我国上市公司股权制衡机制对投融资效率的影响

在我国上市公司股权高度集中的背景下,控股股东利益主导下的投融资决策将个人收益而非企业价值最大化作为决策的目标,导致了非效率投资和融资问题的产生。股权制衡通过优化企业内部治理机制提高资本市场资源配置效率,从而提高企业投资效率和融资效率。     

企业融资结构理论与我国上市公司融资行为分析

企业融资理应以企业价值最大化为宗旨,这也是西方融资结构理论的立论根据.而我国上市公司特殊的股本结构导致真正的股东对公司失去控制.本文通过对国家股、法人股和中小股股东目标的分析发现,其股东目标的具体体现都不是公司价值最大化,这导致了我国上市公司融资决策与西方融资结构理论相悖.股权融资偏好是内部控制人自身成本收益分析的必然结果,因此,必须通过股权改革形成真正的产权主体,激活资本市场竞争机制,通过经理人优胜劣汰机制和激励机制的有效运转实现对经理人的激励.当公司价值最大化成为委托人和代理人的共同目标时,企业的融资行为必然回归理性.     

企业融资结构理论与我国上市公司融资行为分析

企业融资理应以企业价值最大化为宗旨，这也是西方融资结构理论的立论根据。而我国上市公司特殊的股本结构导致真正的股东对公司失去控制。本文通过对国家股、法人股和中小股股东目标的分析发现，其股东目标的具体体现都不是公司价值最大化，这导致了我国上市公司融资决策与西方融资结构理论相悖。股权融资偏好是内部控制人自身成本收益分析的必然结果。因此，必须通过股权改革形成真正的产权主体，激活资本市场竞争机制，通过经理人优胜劣汰机制和激励机制的有效运转实现对经理人的激励。当公司价值最大化成为委托人和代理人的共同目标时，企业的融资行为必然回归理性。     

我国上市公司股权融资偏好分析

上市公司股权融资的直接成本低于债权融资的成本、公司治理结构不完善、考核指标不合理以及公司有利润无现金是我国上市公司后续融资偏好股权融资的原因。尽管股权融资偏好也许是上市公司经营者的“理性选择”，但上市公司过分偏好股权融资所存在的融入资金配置绩效差、间接成本高以及不利于金融体系的安全运行等问题也不容轻视。本文建议上市公司在经济人理性与相机选择原则的基础上，采用多元化的融资策略并提出以现金净流量，每股税后收益等手段作为考核指标，促使上市公司以股东利益最大化为目标选择融资方式。     

货币政策、负债融资与股权代理成本

本文基于货币政策的研究视角,利用中国上市公司2002~2012年的相关数据,结合考虑公司产权性质,研究不同货币政策环境下负债融资对股权代理成本的影响。研究发现:负债融资在紧缩货币政策下能有效减少股权代理成本,但与非国有上市公司相比,由于国有上市公司存在预算软约束和监督激励机制不完善等问题,负债融资抑制股权代理成本的效果在这些公司上较差;同时,短期负债降低股权代理成本的效果好于长期负债。因此,在紧缩性货币政策下,公司应调整融资结构,适当提高负债融资比例,特别是短期负债融资的比例,以降低股权代理成本,提升公司价值。     

上市公司增长机会对其资本结构的影响——基于中国上市公司1999—2009数据的实证分析

以中国上市公司1999-2009的面板数据．在考虑融资环境变化因素的基础上．实证分析了上市公司增长机会对其资本结构的影响。研究结果显示：（1）中国上市公司增长机会对其负债比率具有显著的负向影响,从而在融资环境出现重大变化进而提高上市公司自主融资决策能力的情况下．具有增长机会的上市公司增加了股权融资的比例;（2）融资环境发生重大变化前,上市公司的融资决策可能更多受到融资环境因素的影响,而不是完全按照自身的特点进行融资决策。     

股权分置下的“股权融资偏好”悖论之诠释

在股权分置的制度安排下，中国上市公司偏好股权融资。从融资成本、公司治理机制和企业体制等3个方面对股权融资偏好悖论进行解读，得出中国上市公司偏好股权融资的直接动因是股权融资成本低于债务融资成本、深层原因是公司控制机制的错位和治理机制的扭曲、而转型时期的双重企业体制是中国上市公司偏好股权融资的制度根源。     

信息不对称、管理者内生偏好与上市公司股权融资偏好

一般以为,上市公司的股权融资偏好是由于不合理的成本因素、有缺陷的监管制度和政策与低效的资本市场等原因造成的.本文分析认为,上市公司股权融资偏好产生的基本原因是管理者的内生融资偏好.如果公司绩效影响管理者的财富(或职位、声誉等),管理者的偏好将支配公司的融资决策;对称信息下,管理者将有充分的股权融资偏好.不对称信息下,如果管理者对公司项目(或资产)拥有私人信息,且厌恶风险,管理者将最大限度地使用股权融资,直至达到均衡.最后,本文提出,管理者对股权融资的偏好是内生的,治理目前上市公司股权融资偏好所产生危害的基本思路是"疏",而不是"堵".     

