IPO补税影响IPO抑价吗？——基于信息不对称理论视角

本文以1198家中国IPO公司为样本,首次从信息不对称理论视角探索了IPO补税对IPO抑价的影响及其理论解释。研究发现:(1)IPO补税对IPO抑价具有显著正向影响,在控制其他影响因素后,IPO补税公司比非补税公司的IPO抑价要高7.8%,这相当于平均少融资超过2000万元。(2)基于信号理论、“赢家诅咒”理论以及委托代理理论这三类信息不对称理论的检验表明,只有委托代理理论有助于部分解释IPO补税与IPO抑价的正相关关系——IPO补税公司抑价更高可能源于公司管理层对承销商具有更弱的监督动机,而非公司对承销商缺乏有效的报酬激励。进一步研究还发现,IPO补税对IPO抑价的正向影响在承销商声誉较低时以及信息更不透明(如中小板和创业板、税收征管强度较低地区)的环境中表现更为突出。     

高管年龄和学历对IPO抑价影响的实证研究

基于信息理论,高管背景特征对公司决策具有一定的影响,投资者通过分析这些特征而做出投资决策,进而影响公司IPO抑价水平。本文以IPO公司高管团队平均年龄和平均学历为研究视角,以2011-2016年沪深A股IPO数据为样本,实证分析了高管平均年龄和学历对IPO抑价的影响。研究发现,高管团队平均年龄和学历均对IPO抑价具有显著的正向影响效应。     

私募股权投资声誉对上市公司IPO抑价的影响研究

本文以2014~2015年新上市的195家公司为研究样本,利用2010~2012年内PE机构所合作承销商的平均声誉来衡量PE声誉,考察PE声誉如何影响IPO抑价。研究发现:PE声誉与IPO抑价之间呈显著正相关关系,高声誉PE会提高投资者的风险偏好,二者之间存在正负反馈效应。此外,文章还实证检验了承销商声誉对IPO抑价的影响,结果表明承销商声誉越高IPO抑价越大,承销商声誉的认证职能未能在我国资本市场得到验证。     

基于投资者情绪的我国创业板IPO抑价实证研究

本文以2 009年至2 011年以来在创业板上市的281家公司为样本,对创业板市场的IPO抑价进行实证研究,即以IPO抑价率为因变量,以反映投资者情绪的市盈率、新股中签率、上市首日换手率等指标为自变量进行多元逐步回归分析.研究结果表明,对抑价率影响最为显著的是上市首日换手率,其次是新股中签率,而发行价和市盈率等其他变量对于IPO抑价率都没有显著影响.     

创始人、创业投资与创业板IPO抑价

IPO高抑价是创业板市场的显著特征之一。本文从公司治理的视角,运用信息不对称和信号理论分析创始人、创业投资与IPO抑价之间的关系并进行实证研究。研究表明,创始人通过持股数量和兼任CEO具有一定的信号传递作用,降低了IPO抑价,而创业投资降低IPO抑价的作用并不显著。创业投资都具有低价发行保证上市成功的动机,创业投资存在只求上市,不求成长的现象。     

风险投资特征与中概股IPO抑价的相关性研究

世界主要股票市场都存在IPO抑价的现象,现有理论多立足于信息不对称角度解释该现象。中概股由于上市企业的经营场所、经营业务、主要客户群体等均位于国内,因此对于国外投资者的信息不对称程度将更加显著。赴美上市的中国企业除进行良好的信息披露之外,还可以依靠风险投资公司进行背书。本文从风险投资者与IPO抑价关系的角度出发,研究风险投资者特征对IPO抑价程度的影响。     

对含H股的A股IPO抑价的实证研究

大量研究表明,双重上市的公司由于披露更详细的信息,受到更严格的监管,可以大大减轻上市公司和投资者之间的信息不对称,进而降低IPO的抑价率。本文通过对比研究纯A股IPO的抑价和含H股的A股IPO抑价情况,证实了含H股的A股的平均抑价率比纯A股的IPO要低,且股改之后的IPO抑价要低于股改之前的IPO,并进一步通过回归分析挖掘了影响抑价率的因素及其影响程度。     

媒体语气、投资者情绪与IPO定价

本文利用IPO公司在上市前不同时间段内主流财经媒体报道中的正负面词汇数据,构建了媒体语气这一度量公司层面投资者情绪的代理变量,从个股层面检验投资者情绪对IPO抑价率的影响。本文研究结果表明,相比正面媒体语气,负面媒体语气能够更好地解释IPO抑价率、首日换手率以及超募比例。具体而言,我们发现负面媒体语气与IPO抑价率、IPO超募资金比例以及承销商费用占比均显著负相关:负面语气每下降1%,IPO抑价率上升0.22%,超募资金比例提高0.13%,承销商费用占比上升1.44%。我们进一步发现发行公司和承销商有动机和激励通过媒体推介IPO公司,引导、煽动投资者情绪,从而厘清投资者情绪的影响因素以及其作用于资产价格的渠道。本文最后验证了媒体语气作为投资者情绪代理变量的可靠性。     

