政府参与我国洪水保险的理论分析

洪水保险的准公共物品性质、国内具体情况、国际经验决定了我国政府参与洪水保险的必要性.政府应以不同的方式在理论研究、法律制定、技术支撑和资金支持等各个方面对洪水保险进行参与和支持,保证我国洪水保险顺利开展起来.     

我国洪水保险设立模式探讨

我国是洪水灾害频发的国家,每年由于洪涝灾害所造成的直接经济损失不断攀升,对我国的经济发展和社会稳定造成了极大的威胁。因此,建立一个行之有效的洪水保险已迫在眉睫。本文在对国际上现有的洪水保险模式总结分析的基础上,结合我国的基本国情,指出了当前我国建立洪水保险所面临的经济可行性、风险分散性和调动三方积极性的问题,并针对我国经济发展水平和洪水保险发展的不同阶段,提出了我国洪水保险应以小额保险先行,逐步过渡到强制性补偿保险,最后推广为指数化保险的三步走战略。     

洪水保险：需求、供给与公共政策

在各种自然灾害风险中,洪水风险对于中国而言是最常见、最严重和损失恢复缓慢的风险之一。相对于低风险地区,高风险地区的住房和财产由于缺少洪水保险的保障更易于暴露在洪水风险中。研究中挑选高风险地区作为样本,对不同地区洪水保险的供需缺口进行估计并排序。基于此结果得出如下结论：洪水保险的需求更可能受到不同地区洪水风险等级水平和经济基础决定的损失恢复能力的影响;与不同的需求水平相比较,洪水保险供给存在明显不足和结构化问题。多种因素共同作用影响洪水保险供需缺口;政府被认为能够通过诸如在供给端建立跨区域和国家层面的洪水巨灾分散机制和在需求端对保险费提供动态差异性补贴等综合性公共政策弥补洪水保险的供需缺口。     

基于DFA方法的中国洪水保险定价研究

对洪水保险进行精确有效的定价十分困难.动态财务分析模型(DFA)能够有效的将多种因素综合在一起进行分析,弥补了以往洪水保险定价方法以单一时点统计数据作为定价基础的缺陷;再保险安排是洪水保险计划中的一个重要组成部分,购买60%比例再保险是最适当的;购买再保险能够极大的降低洪水保险计划的破产概率.     

洪水风险的可保性分析

洪水灾害是世界历史上自然灾害中极为严重的灾害之一,然而作为转嫁风险、损失补偿重要手段的洪水保险却没有大范围普及。究其原因并不是由于洪水保险缺乏需求,而是由于保险经营自身的一些原因引起的。本文首先对风险的可保性原则、洪水的风险特征进行分析,认为洪水风险具有弱可保性,然而通过增加参与主体、扩大损失分担面、加强承保洪水风险的技术条件等措施,使得洪水风险得到有效分散,并最终得到在实行强制性洪水保险、构建多层次风险损失补偿机制和发展单一风险洪水保单等条件下洪水风险是可保风险的结论。     

洪水风险的可保性分析

洪水灾害是世界历史上自然灾害中极为严重的灾害之一,然而作为转嫁风险、损失补偿重要手段的洪水保险却没有大范围普及。究其原因并不是由于洪水保险缺乏需求,而是由于保险经营自身的一些原因引起的。本文首先对风险的可保性原则、洪水的风险特征进行分析,认为洪水风险具有弱可保性,然而通过增加参与主体、扩大损失分担面、加强承保洪水风险的技术条件等措施,使得洪水风险得到有效分散,并最终得到在实行强制性洪水保险、构建多层次风险损失补偿机制和发展单一风险洪水保单等条件下洪水风险是可保风险的结论。     

宁波实施洪水保险的需求分析

本文在分析宁波历史洪灾损失的基础上,结合洪水保险的特点和模式,提出宁波市实施洪水保险的必要性和可行性.     

