新型城镇化建设中的问题分析及建议

随着改革开放逐渐深入,我国经济面临城乡二元经济结构以及产业结构失衡等问题。积极推进新型城镇化建设能够刺激国内消费升级、改变现有的城乡二元经济状况、优化产业结构,从而使我国社会经济持续健康快速发展,实现城乡一体化。     

关于改变城乡二元经济结构的对策研究

二元经济结构是发展中国家在工业化过程中的必然现象。随着经济发展 ,二元经济结构将向现代经济结构转换。我国城乡分割的二元经济结构严重阻碍了社会经济的全面发展。加快城市化进程 ,打破城乡分割的二元经济结构 ,统筹城乡发展对于我国经济发展意义重大。改变二元经济结构有其理论基础 ,它决定了必须从制度上确立破解这一难题的政策体系     

中国城乡收入差距扩大的二元经济结构分析

中国城乡收入差距扩大的趋势令人担忧,二元经济结构是造成城乡收入差距较为突出的因素。本文借助西方发展经济学的相关理论,根据我国二元经济结构的实际情况,从理论和实证的角度分析了二元经济结构对我国城乡收入差距的影响。     

基于二元经济结构视角下的中国城乡收入差距

中国城乡收入差距扩大的趋势令人担忧。二元经济结构是造成城乡收入差距的较为突出的因素。本文借助西方发展经济学的理论和我国二元经济结构的实际,从理论和实证的角度分析我国二元经济结构对我国城乡收入差距的影响,本文的分析对建设社会主义新农村和建设和谐社会有一定的启示。     

二元经济理论评析及其对我国的现实启示

"三农"问题是现阶段困扰我国经济发展的一个重大问题.当前解决"三农"问题的治本之策是实现二元经济向现代一元经济的转化.这一转化的实现需要理论指导,评析二元经济理论是建立适合我国国情的二元经济转化的理论前提.文章对二元经济做了一定的评析,分析了我国的二元经济结构的特征及危害,并提出了走出二元经济的相关政策建议.     

破除城乡二元经济结构 促进城乡一体化发展

城乡一体化是一项重大而深刻的社会变革。而实现城乡一体化的根本是要废除原有的城乡二元经济结构,促进二元经济结构向一元转变。在对中国城乡二元经济结构的特点及影响中国二元经济发展的主要因素进行阐述,并在此基础上提出了促进中国二元经济发展和城乡一体化建设的建议。     

由城乡一体化实现城乡平衡发展

我国城乡二元经济导致了城乡不平衡发展,并且随着工业化进程的加快城乡差距越来越大,差距的扩大会带来诸多的社会问题和经济问题,更会影响我国传统农业的发展。如何由城乡一体化实现城乡的平衡发展,探寻各具特色的农村发展道路是我们必须思考的问题。     

中国二元经济结构形成的理论述评

对于仍处于二元结构转换过程中的中国来说,消除工农和城乡差别,实现城乡统筹的首要工作是从理论上搞清楚中国二元结构形成的原因,据此才能对症下药,设计出有的放矢的对策。该文从经典二元经济理论的二元结构形成思想出发,比较分析中国学者的观点,从理论上厘清中国二元经济结构产生的真正原因。     

我国城乡二元结构的成因及化解对策研究

我国的城乡二元结构有其复杂的社会历史背景;逐步化解城乡二元结构,具有理论和现实的必要性;化解我国城乡二元结构,必须实现城乡规划一体化、城乡基础设施一体化、城乡公共服务一体化、城乡劳动就业一体化、城乡社会管理一体化。     

城乡公共服务：从均等化到一体化--兼论落后地区如何破除经济赶超下的城乡“二元”困局

文章基于我国落后地区破除经济赶超下城乡“二元”困局的现实背景,在从理论概念上比较了城乡公共服务均等化与一体化异同的基础上,首先通过构建一个理论框架论证并揭示了我国现有模式下落后地区地方政府经济赶超驱动将导致城乡公共服务均等化陷入困局的作用机制,以及如何构建城乡公共服务一体化机制以保证在落后地区地方政府在既有经济赶超驱动下实现对农村居民公共服务供给变“被动扶持”为“主动支持”的破局构想;其次以实际数据分析加以佐证。研究表明：(1)城乡公共服务均等化与一体化的本质区别将直接决定地方政府利益的不同侧重点及其由此产生的不同后果。(2)城乡公共服务一体化的核心是将地方政府利益重心从城市转向城乡,重点促使落后地区农村公共服务供给收益提升和支出成本下降,地方政府对农村公共服务供给由“被动扶持”转化为“主动支持”,彻底走出城乡公共服务均等化路径下的“二元”困局,实现落后地区地方政府经济赶超与城乡公共服务一体化的利益相容。     

Pleasure and belief in Hume's Decision Process

Abstract

The purpose of this paper is to introduce explicitly pleasure and belief in what aims at being a Humean theory of decision, like the one developed in Diaye and Lapidus (2005a). Although we support the idea that Hume was in some way a hedonist – evidently different from Bentham's or Jevons' way – we lay emphasis less on continuity than on the specific kind of hedonism encountered in Hume's writings (chiefly the Treatise, the second Enquiry, the Dissertation, or some of his Essays). Such hedonism clearly contrasts to its standard modern inheritance, expressed by the relation between preferences and utility.

The reason for such a difference with the usual approach lies in the mental process that Hume puts to the fore in order to explain the way pleasure determines desires and volition. Whereas pleasure is primarily, in Hume's words, an impression of sensation, it takes place in the birth of passions as reflecting an idea of pleasure, whose “force and vivacity” is precisely a “belief”, transferred to the direct passions of desire or volition that come immediately before action. As a result, from a Humean point of view, “belief” deals with decision under risk or uncertainty, as well as with intertemporal decision and indiscrimination problems.