我国IPO高超募与高抑价关系模型研究

基于投资者行为的研究视角,构建IPO超募与抑价关系模型,探讨IPO抑价和IPO超募的传导机理。通过研究表明:IPO抑价UP与散户投资者对新股价值评估正相关,与机构投资者对新股价值评估负相关。IPO抑价UP与新股超募负相关,且IPO抑价和新股超募可以同时存在。最后,通过数值分析模拟证明结论。     

创业板新规对IPO抑价的影响研究——基于行为金融学理论的观察

行为金融学理论认为市场并非强势有效的，市场中存在大量的非理性投资者，投资者的非理性行为对IPO抑价的影响具有重要的理论和实践价值。本文依据这一理论，分析创业板新规对IPO抑价的影响。本文选取2020年新规后创业板上市公司的数据，采用统计分析的方法，建立多元线性回归模型，检验各个变量与IPO抑价率之间的关系。通过分析发现，羊群效应导致的投资者热衷于打新股，这一行为将推高创业板市场的IPO抑价率；投资者对新股的乐观程度越高，IPO的抑价率就越高；发行成本越大越容易导致投资者对企业产生不信任，最终导致抑价率走低；市盈率越高的企业IPO抑价率越高；发行规模越大的企业，IPO抑价程度越大，并对此提出相应的政策建议。     

Does culture influence IPO underpricing?

This paper examines how cultural differences influence cross-sectional variation in IPO underpricing across 39 countries. We conjecture that cultural difference across geographic boundaries will influence the acceptance of and the expectations for IPO underpricing. Cross-sectional differences in culture are measured using Hofstede's six cultural dimensions. Our analysis shows that high power distance and high long term orientation are significantly associated with higher IPO underpricing. We also show that underpricing is significantly lower in countries characterized by high uncertainty avoidance. When the model is expanded to include legal origin, market based and corporate governance variables, the three cultural factors remain significant. Our findings provide further evidence that culture impacts capital market returns. Overall, our finding that culture impacts IPO underpricing, suggests important implications for policy makers and investors.     

Issuer-oriented underpricing costs in initial public offers: Evidence from Hong Kong

This paper estimates the underpricing cost associated with new shares issued and sold when firms go public in a traditional British-style IPO market in contrast to prior work which focussed on the underpricing cost to pre-IPO investors. Secondly, the estimates account for interest income on application funds received by issuing firms. Using data from the Hong Kong IPO market, the results show that the issuer underpricing cost of new share issues is on average only 14% of headline underpricing. When interest on application funds is taken into account, net issuer underpricing cost reduces to just around 7% of headline underpricing. This finding provides a compelling explanation of why issuing companies may not be concerned about underpricing in traditional British-style IPO markets. Thirdly, we also find that pre-IPO investors take steps to minimise wealth transfer to new investors either by selling a very small proportion or none of their pre-IPO shares. These findings suggest that explanations of IPO underpricing to the various parties involved in the process should, in part, be sought in the institutional structures and investment banking practices of the relevant primary capital market.     

Narcissistic managers and IPO underpricing

Using hand-collected data on the signature size of managers in Chinese initial public offerings (IPOs) from 2007 to 2019 as a proxy for managerial narcissism, we examine how IPOs with narcissistic managers (narcissistic IPOs) affect IPO underpricing. The findings suggest that narcissistic IPOs have higher underpricing than non-narcissistic IPOs. Specifically, we find that on average, a narcissistic IPO exhibits approximately 11.3% higher underpricing than a median IPO firm. Our results are robust to alternative metrics of narcissism and underpricing after controlling for endogeneity. Additional analyses suggest that narcissistic IPOs are more likely to engage in earnings management than non-narcissistic IPOs. The former exhibits excessive risk-taking behavior, gauged by earnings volatility pre-IPO and a higher beta post-IPO. In the cross-sectional analyses, we document that the impact of managerial narcissism on IPO underpricing is more salient for IPOs facing unsophisticated investors, high market sentiment, or poor corporate governance.     

China’s Securities reforms and IPO wealth loss

We revisit initial public offering (IPO) underpricing in China before and after the 2001 China Securities Regulatory Commission reforms targeting the IPO process and strengthening corporate governance, using Habib and Ljungqvist’s (2001) wealth loss measure instead of headline underpricing. Habib and Ljungqvist argue that the extent to which owners care about underpricing depends on both headline underpricing and the percentage of IPO shares issued relative to total shares outstanding. We find that in the post-reform period, relative to the pre-reform period, the wealth loss for pre-IPO owners is lower, the incremental effect of the association between wealth loss and state-retained ownership is significantly positive, and a higher proportion of independent directors on the board moderates the wealth loss. Our findings suggest that the more market-oriented IPO process and the corporate governance reforms provide insiders of Chinese IPO firms with greater opportunities to influence IPO pricing and thereby reduce their wealth loss.     

Do regulatory changes affect the underpricing of European IPOs?