建立我国洪水保险制度的思考

１９９８年夏季我国发生的全流域洪水给国家和人民造成了巨大的损失。文章对我国的洪水风险作了简要的分析和评估,阐述了我国洪水保险的现状,并对建立我国的洪水保险制度作了一些积极的探索     

淮河流域洪水保险共同体构建研究——基于皖苏鲁豫四省政府层面

淮河流域洪水灾害频繁,给流域人民带来严重的经济损失,借鉴国际经验可知,洪水保险是分散洪水风险的有效手段。本文主要论述将淮河流域四个省联合起来,组成一个保险共同体开展洪水保险,这对解决淮河洪水风险问题具有理论与实际指导意义。     

基于居民支付意愿的洪水保险定价研究

洪水保险的合理定价是制约洪水保险建立和推广的瓶颈之一,以往的洪水保险定价研究都是从供给的角度考虑的,而供给与需求之间存在差异。为了探索居民对于洪水保险的需求价格,从居民的洪水保险支付意愿出发,运用条件价值评估法(CVM法),借助调查问卷,实证分析得出:我国居民洪水保险支付意愿价格为81元,并分析了对于支付意愿的影响因素。     

Flood insurance literacy and flood risk knowledge: Evidence from Portland,Oregon

Flood costs are escalating due to climate change and increased development in hazardous areas. Flood insurance plays a critical role in financial recovery, but there is very little research on how well consumers understand flood insurance policies. Poor insurance literacy could lead to suboptimal risk management decisions. This paper presents some of the first evidence on homeowner flood insurance literacy from a survey of residents in Portland, Oregon. We find that while a basic understanding of general insurance terms is widespread, details about flood insurance policies are not well-understood and many respondents do not know the specific terms of their policy. Residents of the 100-year floodplain are more likely to know that their homeowners’ insurance does not cover flooding, but do not have substantially better understanding or knowledge of specifics about their policy than those outside the floodplain. We also find that the majority of survey respondents did not learn about their flood risk or the cost of flood insurance until after making an offer on their property.     

Flood Hazards, Insurance Rates, and Amenities: Evidence From the Coastal Housing Market

This study employs the hedonic property price method to examine the effects of flood hazard on coastal property values. We utilize Geographic Information System data on National Flood Insurance Program flood zones and residential property sales from Carteret County, North Carolina. Our results indicate that location within a flood zone lowers property value. Price differentials for flood risk and the capitalized value of flood insurance premiums are roughly equivalent—both exhibiting a nonlinear relationship in flood probability. Our results support the conclusion that flood zone designation and insurance premiums convey risk information to potential buyers in the coastal housing market.     

Flood Insurance Coverage in the Coastal Zone

We explore determinants of flood insurance demand in the coastal zone using micro‐data for nine Southeastern counties. Overall estimates indicate price inelastic demand, though subsidized policyholders have greater coverage and are more price sensitive. Mortgage borrowers exhibit no greater coverage; only 12 percent in 100‐year flood zone indicate flood insurance was required by their lender. Flood insurance demand is increasing in the levels of flood and erosion risk. We find a positive correlation between household income and coverage, but the effect is not monotonic. Community‐level erosion hazard mitigation projects influence flood insurance coverage, with beach replenishment acting as a complement.     

Accessibility of flood risk insurance in the UK: confusion,competition and complacency

Flood risk insurance can be an effective tool in assisting the restoration of damaged property after a flood event and sustaining communities through difficult times. It can also form part of a wider flood risk management strategy. In the light of recent flood events in the UK and in the context of changing property insurance markets, the universal cover previously enjoyed by floodplain residents has been called into question. Conflicting media and industry views leave the floodplain resident and the wider community in confusion. A survey of floodplain residents in England regarding their experience with flooding and flood insurance in England has been undertaken. The results reveal that some floodplain residents do indeed encounter difficulties when seeking insurance for their homes. However, despite the risk‐averse policies of some insurers, availability of insurance is still strong in both at‐risk and previously flooded locations. Success in gaining insurance may lead to complacency among residents who see no advantage in pursuing other, more costly, damage mitigation actions. As a tool in risk management, therefore, the market is prevented from realising its potential by competition, which results in a lack of a consistent approach, rewards homeowners' search strategies and reduces information flow.     

