城市造林工程农户行为意向影响因素研究——以北京市平原造林工程为例

以北京市平原造林工程为例,利用典型项目区调查数据建立结构方程模型,探讨影响退耕农户行为意向的主要因素。结果表明:农户综合素质、家庭经济基础和农户土地依赖性对农户满意度和农户行为意向具有显著正向影响;同时,农户综合素质、家庭经济基础和农户土地依赖性还会通过农户满意度对农户行为意向产生影响。据此,后续城市造林过程中应进一步加强对农户满意度的服务工作,同时根据个体农户特征,对被征地农户在再就业、技能培训、农地补偿等方面开展更具针对性的服务工作。     

Identifying and mapping the tourists⿿ perception of cultural ecosystem services: A case study from an Alpine region

Landscapes provide an array of services to society, from the provision of food and material, to the provision of cultural ecosystem services such as recreation, aesthetics or spirituality. Studies on cultural ecosystem services, however, remain rare and little is known about the spatial localisation of these services. In this study, we adopt and test a framework to identify and map the provision of cultural ecosystem services as perceived by tourists in an Alpine region, i.e. the region of South Tyrol in Italy. A photo-based questionnaire survey is combined with cartographical representations of landscape types to elicit hot and coldspot areas of cultural ecosystem service provision. We statistically test for influences of the land use type and the respondents' socio-demographic background on the tourists' perception of these services. The results show that different spatial patterns emerge for each of the investigated cultural ecosystem services depending on the distribution and extent of the landscape types to which they are related. In particular traditionally managed landscapes, small in extent and mainly scattered over large areas between 1000 and 2200 m a.s.l., are hotspot areas of aesthetic beauty, leisure activities and spirituality. In contrast, intensively managed landscapes, mainly located in the lowland plains of the study site, are considered to be more important for the provision of cultural heritage values. While the results suggest that land use type exerts the strongest influence upon tourists' perception, factors such as the respondents' perceived importance of the services, their gender, cultural background, environmental engagement and experience with the landscape play a significant but subordinate role. We conclude that the spatially explicit information about the provision of cultural ecosystem services can serve as a helpful basis for the design and further implementation of land use policies that acknowledge the high touristic value of traditionally used landscapes in mountain regions.     

Ramshackle farmhouses,useless old stables,or irreplaceable cultural heritage? Local inhabitants’ perspectives on future uses of the Walser built heritage

Social and economic developments in rural regions call for a discussion of strategies of dealing with redundant traditional buildings. Using a social science approach, our study examines how the local population in two rural regions perceives the built heritage and which factors are underlying these perceptions. People’s attitudes towards maintaining the cultural heritage vary considerably and are partly influenced by the socio-cultural and economic context of the region. The present article discusses some of the core regional socio-cultural influences on attitudes towards the rural built heritage. Following from qualitative interviews, the article concludes that the scale of perception of the built heritage is related to the “liveliness” of the local culture: The more original and distinctive the local culture is, and the more the local economy is still based on agriculture, the wider the scale of perception of the traditional cultural landscape and built heritage. In a region with local traditions that are alive and followed in everyday life, and a local economy that is mainly based on agriculture, the entire settlement structure is perceived as cultural heritage. In such areas, alternative uses should be found for redundant buildings. In contrast, in regions where the culture is less visible and alive nowadays and where the local economy has changed, people tend to perceive single buildings as representing their cultural heritage, and they often wish to preserve and conserve such remaining houses, barns and stables. In the study, we show that from a social science point of view, there is no universal perception of the maintenance of built cultural heritage. Rather, we see different views and opinions that are important to consider when it comes to developing heritage protection strategies together with public authorities.     

桑叶配方颗粒物质基准研究

桑叶配方颗粒迄今尚没有统一的质量标准。为提升桑叶配方颗粒的内在质量,对其物质基准评价方法进行了研究。选取具有代表性产地的15批桑叶制备物质基准,采用高效液相色谱法,以芦丁、异槲皮苷、紫云英苷作为评价指标,确定桑叶物质基准的出膏率范围、标志性成分含量及转移率范围,采用超高效液相色谱法,建立物质基准UPLC特征图谱,并对其主要成分进行指认。结果表明:15批物质基准中,芦丁转移率为19.94%～34.05%,异槲皮苷转移率为11.67%～43.58%,紫云英苷转移率为10.73%～43.05%;物质基准特征图谱中,标定了14个共有峰,指认出7个色谱峰,分别为新绿原酸、绿原酸、咖啡酸、芦丁、异槲皮苷、槲皮素-3-O-(6″-O-丙二酰基)-β-D-葡萄糖苷、紫云英苷。所建立的基准评价方法为桑叶配方颗粒质量标准的制定及其后续大规模生产提供了数据基础。     

