Modelling drought and recovery in the southern Murray‐Darling basin*

The prolonged drought from 2006–07 to 2008–09 in south‐eastern Australia presented severe difficulties for dry‐land and irrigation farmers in the southern Murray‐Darling basin. A dynamic multi‐regional computable general equilibrium model (TERM‐H2O) is used to estimate the economy‐wide small region impacts during and after drought. Drought reduces real GDP in some small regions by up to 20 per cent. Irrigation water trading and farm factor movements alleviate losses. The drought results in an estimated 6000 jobs being lost across the southern basin. Depressed farm investment during drought results in farm capital not returning to baseline levels after drought. Consequently, job numbers in 2017–18 remain 1500 below forecast in the southern basin.     

资源税改革中的税率选择:一个资源CGE模型的分析

长期以来,资源税改革一直受到社会各方关注,目前相关研究成果多集中于定性分析,对资源税税率的设置更缺乏定量研究。本文构建资源CGE模型,引入资源账户,通过枚举法对资源税税率设置的合理范围进行定量分析,研究资源税税率设置的合理区间。研究结果表明:如资源税税率设置合理,可以有效增加资源税税收收入,大幅减少资源消耗,增加社会福利,促进社会经济的可持续发展。     

能源经济环境模型研究现状与趋势评述

能源经济环境模型是研究宏观政策影响、能源经济环境综合评价等的重要分析工具。介绍了能源经济环境模型中应用最为广泛的一般均衡（CGE）模型、技术模型及混合模型。结合文献着重分析了模型的发展趋势，包括开发综合评价模型、处理不确定性问题及技术变化内生模拟、细化重要部门等方面。最后指出应重视基本模型的能力建设，积极参与国际合作。     

人民币实际汇率决定性因素研究——“Balassa-Samuelson假说”的扩展与可计算一般均衡模型(CGE)的分析

要求人民币升值的国际压力部分来自快速的经济增长应当与实际汇率升值相联系的观点,这与"Balassa-samuelson假说"相关联,它认为贸易部门劳动生产率提高会引起非贸易部门的价格上涨,但人民币实际汇率没有显示出长期升值的趋势.本研究扩展了"Balassa-Samuelson假说",并引入扩展的1-2-3(CGE)模型进行实证分析.主要结论有:大量剩余劳动力的存在压低了中国的实际汇率,从而没有观察到"Balassa-samuelson假说";如果更多的农村劳动力流向服务业部门,即非贸易部门,实际汇率也将面临向下的压力.     

Potential impacts of the devaluation of Nepalese currency: A general equilibrium approach

This paper measures the potential impacts of the devaluation of domestic currency of the small, developing, landlocked and transition South Asian economy of Nepal, which is lagging behind in policy studies. The impacts on growth, distribution, price changes in factor and product markets, and on selected macroeconomic features are measured. Using a computable general equilibrium model applied to social accounting matrix data, we conclude that devaluation is expansionary but mostly benefits the rich, thus leading to a more uneven income distribution. In general, the expansion of economic activities occurs in agricultural and industrial sectors, whereas services activities contract. However, when the rate of devaluation is high, the agricultural sector also starts contracting. To this typical developing economy, devaluation causes an improvement in saving investment and export/import ratios, whereas the budget deficit widens.     

国内外税收CGE模型及应用综述

本文按照从理论到实际、从静态到动态、从单一税种到多税种为线索,对国内外的税收CGE模型的应用研究进行了评述。进而,对CGE模型研究存在的争议进行了分析,对CGE模型在经济分析中所具备的优势进行了讨论。     

Impact of immigration on the Japanese economy: A multi-country simulation model

To quantify the impacts of immigration and fiscal reconstruction on the Japanese economy, we present a dynamic computable general equilibrium OLG model with an overlapping generations structure. We use a total of 16 countries and regions, both including those that are industrialized, such as Japan, the US, and the EU, and developing countries, such as China, Brazil, the Philippines, and Peru.Our simulation results show that a permanent immigration flows of 150,000 will improve the Japanese economy and the welfare of current and future generations. On the other hand, a standalone increase in the consumption tax will not improve long-run welfare. The results indicate that substantially increased inflows of working-age immigrants would alleviate the need for future fiscal reform and also help to dramatically reduce the public pension burden on the working generations.     

基于可计算一般均衡模型的能源价格变动对新疆经济的影响

基于通用可计算一般均衡(CGE)平台,探讨了能源价格变动对新疆地区宏观经济的影响。模拟结果显示:(1)煤炭价格和天然气价格分别上涨10%以后,新疆地区的GDP、各部门的产出和居民消费变动不大,说明提高煤炭和天然气价格不会对新疆经济造成大的波动,未来新疆地区能源价格改革应从煤炭和天然气入手。(2)油价上涨10%后,新疆地区部门产出和居民消费变化较大,因此未来新疆地区在提高油价时应考虑社会稳定,避免产生大的经济波动。值得注意的是提高油价后,城乡收入差距缩小。总体来说提高油价所产生的影响是积极的。     

The impacts of biofuels targets on land‐use change and food supply: A global CGE assessment

We analyze the long‐term impacts of large‐scale expansion of biofuels on land‐use change, food supply and prices, and the overall economy in various countries or regions using a multi‐country, multi‐sector global computable general equilibrium model augmented with an explicit land‐use module and detailed biofuel sectors. We find that an expansion of biofuel production to meet the existing or even higher targets in various countries would slightly reduce GDP at the global level but with mixed effects across countries or regions. Significant land re‐allocation would take place with notable decreases in forest and pasture lands in a few countries. The expansion of biofuels would cause a moderate decrease in world food supply and more significant decreases in developing countries like India and Sub‐Saharan Africa. Feedstock commodities (sugar, corn and oil seeds) would experience significant increases in their prices in 2020, but other price changes are small.     

The Role of Ownership in Determining the Rural Economic Benefits of On‐shore Wind Farms

The development of the wind energy sector is often promoted as a means of supporting rural economies. This paper focuses on how the ownership structure of on‐shore wind power plants (external, farmer or community) affects the size and distribution of impacts within the rural part of a region. Empirical analysis is based on a regional computable general equilibrium model of North East Scotland with the results compared to those generated from a standard social accounting matrix multiplier analysis. With no local ownership, while rural GDP increases, there is almost no effect on household incomes due to the limited direct linkages of the on‐shore wind sector. Local ownership increases the household income benefits but there are still limited positive spill‐over effects on the wider economy unless factor income is re‐invested in local capital. With re‐investment, farm household ownership gives rise to the largest increase in total household income but community ownership gives rise to the largest increase in rural (non‐farm) household incomes and welfare. The results contribute to the on‐going debate about the opportunity cost of external asset ownership in rural areas.