Come Rain or Shine: Evidence on Flood Insurance Purchases in Florida

This article provides a detailed analysis of the operation of the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) in Florida, which accounts for 40 percent of the NFIP portfolio. We study the demand for flood insurance with a data set of more than 7.5 million NFIP policies‐in‐force (the largest ever studied) for the years 2000–2005, as well as all NFIP claims filed in Florida. We answer four questions: What are the characteristics of the buyers of flood insurance? What types of contracts (deductibles and coverage levels) are purchased? What are the determinants of claims payments? How are prices determined and how much does NFIP insurance cost?     

Understanding the motivations of coastal residents to voluntarily purchase federal flood insurance

Federally-backed flood insurance is the primary mechanism by which residents in the United States (US) prepare for and recover from floods. While there is a growing literature on the general uptake of flood insurance, little work has been done to address the factors motivating residents to voluntarily buy and maintain federally-based insurance policies. We address this issue by conducting a survey of coastal residents in four localities in Texas and Florida. Based on survey responses, we quantitatively examine the factors influencing whether residents located outside of the 100-year floodplain obtain insurance policies when it is not required. Using two-sample t-tests and binary logistic regression analysis to control for multiple contextual and psychological variables, we statistically isolate the factors contributing most to the decision to purchase insurance. Our findings indicate that a resident located outside the 100-year floodplain who has voluntarily purchased federal flood insurance can be characterized, on average, as more highly educated, living in relatively expensive homes, and a long-time resident who thinks about flood hazard relatively infrequently but who, nonetheless, thinks flood insurance is relatively affordable. Unexpectedly, the physical proximity of a respondent to flood hazard areas makes little or no discernible difference in the decision to obtain flood insurance.     

Drivers of flood and climate change risk perceptions and intention to adapt: an explorative survey in coastal and delta Vietnam

Abstract

This article contributes to current research about determinants of climate change and flood risk perception, and intentions to take adaptive measures. We propose a research model that distinguishes between vulnerability and severity components of perceived risks, and adds perceived adaptive capacity as a third factor to predict the intention to take adaptive measures. We used this combined model as a conceptual lens for an explorative survey among 1086 residents of coastal and delta communities in Vietnam. Pairwise analyses revealed a significant association of flood and climate change risk perceptions with individual’s flood experience, climate change knowledge, frequency of community participation and socio-demographic factors. However, in multivariate analysis, the influence of most socio-demographic factors became weak or patchy. Flood experience was the most influential driver of flood-related risk perceptions but weak for climate change-related risk perceptions and behavioural intentions. Knowledge strongly increased the intention to adapt to flood and climate risks and the perceived vulnerability to and severity of climate change risks, but reduced the perceived capacity to adapt to climate risks. Frequency of community participation increased the perceived vulnerability and severity of climate change risks, the intention to adapt to both climate and flood risks and the perceived capacity to adapt to flood risks, but reduced the perceived capacity to adapt to climate risks. Our research confirms earlier findings that individuals’ knowledge, place-specific experience and social-cultural influences are key predictors of both flood and climate change risk perceptions and intentions to take adaptive measures. These factors should therefore receive ample attention in climate risk communication.     

政府购买医疗保障服务政策下商业健康保险的盈利模式

新医改提出政府向商业健康保险公司购买医疗保障管理服务的思路,为私营医疗保险市场的进一步发展提供了政策支持。但医改方案公布后,除人保健康进入这一市场外,其他公司仍举旗观望,提供该类服务的公司寥寥无几。这一困境出现的原因是保险机构对政府购买经办服务政策下,相关产品组合的盈利模式缺乏认识。对可得的有限数据进行分析,期望总结中...