西北地区农村居民点景观格局指数的尺度效应及其最佳粒度选择分析——以西安市为例

文章以西安市2013年土地利用调查数据为源数据,基于arcgis10.0与Fragstats3.4软件,运用景观空间格局的分析方法,从斑块、类型等2个水平上分析西安市农村居民点景观空间格局粒度效应。结果表明:(1)粒度效应敏感的指数有斑块密度、斑块个数、分离度指数、邻近度指数,粒度效应比较敏感的指数有平均斑块面积、最大斑块指数,粒度效应最不敏感的指数有形状指数、聚集度指数及结合度指数。(2)大致可将上述9种景观指数分为3类:第一类,随着粒度的增大,景观指数值表现为下降的变化趋势;第二类,随着粒度的增大,景观指数值呈逐渐增大的趋势;第三类,随着尺度的增大,具有显著的尺度转折,可预测性差。(3)随着粒度的粗化,农村居民点破碎度降低,优势度增加,形状变得规则,分布趋向分散。该研究区农村居民点最佳尺度范围为60~90m,适宜粒度为90m。     

“西为中用·顺势利导”——生态雨水机埠 与合流制特点的老旧城区海绵改造

以常德市柏子园汇水片区为例，运用水力模型工 具，探讨在老城区现有末端生态雨水机埠情形下，通过优化设 置低影响开发(LID)设施和管网改造工程，从源头解决机埠合 流制溢流(CSO)污染的效果和可行性。根据棚户区较多、绿 地率少、土壤渗透性差、项目实施难度大等情况，进行项目方 案布置和LID措施选择；根据现状管网特征，进行近远期管网 改造方案和源头截流措施选择。采用典型年降雨数据进行连续 模拟，分析评估在老旧城区增设源头控制设施和中途管网改造 对既定末端机埠溢流水量及溢流频次的控制效果，并通过情景 方案比选，得出在现有土地使用条件下的最优海绵改造方案， 以期为类似合流制特点的区域提供参考和借鉴。     

基于eCognition影像解译技术的风景环境 植被景观遥感量化研究 ——以云南鸡足山为例

世界遗产标准vii是UNESCO用以评价遗产地审美 价值的重要准则，由标准iii演化而来，从文化与自然美的混 合评价转向了仅对自然美学特征评价。选取以标准vii列入世 界遗产名录的145处项目(1978—2017年)，通过扎根理论 及分析，总结其运用特征、演化趋势和动因考辨。研究发现： 1)地区层面，不同地区运用标准vii所关注的审美价值具有差 异，如非洲关注色彩美学，欧洲和北美强调风景特质组合，亚 太地区重视强烈的自然文化关联、动态变化和组合关系，南美 和加勒比地区注重审美体验；2)词频运用层面，标准vii在各 地区的词频运用差异显著，各地区使用词频最高的为关于美的 “形容词”，除欧洲之外，其余地区代表“之最”特点的词频 次之；3)评价要点层面，欧洲和北美的风景特质评价具有很 强的特点与范式。最后解析了标准vii运用趋势与18世纪以来 的美学思想演变的内在联系；以期为标准vii的全球普世价值 与地区价值认知以及标准vii后续研究提供依据。     

基于共生理论的具有历史遗存的城市公园改造研究

具有历史遗存的城市公园是指在公园红线范围内含有一定文化价值的历史文化景点、文化遗产和文物保护单位等历史遗存的城市公园，其改造与更新的核心问题是平衡公园的保护传承与复兴发展，寻求二者的共生，如何科学有效地平衡协调两者之间的关系成为改造的关键。基于共生理论的解读与启示，以江西省南屏瀚峰文化公园为例，分别从文化、功能和空间3个方面深入分析了公园存在的主要问题，并结合实例，探讨了具有历史遗存的城市公园改造与更新的共生策略与实践措施。     

Five scale challenges in Ecuadorian forest and landscape restoration governance

The forest and landscape restoration (FLR) targets set as part of the Bonn Challenge draw attention to the governance arrangements required to translate national FLR targets into local action. To achieve the targets, actors at multiple levels of the governance scale aim to influence relevant processes on the ecological scale. In this article, we focus on the scale challenges relating to the implementation of Ecuador’s restoration targets, by analysing the implementation of the 2014–2017 National Forest Restoration Plan in the montane Chocó Andino and Bosque Seco landscapes. From 54 semi-structured interviews, a document review, and geographical data analysis, we identified two temporal (i, ii) and three spatial scale challenges (iii, iv, v): i) Political cycles mismatch with FLR timelines; ii) Planning horizons mismatch with FLR timelines; iii) National restoration objectives mismatch with decentralised land use planning realities; iv) The governance level of existing FLR efforts mismatches with the level receiving restoration funds; and v) Tensions exist between the spatial dimensions of biodiversity and water-related restoration efforts. The findings highlight that more attention must be given to scale-sensitive governance to make the process in which national FLR targets are translated into local action more effective.     

Object detection based on visual memory: a feature learning and feature imagination process

ABSTRACT

Visual memory plays an important role for the human’s visual system to detect objects. The features of an object stored in the visual memory have much lower dimensions than the features contained within an image. We simulate the visual memory as a feature learning and feature imagination (FLFI) process to build an object detection algorithm. The method is constructed by a bottom-up feature learning and a top-down feature imagination. The proposed object detection method is tested using publicly available benchmark data sets, and the result indicates that it is fast and more robust.