中小板上市公司股权结构对融资偏好的影响研究

本文从代理成本和控制权收益角度分析了股权结构对融资偏好的影响,以2006年年底之前在中小企业板上市的102家公司2007至2009年的数据为样本进行了实证分析。研究结果表明,不同类型的股权结构对公司融资偏好的影响有着很大差异。法人股比例与股权融资率显著正相关,限售自然人持股比例和股权融资率呈负相关关系,国有股、高管持股比例、股权集中度、股权制衡度则对股权融资率影响不显著。中小板上市公司并未表现出主板上市公司＂偏好股权融资＂的特征,但高管持股比例过低、一股独大是中小板与主板上市公司的共性。我国中小板上市公司的高管持股比例需要提高,股权激励制度仍需进一步完善,股权集中度和股权制衡度应适度提高。     

上市公司过度股权融资：经验证据与理论解释

一直以来，对中国上市公司存在过厦股权融资现象的判断很大程度上是基于感性认识，经验分析和理论解释并不多见。本文在对研究文献进行简要回顾的基础上，对过度股权融资进行了合理界定，对中国上市公司过度股权融资现象及其程度进行了实证考察，并通过建立中国上市公司控股股东的融资决策模型，对上市公司过度股权融资现象进行了理论解释，据此分析了导致过度股权融资的影响因素和内在作用机理，并提出了相关政策建议。     

IS THE BOOK‐TO‐MARKET RATIO A MEASURE OF RISK?

We develop a leverage‐based alternative to traditional asset pricing models to investigate whether the book‐to‐market ratio acts as a proxy for risk. We argue that the book‐to‐market ratio should act as a proxy because of the expected relations between (1) financial risk and measures of capital structure based on the market value of equity and (2) asset risk and measures of capital structure based on the book value of equity. We find no relation between average stock returns and the book‐to‐market ratio in all‐equity firms after controlling for firm size, and an inverse relation between average stock returns and the book‐to‐market ratio in firms with a negative book value of equity.     

Value versus growth: Australian evidence

The value‐growth effect is one of the most pervasive patterns in stock prices. In this study, the ability of four proxies for value‐growth, book‐to‐market, sales‐to‐price, earnings‐to‐price and cash‐flow‐to‐price to explain equity returns is analysed. The findings show that in aggregate, book‐to‐market best explains cross‐sectional variation in Australian equity returns, which in isolation suggests that it is the superior proxy for value‐growth. The analysis is taken further and the value‐growth effect is examined separately in positive and negative earnings firms. After segregating firms, it is found that in the negative earnings sample, book‐to‐market is the best value‐growth proxy and in the positive earnings sample, cash‐flow‐to‐price has the highest level of significance and is thus the superior value‐growth proxy. The economic significance of this result is telling, as the firms that report positive earnings are much larger than those that report negative earnings.     

A Fundamental Analysis Approach to Oil and Gas Firm Valuation

Most fundamental analysis studies have focused on fundamentals selected by a data-driven approach on large samples of firms from numerous industries. This paper reports the results of a fundamental analysis of a single industry, the US oil and gas exploration and production industry, using variables identified by industry financial analysts. The results demonstrate a significant relationship between a number of the fundamentals with both the market value of equity and cumulative stock return. The results also suggest that the fundamentals provide incremental information beyond earnings, change in earnings, and book value of equity when explaining equity values and stock returns.     

What drives U.S. financial sector volatility? A Bayesian model averaging perspective

We investigate the driving forces behind the quarterly stock price volatility of firms in the U.S. financial sector over the period from 1990 to 2017. The driving forces represent a set of 28 economic indicators that are routinely used to detect financial instability and crises and correspond to the development of the financial, monetary, real, trade and fiscal sector as well as to the development of the bond and equity markets. The dimensionality and model choice uncertainty are addressed using Bayesian model averaging, which led to the identification of only seven variables that tend to systematically drive the stock price volatility of financial firms in the U.S.: housing prices, short-term interest rates, net national savings, default yield spread, and three credit market variables. We also confirm that our results are not an artefact of volatility associated with market downturns (for negative semi-volatility), as the results are similar even when market volatility is associated with market upsurge (positive semi-volatility). Given the identified drivers, our results provide supporting empirical evidence that dampening credit cycles might lead to decreased volatility in the financial sector.     

