新形势下跨境资本流动管理研究

资本跨境流动具有两面性,既可推动国际资金在全球范围内灵活配置和全球经济增长,跨境资本又具有逐利性、顺周期和易超调等三大特点,短期内跨境资本大规模无序跨境流动又对经济金融带来较大冲击.面对2020年以来新冠疫情持续影响,以美国为引领与示范下的各国均采取了较为宽松的财政和货币政策,以增强流动性和恢复市场信心.目前我国监管重点主要是与实体经济和金融市场背离的投机性交易,短期投机资本的趋利性、境内外利差和资产价格诱惑力较大,中国将会吸引更多的跨境资本流出入.对此,我国应运用宏观调控、监管干预和市场行业自律等科学方法,来管理和控制跨境资本无序流动和风险聚集可能带来的金融风险.     

全球金融危机期间国际资本流动研究

在金融危机期间,国际资本流动出现萎缩现象。本文主要分析国际资本流动萎缩的现象和背后的原因。国际资本流动在国家地区之间变化不尽相同,新兴市场国家经历的国际资本流动变化时间比较短。本文分析认为,各国特殊的经济性质,各国的宏观经济条件、国内经济对国际资本的依赖度、国际银行的风险控制等对各国国际资本流动有显著影响。     

我国国际短期资本流动：流动途径和影响因素的实证分析

近年来,随着我国经济的强劲增长,外贸的持续盈余和外汇储备的快速增加,人民币升值预期不断增强,国际短期资本通过各种渠道大量流入我国,并通过多种途径投机人民币和人民币资产,以期获得高额投机收益。本文试从国际收支平衡表（BOP）入手分析我国短期资本流动的现状,以及流动的途径与方式。在运用不同方法估算短期资本流动规模的同时,采用时间序列分析方法对影响短期资本流动的几个因素进行实证分析,得出利差是影响短期资本流动的主要原因。     

关注影响宏观经济稳定的外部因素

随着对外开放程度的提高，我国外贸依存度不断上升，2004年高达70％。同时，随着我国资本管制的逐步放松，外资流入速度进一步加快，资本流动规模和方式远远超出我们的预期。投机资本的流动、国际商品价格变化以及美元贬值等都不可避免地对我国经济的平衡与稳定产生影响，应引起足够重视。     

国际投机资本冲击风险引致中国金融风险的测度

国际资本的流动增大了一国宏观经济的不稳定性,与国际收支危机的发生有密切的关系。金融全球化为国际游资提供了投机基础和投机空间。国际金融投机已经成为实质经济的不稳定和破坏性因素。本文分析了国际投机资本冲击对国际收支危机的影响,并结合我国的现状和发展趋势探讨了防范国际收支危机的相关措施。要加强对国际投机资本的监管,在实践中可考虑利用税收手段、汇率安排、外汇外债管理等政策和措施。一国资本账户可兑换的开放应与本国实际和宏观控制能力相适应。要加强对金融衍生市场的监管,加强对投机资本监管的国际合作与协调。     

金融危机背景下的中国国际资本流动研究

相对于全球经济而言,中国经济相对平稳,是国际资本流入的首选国,但是受金融危机的纵深影响,中国出现了资本流入减少、回流增加的逆转现象.国际市场利率、人民币汇率、经济增长和国内资本市场变动都成为资本流动不确定的影响因素.实证检验证明,国内外利差和汇率的预期变动是国际资本追求短期投机收益的影响因素.这种不确定的国际资本流动对中国存在不利的影响,鉴于此,需要采取积极的应对策略.     

托宾税的实践及启示

托宾税作为一种单一性和全球性的税种,主要是针对短期资本流动而设置的,目的是提高国际资本流入成本,抑制短期资本投机行为,控制流动风险。今年年初,人民银行易纲副行长提出,＂深入研究托宾税、无息存款准备金、外汇交易手续费等价格调节手段,抑制短期投机套利资金流出入＂。     

国际短期流动资本的风险分析及法律对策

20世纪90年代以来,国际资本流动飞速增长,对全球经济的稳定和发展发挥着重要的影响。我国逐渐融入世界经济体系,国际资本流动给我国金融经济带来了重大的影响。如何有效地利用国际资本流动带来的利益,尽可能地防范由国际资本流动引致的风险,推动我国经济持续健康发展,是一个需要研究和解决的重要问题。     

如何对付国际投机资本冲击

不断膨胀的国际投机资本 在历次的金融危机中,我们都看到了国际投机资本的影子.今天,国际投机资本并没有因为人们的诅咒而消失,依然是国际金融中最为活跃的部分.因为,一方面,我们需要这些风险偏好者,另一方面我们很难在事前判断它.     