The latter are explored within a formal framework, and it is shown that the relation of pleasure is transformed by belief into a non-empty class of relations of desire, among which at least one is a preorder.     

Globalization,Neoliberalism and the attack on social security

Neoliberal political movements advocate privatization of public pension systems. Globalization imposes pressure on nations to conform to neoliberal policy views with respect to the design and structure of social insurance, including public pension systems. The paper begins with an investigation of the economic, ethical and ideological dimensions of the privatization debates in the U.S.; it argues that privatization advocates may be largely moved by ideology, since the other reasons advanced appear weak or unfounded. The second part discusses the history of Social Security, the purposes for its creation, and some of its economic effects. Differences between public and private pension systems are considered. A brief international comparison of some aspects of public pension system finance and benefit structures is presented. The final section considers the ethical, macroeconomic and distributional implications of privatization, prefunding and payroll tax funding, and argues for a pay as you go system financed with income taxes. In order to promote equity, economic security, community, and social cohesion, public pension systems should be universal in coverage. In order to reduce the inequality, income insecurity, and aged poverty generated by market economies, public pension systems ought to be progressive: benefit/contribution ratios should be inversely proportional to income, and progressive income taxes should finance the system. To promote economic growth, the systems should be financed on a pay-as-you-go basis, and should not be prefunded except for an emergency reserve. The fiscal policy recommendations partially depend upon the theory developed by Abba Lerner in the 1940s, and recently advanced by Wynne Godley and Randy Wray: Lerner's “principle of functional finance.”     

John Stuart Mill's Theory Of Justice

John Stuart Mill has traditionally been portrayed as self-contradictory and failing to construct a unified social theory. Recent scholarship, however, has challenged this view, finding Mill's work to be creatively synthetic in bridging the antinomies inherent in liberal democratic thought. This revisionist interpretation of Mill is advanced by an understanding of his theory of justice and its role in shaping his policy positions on issues such as welfare, education, voting rights, property rights, taxation, government intervention, and the future of capitalism.     

A Rich Vein for Reality Mining

Arik Hesseldahl In the aftermath of the September 11 attacks, U.S. officials quickly turned their attention to other potential targets, including California's Golden Gate Bridge. What would happen if terrorists took down the bridge between San Francisco and Marin County? How much of the region would be affected and for how long?     

中国养活自己能力的长期预测:技术和政策分析

中国拥有世界五分之一强的人口 ,收入又在迅速增长。因此 ,国际上很自然地会考虑或推测她在今后的几十年是否有能力养活自己。中国的人口预计将从 2 0 0 0年的 1 2 8亿增长到 2 0 2 0年的 1 4 6亿 ,和 2 0 3 0年的 1 4 9亿。与此同时 ,人均收入的增长将导致对家畜和鱼类产品更大的需求 ,因而对饲料的需求也将有很大的增长     

Interest on reserves and inflation

The payment of interest on reserves has been a common practice in inflationary economies. This policy may seem paradoxical since it involves returning part of the seigniorage, generated by the inflation process, with the intention to finance the fiscal deficit. This paper argues that the motivation for this policy can be captured by the discretionary regime, where the policymaker pays interest on reserves because he is concerned with the erosion of real liquidity by inflation, which is in part beyond his control. However, this policy is an unlikely outcome in the commitment regime, where the policymaker is in full control of inflation.     

John Stuart Mill's Theories of Wealth and Income Distribution

Although he was much influenced by David Ricardo when he wrote the classical part of his Principles , John Stuart Mill was not a Ricardian when he penned his theories of wealth and distribution. They are based on a triple foundation. First, a belief that economics is a moral discipline. Second a theory of custom-driven human behavior. Third, an empirically formed conviction that the institutions of state, education and business cooperate to structure the distribution of income. On the basis of these presuppositions, Mill formulated 1) an institutional theory of the formation of human and non-human wealth and 2) an even more institutional theory of distribution demonstrating how the aforementioned institutions malignantly skew the distribution of income to the advantage of the propertied classes and to the extreme disadvantage of the working class. As a social economist, Mill recommended institutional reforms designed to eradicate the poverty of the working class.     

Neurally reconstructing expected utility

While the concept of “expected utility” informs many theories of decision making, little is known about whether and how the human brain might compute this quantity. This article reviews a series of functional magnetic resonance imaging (FMRI) experiments designed to localize brain regions that respond in anticipation of increasing amounts of monetary incentives. These studies collectively suggest that anticipation of increasing monetary gains activates a subcortical region of the ventral striatum in a magnitude-proportional manner. This ventral striatal activation is not evident during anticipation of losses. Actual gain outcomes instead activate a region of the mesial prefrontal cortex. During anticipation of gain, ventral striatal activation is accompanied by feelings characterized by increasing arousal and positive valence. These findings affirm the role of emotion in the anticipation of incentives, and may provide an initial step towards a neural reconstruction of expected utility.     

Duplication, Growth and ‘Total Return Economics’

Maintenance consumption is an expense recovered in product prices, yet also a source of taste satisfaction which must be exhausted, rather than reinvested, from the capital affording it. This riddle is solved in the duplication rules: the cost of maintenance consumption is recovered in pay and prices, but an equal flow is exhausted from the human capital of the worker earning the pay. The rules impact tradition in several ways. If output is defined in principle as value added, then it cannot also be described as consumption plus net investment without double-counting the maintenance consumption recovered in prices. Also rate of return in the stationary state is not zero, but is the rate sufficient to offset the exhaustion of individual human capital. The rules lead to new insights into economic return, and support an argument that all growth at the scale of closure is due to productivity gain rather than to thrift.