We use a sample of 3677 European IPOs during the period 1998–2012 to examine how the adoptions of corporate governance codes by Member States of the European Union (EU) have affected IPO underpricing on Member State-regulated markets, where issuers are subject to corporate governance rules instituted by Member States, relative to a control sample of IPOs on exchange-regulated markets, where issuers are exempt from Member State corporate governance codes. Using this control sample approach facilitated by the existence of second-tier, exchange-regulated markets in the EU, we find that, on average, IPO underpricing declined on Member State-regulated markets after Member States adopted corporate governance codes containing SOX-like provisions. We do not find a similar reduction in IPO underpricing on exchange-regulated markets. Our results are robust to alternative specifications, and our findings support the view that elevating corporate governance standards increases transparency and reduces information asymmetries that affect IPO valuations.     

Underwriter reputation and IPO underpricing: The role of institutional investors in the Chinese growth enterprise market

This paper investigates the effects of underwriter reputation on initial public offering (IPO) underpricing in the Chinese Growth Enterprise Market, in light of the conflicting evidence in the literature on IPO underpricing. Using data during the post global financial crisis period, we find that IPO firms with prestigious underwriters have lower market-adjusted initial returns on average. We further find that prestigious underwriters reduce IPO underpricing by minimizing the time gap between the offering and listing, choosing high-quality firms to underwrite, and reducing information asymmetry between issuers and investors. In the presence of institutional investors, however, we find that more underpricing occurs, as these investors tend to obtain access to IPO shares at a higher price discount via private placements. This new finding suggests that the institutional investors have a role to play in the case of high under-pricing, which partly gets corrected via underwriter reputation.     

Do investors turn a blind eye to risk-factor disclosures by state-supported firms?

There is scant empirical evidence on how government involvement affects investor reactions toward firm-specific information. Our study provides new evidence on how investors respond to risk-factor disclosures in IPO prospectuses in China, where state-supported firms presumably receive government-offered implicit insurance against bankruptcy risk while bearing significant agency risks. We find an insignificant association between risk-factor disclosure quality and IPO underpricing (or post-IPO stock return volatility) among state-supported firms. The finding suggests that state-offered implicit insurance becomes the predominant consideration when investors value IPO shares of state-supported firms, thereby weakening investor reactions to high-quality risk-factor disclosures. Our study expands the scope of IPO underpricing literature by implying that simply increasing disclosure transparency in the IPO prospectus may not resolve the IPO underpricing issue in a government-dominated economy such as China.     

IPO activity and information in secondary market prices

This paper explores the link between IPO underpricing and financial markets. In my model the IPO is a mean for a capital constrained initial investor to exit and thereby to raise funds for a new investment opportunity. This investor is privately informed vis-a-vis outside investors about the profitability of the new opportunity and the quality of the firm to be offered in the IPO. He can then use the offer price and the fraction of shares sold as signals of his private information. The model shows that underpricing is not only linked to firm’s characteristics, i.e. firm value, but to elements external to the firm, i.e. new investment profitability and financial markets characteristics. In particular higher market efficiency reduces the cost of listing. This results in lower underpricing and the listing of more valuable firm. Similarly, a higher lower bound of the new investment’s profitability reduces the information asymmetry and hence reduces underpricing and widens the range of firms listed.     

Disclosure of Intended Use of Proceeds and Underpricing in Initial Public Offerings

We use the context of a company's initial public offering (IPO) of equity securities as a capital‐markets setting to empirically study the economic consequences of endogenous disclosure. In particular, we examine the relation between the extent of dollar detail an IPO issuer provides regarding their intended use of proceeds and first‐day underpricing. We document substantial variation in the specificity of this disclosure and find that an increase in such specificity is associated with lower IPO underpricing. Overall, our results suggest that IPOs that provide specific use‐of‐proceeds disclosures have less ex ante uncertainty, in the sense that these disclosures help investors estimate the dispersion of secondary market values. Our paper contributes to the empirical accounting literature by documenting an association between voluntary disclosure and what is arguably the foremost cost of raising initial equity capital (i.e., IPO underpricing).     

The Value of Principles-Based Governance Practices and the Attenuation of Information Asymmetry

This paper focuses on the value of principles-based governance practices. Using the sample of Thai listed firms, we investigate whether firms that comply with the principles of good corporate governance incur lower financing cost and have stronger financial standing. The overall results suggest that the firms on average have significant improvements in major areas of corporate governance practices such as disclosure and transparency, the equitable treatment of shareholders, and the responsibilities of the board. Furthermore, the firms that have better governance practices enjoy lower cost of capital and are more financially viable; suggesting that good governance probably reduces the destabilizing behavior of investors as they become better informed, and mitigates agency problems between controlling shareholders and managers on one hand, and minority shareholders and other stakeholders on the other. Therefore, the guidelines for good governance practices introduced by the Stock Exchange of Thailand should serve as an important tool to bridge information gap between investors and firms, to help overall investors learn more about which firms need to be closely monitored or should be invested in, and to level the playing field for the investors.