我国股票市场投资风险分析——基于人民币汇率体制改革的研究

人民币升值在一定程度上能推动我国股市上扬,但其影响具有短期效应,滞后期大约一年。随着人民币升值幅度逐步接近国际资本的预期,我国证券市场的风险收益率将会低于国际投机资本的最小期望收益率,投机资金撤离,我国股市波动加大,投资风险增加。     

The role of credit ratings on capital structure and its speed of adjustment: an international study

Using an international dataset, we examine the role of issuers’ credit ratings in explaining corporate leverage and the speed with which firms adjust toward their optimal level of leverage. We find that, in countries with a more market-oriented financial system, the impact of credit ratings on firms’ capital structure is more significant and that firms with a poorer credit rating adjust more rapidly. Furthermore, our results show some striking differences in the speed of adjusting capital structure between firms rated as speculative and investment grade, with the former adjusting much more rapidly. As hypothesized, those differences are statistically significant only for firms based in a more market-oriented economy.     

资本高度流动时代的发展中国家最优国际储备──兼评中国外汇储备政策

20世纪90年代以来,发展中国家国际储备管理实践使主流最优国际储备研究思路面临根本性冲击。本文提出,在资本高度流动时代,发展中国家国际储备管理的核心目标是:通过保持“适度”国际储备来稳定国际投机资本,并以此促进汇率稳定。从这一分析思路出发,笔者对中国外汇储备管理有如下看法:有迹象表明,中国目前外汇储备水平已对汇率稳定构成了干扰;从动态发展的视角看,中国实体经济需求不足矛盾和脆弱银行体系面临的严峻竞争,都将扩充中国对外汇储备继续增长的包容性。     

Returns and volatilities of energy futures markets: Roles of speculative and hedging sentiments

This study examines how speculative and hedging sentiments influence the returns and volatilities of energy futures markets. We construct speculative and hedging sentiment indices based on the weekly data of fund and commercial positions of four energy futures: crude oil, heating oil, gasoline, and natural gas, traded on the New York Mercantile Exchange (NYMEX) from 15 January 2013 to 5 February 2019. Our study demonstrates that speculative sentiment generates greater market fluctuations in the energy futures markets than hedging sentiment; and, further, speculative sentiment stimulates a reversal effect on the returns of crude oil futures. Moreover, speculative sentiment exerts positive systemic risk compensation on the four futures' returns, whereas hedging sentiment alleviates volatilities in the energy futures markets. Most notably, distinguishing it from the leverage effect in stock markets, the speculative sentiment in the energy futures markets is influenced more by good than by bad news; while hedging sentiment exhibits emotional neutrality, as opposed to its impact on stock markets as reported in the literature. Additionally, the positive hedging sentiment in crude oil futures demonstrates significant systemic risk compensation, whereas the three other futures do not have an influence, confirming the prevalence of speculation in hedging transactions in crude oil futures. Our further analysis shows cross-market volatility spillover effects, among which speculative sentiment inherent in crude oil futures causes volatility spillovers to the three other futures, while hedging sentiment has no such effect. Our study has implications for overseeing international energy futures markets, providing regulators with evidence that will facilitate the development of effective strategies to strengthen market supervision.     

Hot Money and Business Cycle Volatility: Evidence from Selected ASEAN Countries

This study investigates the linkage between speculative capital and business cycles in Malaysia, Thailand, and Singapore from 1981:Q1 to 2012:Q4. We use the multivariate Markov-switching intercept autoregressive heteroskedasticity vector autoregressive (MSIAH-VAR) model and observe that while speculative shocks during the tranquil period temporarily promoted Malaysia’s economic growth, they temporarily damaged economic growth in Thailand and Singapore. Moreover, speculative capital flows from abroad exacerbated economic volatility and damaged economic growth prospects for all these countries during the crisis period. Thus, it may be important for policymakers to take appropriate actions against the potential risk of economic instability and market volatility from speculative capital.     

