output uncertainty have a mixed effect on inflation. Nevertheless, considerable evidence for the Cukierman–Meltzer hypothesis is obtained. Our conclusions are based on adopting both a structural and a reduced-form bivariate GARCH model. Finally, we also find statistically significant evidence of regime switching for both inflation and output growth volatility throughout the sample.     

Measuring Inflation Expectations Uncertainty Using High‐Frequency Data

Inflation expectations play a key role in determining future economic outcomes. The associated uncertainty provides a direct gauge of how well‐anchored the inflation expectations are. We construct a model‐based measure of inflation expectations uncertainty by augmenting a standard unobserved components model of inflation with information from noisy and possibly biased measures of inflation expectations obtained from financial markets. This new model‐based measure of inflation expectations uncertainty is more accurately estimated and can provide valuable information for policymakers. Using U.S. data, we find significant changes in inflation expectations uncertainty during the Great Recession.     

Nominal uncertainty,real uncertainty and macroeconomic performance in a time-varying asymmetric framework: Implications for monetary policy

This study examines the dynamic causal links and volatility spillovers of inflation, output growth and their uncertainties in four South Asian countries, namely, Pakistan, India, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka by utilizing asymmetric GARCH family models. Our empirical evidence supports a number of important conclusions. There is an overwhelming support for Friedman-Ball hypothesis of positive inflation-uncertainty trade-off for all countries excluding India and Sri Lanka. The Cukierman-Meltzer’s idea that inflation uncertainty generates inflation, hold for Bangladesh and Sri Lanka only and the Holland’s hypothesis of negative influence of inflation uncertainty on level inflation is supported by India only. The positive influence of output uncertainty on inflation (Devereux (1989) hypothesis) is supported by all countries excluding Bangladesh while nominal uncertainty (real uncertainty) has negative (positive) effect on output growth in Pakistan (Bangladesh). Output growth is reducing real uncertainty in all countries excluding Sri Lanka and nominal uncertainty in Pakistan only. There is significant negative relationship between inflation and output growth for Pakistan only while real uncertainty is positively (negatively) related with nominal uncertainty in India (Bangladesh). The estimated results are almost robust with the simultaneous estimation procedure for testing the main hypotheses. In general, there is asymmetric effect and persistence of the GARCH parameters for all countries. The study suggests that the concerned central banks should pay more attention to the effects of macroeconomic uncertainty and should focus their monetary policy strategy on stabilizing both output growth and inflation.     

The determinants of the return on index bonds

The investor holding an index-linked bond is guaranteed a given real income irrespective of the prevailing inflation rate. The holding-period return (HPR) on such a bond should, therefore adjust to realized inflation; this is the firsthypothesis tested. The value of the bond may also change due to anticipated changes in the real interest rate which should themselves be related to uncertainty about future inflation; hence HPRs on linked bonds may vary with inflation uncertainty (second hypothesis). Furthermore, for bonds with long periods of time to maturity the effect of uncertainty about future inflation rates may be rather small so that as we approach maturity, the effect of inflation uncertainty should increase (third hypothesis). These three hypotheses are tested on a sample of eight Israeli index-linked bonds with maturities three months apart. The first hypothesis is supported by the data but the last two are not.     

Inflation and the stock market: Understanding the “Fed Model”

The so-called Fed model postulates that the dividend or earnings yield on stocks should equal the yield on nominal Treasury bonds, or at least that the two should be highly correlated. In US data there is indeed a strikingly high time series correlation between the yield on nominal bonds and the dividend yield on equities. This positive correlation is often attributed to the fact that both bond and equity yields comove strongly and positively with expected inflation. Contrary to some of the extant literature, we show that this effect is consistent with modern asset pricing theory incorporating uncertainty about real growth prospects and habit-based risk aversion. In the US, high expected inflation has tended to coincide with periods of heightened uncertainty about real economic growth and unusually high risk aversion, both of which rationally raise equity yields.     

Inflation ambiguity and the term structure of U.S. Government bonds

Variations in trend inflation are the main driver for variations in the nominal yield curve. According to empirical data, investors observe a set of empirical models that could all have generated the time-series for trend inflation. This set has been large and volatile during the 1970s and early 1980s and small during the 1990s. I show that log utility together with Knightian uncertainty about trend inflation can explain the term premium in U.S. Treasury bonds. The equilibrium has two inflation premiums, an inflation risk premium and a Knightian inflation ambiguity premium.     

Inflation Uncertainty, Real-Interest-Rate Uncertainty, and the Liquidity Premium on Government Bonds

This paper shows that the components of uncertainty about nominal interest rates, real-rate uncertainty and inflation uncertainty, have different effects on the liquidity premium. An increase in inflation uncertainty should increase the equilibrium liquidity premium because investors reduce the effect of inflation uncertainty on the riskiness of their portfolios by holding more short-term bonds. In contrast, an investor can reduce the effects of uncertainty about future ex-ante real rates on portfolio return by matching more closely the maturity dates of the bonds held with the date on which the portfolio is to be liquidated for consumption purposes. Thus, the effect of an increase in real-rate uncertainty on the equilibrium liquidity premium is ambiguous, depending on the relative magnitudes of long-term and short-term saving and the proportions of short-term and long-term bonds issued by the government.     

Measuring Inflation Anchoring and Uncertainty: A U.S. and Euro Area Comparison

We use several U.S. and euro‐area surveys of professional forecasters to estimate a dynamic factor model of inflation featuring time‐varying uncertainty. We obtain survey‐consistent distributions of future inflation at any horizon, both in the U.S. and the euro area. Equipped with this model, we propose a novel measure of the anchoring of inflation expectations that accounts for inflation uncertainty. Our results suggest that following the Great Recession, inflation anchoring improved in the United States, while mild de‐anchoring occurred in the euro area. As of our sample end, both areas appear to be almost equally anchored.     

Inflation–growth nexus: some bivariate EGARCH evidence for Bangladesh

This study examines the inflation–growth nexus for Bangladesh over the period 1976–2009 in a bivariate exponential generalized autoregressive conditional heteroscedasticity in mean (EGARCH-M) model. This work finds that both growth and inflation adversely affect each other in a lagged fashion in Bangladesh. Inflation uncertainty appears to be conducive to growth for the country, contradicting the Friedman hypothesis. Growth uncertainty, which is also thought to be inimical to growth, affects the average growth rate positively. Thus, the Central Bank should shift its target from controlling inflation uncertainty to reducing a rise in inflation to ensure faster growth in Bangladesh.