Perpetual securities and stock prices: Korean evidence

Perpetual securities are classified as equity under the International Financial Reporting Standards, but various contract terms embedded in the securities create additional debt- and equity-like characteristics. This study examines whether stock market investors differentiate between diverse contract attributes. Using quarterly data on listed non-financial firms in the Korea Exchange that issued perpetual securities during 2012–2020, we document the following findings. First, perpetual securities are positively associated with stock prices. Second, the positive association is driven by perpetual securities convertible to stocks rather than non-convertible ones. Third, when further decomposing convertible perpetual securities based on whether the conversion price is fixed or floating, only fixed-priced convertibles show a positive association with stock prices. Overall, our findings suggest that equity investors consider the detailed contract attributes important for financial instruments.     

Equity market liberalization and corporate governance

Equity market liberalizations open up domestic stock markets to foreign investors. A puzzle in the literature is why developing countries exhibit relatively small financial impacts associated with liberalizations. We use cross-firm variation in corporate governance at the time of the official liberalization of the equity market in Korea to test whether governance can explain the extent to which firms benefit when countries liberalize. The results show that better-governed firms experience significantly greater stock price increases upon equity market liberalization. Following the liberalization in Korea, foreign ownership in firms with strong corporate governance was significantly higher than that in firms with weak governance. Better-governed firms also exhibit higher rates of physical capital accumulation after liberalization.     

合资承销商影响新股破发率的实证研究

新股破发是目前中国股市目前面临的一个重要现象。本文基于2004年至2010年上市的A股IPO,研究合资承销商对新股破发率的影响。研究发现,合资承销商所承销的新股破发率显著低于本土承销商。合资承销商的低破发率主要归功于更加有效且符合市场预期的一级市场发行定价能力,其表现为合资承销商发行的股票的短期市场价格相对发行价的偏离程度显著低于本土承销商发行的股票。另外,我们还发现合资承销商采取了一定的托市行为,该行为也减小了短期内新股跌破发行价的概率。本文的发现从新股发行的角度提供了开放金融市场对我国资本市场影响的新现象。     

Risk-taking incentives of executive stock options and the asset substitution problem

Various theoretical models show that managerial compensation schemes can reduce the distortionary effects of financial leverage. There is mixed evidence as to whether highly levered firms offer less stock‐based compensation, a common prediction of such models. Both the theoretical and empirical research, however, have overlooked the leverage provided by executive stock options. In principle, adjusting the exercise prices of executive stock options can mitigate the risk incentive effects of financial leverage. We show that the near‐universal practice of setting option exercise prices near the prevailing stock price at the date of grant effectively undoes most of the effects of financial leverage. In a large cross‐sectional sample of Canadian option‐granting firms, we find evidence that executives' incentives to take equity risk are negatively rather than positively related to the leverage of their employers.     

金融同业活动与实体企业经营风险——来自地区层面同业存单业务的证据

本文研究了地区层面金融同业活动对实体企业经营风险的影响。基于各省份金融机构开启同业存单业务的研究表明,地区层面金融同业活动显著提升了当地上市企业股价大幅下跌的风险。进一步研究表明,随着同业存单业务的发展,当地上市企业债务融资成本和风险水平有所上升,而业绩表现和市场价值有所下降。上述发现表明,企业融资链条变长后,信贷市场道德风险上升,部分企业因风险偏好增强导致经营风险上升,更容易突然出现负面事件而导致股价大幅下跌。本文的发现揭示了金融同业活动存在监管规避的可能性及其影响实体企业的潜在路径,凸显了完善金融监管以更好服务实体经济发展的重要现实意义。     

金融同业活动与实体企业经营风险——来自地区层面同业存单业务的证据

本文研究了地区层面金融同业活动对实体企业经营风险的影响。基于各省份金融机构开启同业存单业务的研究表明,地区层面金融同业活动显著提升了当地上市企业股价大幅下跌的风险。进一步研究表明,随着同业存单业务的发展,当地上市企业债务融资成本和风险水平有所上升,而业绩表现和市场价值有所下降。上述发现表明,企业融资链条变长后,信贷市场道德风险上升,部分企业因风险偏好增强导致经营风险上升,更容易突然出现负面事件而导致股价大幅下跌。本文的发现揭示了金融同业活动存在监管规避的可能性及其影响实体企业的潜在路径,凸显了完善金融监管以更好服务实体经济发展的重要现实意义。