农民理性及其合作行为问题的研究述评——兼论农民“善分不善合”

农民组织化就是农户通过各种组织形式实现联合和合作的过程,提高农民组织化程度是解决我国"三农"问题的现实有效途径。然而,在国内,农民"善分不善合"的命题却长期困扰着人们。显然,研究农民组织化问题必须有赖于对农民理性及其合作行为等基本问题的认识与判断,为此,有必要对相关的基础性研究成果进行梳理。本文认为,理性农民合作行为是其合作意愿与合作能力统一的结果,政府的有效参与是建立农民合作经济组织的现实选择;同时,本文也对农民"善分不善合"观点进行了分析。     

外贸经营权完全放开的意义和问题探讨

修订后的《中华人民共和国对外贸易法》和《对外贸易经营备案登记办法》的颁布和实施标志着我国对外贸易经营权的完全放开。我国外贸体制改革的这一重大突破对我国对外贸易的发展有着重要意义。但也有一些问题值得进一步探讨。     

财政分权与中国区域碳减排效率实证研究

基于新经济地理学的视角,通过构建模型解析了财政分权情境下中国地方政府制定碳减排标准的微观机理。结合1995—2012年28个省市的面板数据,利用随机前沿分析法进一步测算了全要素碳减排效率,并以其为因变量验证了财政分权对碳减排的内在联系。研究发现财政分权与CO2减排效率之间呈倒U型关系,即适当的财政分权有利于提高CO2减排效率,而过度分权则会适得其反,而就当下大部分地区财政分权状况而言,中央政府可以选择适当提高分权水平以提升CO2减排效率。同时,立足于不同的财政分权水平,地方政府保护主义引发的市场分割将会进一步改变财政分权对碳减排效率的影响。     

Should Welfare Administration be Centralized or Decentralized? Evidence from a Policy Experiment

The 2005 reform of the German welfare system introduced two competing organizational models for welfare administration. In most districts, a centralized organization was established where local welfare agencies are bound to central directives. At the same time, 69 districts were allowed to opt for a decentralized organization. We evaluate the relative success of both types in terms of integrating welfare recipients into employment. Compared to centralized organization, decentralized organization has a negative effect on employment chances of males. For women, no significant effect is found. These findings are robust to the inclusion of aspects of internal organization common to both types of agencies.     

自然资源的民主分权:民众参与的制度化

自然资源在当地民众的生计中具有决定性的作用,他们理应参与当地自然资源的管理和决策。分权改变了当地自然资源管理的制度框架,而民主分权是分权的最有效形式。概述了全球自然资源分权改革的实施情况,并对改革效果进行了评价。认为建立民主的地方机构将成为民主分权的主要机制,而责任、自行决定权和安全性是民主分权的3个基本问题,分权过程中中央政府需要有效的分权配套办法,并发挥重要作用。     

Why Beautify the Plaza? Reproducing Community in Decentralized Neoliberal Peru

Peruvian development and government analysts criticize communities for irrationally using local development funds deriving from recently instituted political decentralization to beautify their villages rather than to improve infrastructural services, education and health, or to alleviate poverty. This paper challenges this critique by explaining why such cosmetic improvements are of interest to rural people. Using a case study of the peasant community of Allpachico, I argue that these projects encourage the return of pensioners and visits from migrants. Residents and migrants are mutually dependent as a result of livelihood strategies based on agriculture and the foreign‐controlled resource extraction sector over the past 80 years. The relative position of these two groups in the social reproduction of the vernacular community has changed with the Peruvian political economy. Currently, in the neoliberal resource extraction economy, residents pragmatically opt to maintain relations with those who have stable wage or pension incomes.     

THE IMPACT OF FISCAL DECENTRALIZATION: A SURVEY

In this paper, we offer a comprehensive and updated review of the impact of fiscal decentralization on the economy, society and politics. Our first target is the examination of two crucial and yet unsolved issues in the empirical literature on decentralization: the proper measurement of decentralization itself and its potential endogeneity in econometric estimates. Then, we discuss the main existing findings on the effects of decentralization on a relevant list of socio-economic issues. The impact of fiscal decentralization reforms on political institutions and public policies is also considered. Complete answers on the impact of fiscal decentralization are not likely to be certain but, overall, there are reasons to be optimistic about the net positive result. Our survey by necessity has to be selective but it presents a balanced view of what is known and what is not yet known opening room for further research and practice on fiscal decentralization.     

地方财政分权、劳动力选择性转移与农村基础教育投入

在现行教育体制下，县（市）级政府承担着农村基础教育发展的主要责任，省以下财政分权对地方农村基础教育投入有重要影响；而农村劳动力跨区域的选择性转移使得地方政府的农村基础教育投入具有强烈的外部性。运用2007年—2013年河南省108个县（市）样本的面板数据，通过建立控制了地区效应和时间效应的双向随机效应模型实证检验地方财政分权、农村劳动力选择性转移对县（市）级政府农村基础教育支出的影响。研究发现，省以下财政分权显著减少了地方政府农村基础教育支出，与此同时，农村劳动力转出规模越大，县（市）级政府基础教育支出越低。     

The incentives of China's urban land finance

Land grant premiums and land tax revenues have become two major sources of fiscal revenue for city governments in China. This type of fiscal revenue strategy for city governments is generally referred to as “land finance”, and it has drawn increasing research attention in recent years. This paper explores the institutional causes of the “land finance” strategy of city governments in China. We first analyze the institutional foundation of “land finance” (including China's urban land use system and land expropriation system). We then propose two hypotheses about the institutional causes of “land finance”. The first hypothesis is that the current system of fiscal decentralization is a major reason city governments choose the “land finance” fiscal strategy. The second hypothesis is that under the current personnel control system, which uses local economic performance as the most important indicator for evaluating local government officials, the competition between city governments to promote local economic growth is another major reason city governments choose the “land finance” fiscal strategy. We test the hypotheses by estimating econometric models using data for 31 provincial-level regions for the period 1999–2008. The empirical results suggest that fiscal decentralization and competition between city governments to promote economic growth are two major causes of “land finance”.