Shareholder governance, bondholder governance, and managerial risk-taking

We examine the relation between the overall corporate governance structure and managerial risk-taking behavior. We find that the overall governance structure has a significant impact on how managers make decisions on investment policy: strong bondholder governance motivates more low-risk investments such as capital expenditure and lower high-risk investments such as R&D expenditures, whereas weak shareholder governance (entrenched managers) leads to more R&D expenditures. Moreover, we find that the effects of governance on investment policy differ significantly between speculative and investment-grade firms. For speculative firms, strong bondholder or shareholder governance leads to more capital expenditures and low R&D investments. For investment-grade firms, strong bondholder or shareholder governance leads to low capital expenditures and an insignificant impact on R&D investments. Furthermore, financing and investment covenants exhibit strong binding power to deter risky investments. Finally, a more dependent (or a less independent) board is associated with low capital expenditures and high R&D investments.     

“热钱”流入中国的套利机制及其防范

目前在人民币升值预期较强的条件下,投机资本早已把目光投向中国市场,大量的投机资本流入中国,加剧了通货膨胀的压力,影响中国金融的稳定。本文主要分析了投机资本流入的原因、套利机制原理、热钱流入的影响,并重点考察了通过外汇贷款套利和通过港币套利的机制。最后本文提出了投机资本管理和防范的政策建议。     

An international CAPM for partially integrated markets: Theory and empirical evidence

This article proposes a theoretical testable capital asset pricing model for partially segmented markets. We establish that if some investors do not hold all international assets because of direct and/or indirect barriers, the world market portfolio is not efficient and the traditional international CAPM must be augmented by a new factor reflecting the local risk undiversifiable internationally. We also introduce a suitable framework to test this model empirically. Using a sample of six emerging markets and three mature markets, we find that the degree of stock market integration varies through time and that most of the sample emerging markets have become more integrated in the recent years. The local risk premium for emerging markets represents the most important component of the total risk premium, but its relative importance has decreased recently. Differently, the total risk premium for developed countries is largely driven by global factors.     

FDI对我国国际收支中资本与金融项目影响的实证分析——基于VAR模型下的1982～2008年的时间序列数据

本文应用1982年到2008年的时间序列数据,先利用ADF检验该数据的平稳性得到数据时一阶平稳的。在通过协整检验发现外商直接投资和国际收支中资本与金融项目存在长期稳定的协整关系,且长期内外商直接投资的流入对资本与金融项目产生正效应。最后建立误差修正模型,发现当资本与金融项目差额偏离长期均衡时,经过调整其趋向长期均衡的速度较快。FDI通过资本与金融项目影响了我国国际收支的总体平和内部结构,FDI已经成为影响我国国际收支平衡的重要因素。     

Idiosyncratic skewness and cross-section of stock returns: Evidence from Taiwan

In this study, we examine whether idiosyncratic skewness (IS) affects the returns of the Taiwan stock market. We find that speculative retail investors prefer positive skewness in stocks that leads them to overprice these stocks. As a result, the IS, that reflects gambling, has a negative relation with future returns. Gambling preferences vary with time, mainly occur during recessions and down markets. Moreover, the negative IS-return relation exists only among firms with prior capital gains. We use a difference-in-difference (DID) framework to mitigate the endogeneity concern and find that this IS effect is more significant among stocks with lower arbitrage limits. The IS effect remains significant even after controlling for the IS risk factor. Overall, the IS effect cannot be explained by either arbitrage limits or risk exposure.     

投机基金持仓头寸与国际油价动荡:1994～2009

总规模超过3万亿美元的石油投机基金的偏爱做多行为直接导致了国际石油价格在2002至2009年间急剧动荡。对代表投机基金的非商业持仓头寸与国际油价之间的协整关系及格兰杰因果检验结果显示,石油投机基金的天量投机行为是国际油价动荡的主要原因。因此,要实现石油价格稳定,在改变美元为主导的国际货币体系的同时,还要测算石油投资基金的最优投机度,一旦投机行为触及最优投机度,交易系统应启动熔断制度,限制投机行为。