标准化提升公共服务质量与价值

目前我国公共服务供给仍不能满足整个社会的需求,公共服务质量不高是其主要原因之一。在我国,对于标准化在公共服务领域的应用及研究尚处于探索阶段,还没有一个成熟的理论体系。本文从公共服务的发展特性出发,着重分析了标准化对于公共服务质量与价值提升的内在作用,提出标准化是我国公共服务事业发展的必然要求,并就提升公共服务标准化的有效性提出对策建议     

提升企业产品质量与经济效益的标准化措施

如何提升企业经济效益？本文结合有效标准化措施的实践对此进行了探讨。提出了企业要结合自身的实际情况及市场的发展方向,从加强产品标准及相关实物质量信息的管理、优化企业标准管理机构及产品标准体系建设、积极采标、直接使用国外先进标准交货及坚持科技创新等方面着手,制订有效的标准化运作措施。     

50 years of research on international standardization and adaptation—From a systematic literature analysis to a theoretical framework

When going and operating abroad, firms face the challenge of finding the optimal balance between standardizing and adapting their marketing strategies across national borders in order to be successful. In this contribution, we present the major results of a systematic literature analysis in the field of international marketing standardization/adaptation. Based on our findings, we introduce a theoretical framework combined with the concept of situation-strategy fit. This framework serves as a basis for providing theoretically grounded and empirically testable recommendations regarding performance-enhancing strategies of international product standardization/adaptation in given situations. We argue that a high degree of international product standardization is likely to enhance foreign product profit, as compared to all alternative strategies, if there is (1) a high cross-national homogeneity of demand, (2) a high potential for cross-national economies of scale, (3) a high cost of product modification, (4) a high foreign price elasticity of demand, (5) a small perceptual error of the managers, and (6) a high quality of strategy execution. By presenting the state-of-the-art knowledge in the field and by introducing a novel theoretical framework, our paper has important implications for both scholars and managers in the fields of international marketing and international business.     

地方政府融资平台风险测算与规范发展研究

利用情景分析法对地方政府融资平台信贷风险及债务规模进行测算,结果显示:融资平台贷款风险总体上处于可控状态,债务规模处于地方承受范围以内,其风险形成和影响因素涉及到宏观经济环境和国家政策、区域经济环境、地方财政状况和平台运行状况四个层面。因此,融资平台的规范发展需要实现城投公司向特定目的公司转变、政府信用向公司信用转变、隐性负债向显性负债转变、事后补救向事前预警转变、传统融资向多元化融资转变。     

A “New Approach” to Standards and Consumer Protection

As consumer use of information and communication technology (ICT) products grows, the importance of ICT standards in consumer markets also grows. While standards for manufactured products were once developed at the national level in formal standards bodies, standards for ICT products today are more likely to be developed by informal standards bodies that target global markets, creating new challenges for national consumer protection laws. As part of the process of creating a single market, the EU developed an innovative and successful form of “coregulation” known as the “New Approach” that coordinated the work of legislators and standards developers to reduce technical barriers to trade in the internal market. In order to protect consumer interests in markets for ICT products effectively, another “New Approach” is needed to coordinate the work of global ICT standard-developing organizations with the goals of national and regional consumer protection laws, but the institutional challenges facing such a strategy are daunting. The French DADVSI legislation represents progress in this direction; further progress may be possible by adopting “better regulation” strategies.

The latecomer strategy for global ICT standardization: Indigenous innovation and its dilemma

This article reviews China׳s changing standardization strategies amidst the standards competitions that take place both domestically in China and globally. The relevant policies in China now support indigenous innovation, particularly in the information and communication technologies (ICT) industry by using standards, encourage domestic firms to patent their standard-related technologies, and promote innovation-oriented inter-firm alliances. The three cases examined illustrate the challenges that the Chinese government faces in implementing the policies. Most of all, while the government has actively promoted indigenous innovation as a latecomer strategy for global standardization, there are possibilities of clash with the international norms for free competition and economic liberalization which China is supposed to comply with. There are also oppositions from those domestic firms that mainly export products compliant with the international standards set by advanced countries, and from local authorities that support those firms. The demands for international compliance are often strengthened by multinationals importing products compliant with the international standards. These clashes and oppositions give a dilemma to the policy makers who want to push the standardization strategy based on indigenous innovation.     

Motivation and strategy: MNCs׳ embeddedness in China׳s standardization based innovation

This paper aims to understand why MNCs choose different embedding strategies in standardization based innovation, and how MNCs׳ competitive landscapes evolve alongside the transition of indigenous innovation in China. Using the multiple case study approach based on the interviews and archival data about China׳s mobile standards, we find that MNCs may choose to proactively or reactively embed in China׳s business and institutional systems by aligning their interests with the standard-based indigenous innovation strategy. Although there are high risks in China׳s standardization, MNCs cannot ignore the huge benefits of China׳s mobile market, and may join in this standardization process when they are ensured the government support would sustain.     

Innovation and de facto standardization: The influence of dominant design on innovative performance,radical innovation,and process innovation

Setting technology standards is the route to market growth and to potentially influencing the performance of a whole industry. When a market accepts a particular technology as one that defines the specifications for products in the entire industry, a dominant design is set. In this article, we investigate how the existence of a dominant design affects subsequent innovation in an industry. In particular, we study the influence on innovative performance, radical innovation, and process innovation. Analyzing longitudinal, cross-sectional patent data for more than 2.6 million patents filed from 1978 to 2013, we find support for our hypotheses that an industry's innovative performance and degree of radical innovation are negatively influenced by dominant design in that industry, and that process innovation is fostered by the occurrence of a dominant design. We discuss the findings in the light of the increasing speed of technological development and standardization. Additionally, results from a sensitivity analysis for different threshold values of dominant design call for adjusting a binary definition of dominant design with different threshold values depending on the effects under study.     

Standardization efforts: The relationship between knowledge dimensions,search processes and innovation outcomes

We explore how a standardization effort (i.e., when a firm pursues standards to further innovation) involves different search processes for knowledge and innovation outcomes. Using an inductive case study of Vanke, a leading Chinese property developer, we show how varying degrees of knowledge complexity and codification combine to produce a typology of four types of search process: active, integrative, decentralized and passive, resulting in four types of innovation outcome: modular, radical, incremental and architectural. We argue that when the standardization effort in a firm involves highly codified knowledge, incremental and architectural innovation outcomes are fostered, while modular and radical innovations are hindered. We discuss how standardization efforts can result in a second-order innovation capability, and conclude by calling for comparative research in other settings to understand how standardization efforts can be suited to different types of search process in different industry contexts.     

建立我国应对气候变化标准体系的初步设想

应对气候变化事关人类长远利益,走低碳发展之路是积极应对气候变化的迫切要求,也是体现以人为本、全面协调可持续的发展导向、建设创新型国家的客观要求。本文基于国家应对气候变化总体战略部署,提出了及早开展应对气候变化标准体系研究的建议,并介绍了标准体系编制的初步构想和思路。同时指出,应对气候变化标准体系的建立和实施,应是一个持续完善的过程,是推进应对气候变化全局工作的关键。