江苏省城镇居民家庭金融资产结构影响因素的实证分析

本文通过问卷调查,对江苏省城镇居民的家庭金融资产选择现状进行了分析,并采用tobit模型对城镇居民家庭金融资产结构的影响因素进行实证研究。研究结果表明：江苏省城镇居民家庭金融资产内部存在严重的失衡现象,储蓄占绝对比重;居民家庭金融资产结构受家庭收入、受教育程度、风险偏好、金融发展作用和居民信任度的正向影响,房产对家庭金融投资产生“挤出”效应;居民家庭没有呈现出生命周期效应。     

中国城镇居民家庭异质性与风险金融资产投资

运用2011年中国家庭金融调查（ CHFS）数据,研究了中国城镇居民家庭风险金融资产投资情况,实证中系统考虑了家庭异质性影响因素。主要的发现有：风险性金融资产比例在家庭资产净值达到约170万后开始下降,样本家庭的平均资产净值远离下降点;信贷约束的存在降低了风险资产的投资比例;家庭房产和风险金融资产之间是互补关系而非替代关系;健康状况、家庭医疗支出对医疗保险计划的影响至关重要;风险性金融资产比例在户主年龄达到约58岁后开始下降,样本家庭户主的平均年龄接近下降点。这些实证结论为政府提供了更具针对性的政策含义。     

城镇家庭金融资产配置的财富效应

随着经济的发展和国民财富的增加,家庭资产结构从单一的储蓄型资产转变为丰富多样的风险型金融资产,其配置金融资产的异质性导致了家庭资产选择和消费行为的差异.本文通过实证检验了城镇家庭金融资产配置及其财富效应,结果显示:城镇家庭风险性金融资产持有情况和高流动性金融资产持有情况对城镇家庭消费水平存在显著影响,而金融资产占比的影响不显著,金融资产占比、风险性金融资产持有情况和高流动性金融资产持有情况三个变量对城镇家庭消费结构的影响均不显著;分组情况下,影响高收入城镇家庭消费水平的因素主要是风险性金融资产持有情况和高流动性金融资产持有情况,而对于高收入城镇家庭消费结构、低收入城镇家庭消费水平和消费结构,城镇家庭金融资产配置维度的三个变量对其的影响均不显著.     

中国家庭寿险资产和其他资产选择研究——基于生命周期风险和资产同时配置

本文从生命周期风险和资产同时配置的视角研究中国城镇家庭的寿险和储蓄、股票、房产四类资产的选择问题.作者利用中国家庭收入调查数据,结合SUR和Probit、Tobit回归联合估计家庭几类资产的选择方程.主要发现,家庭寿险(股票)资产的持有率、寿险(股票)占家庭金融资产的份额都是随家庭生命周期变动呈“倒U”型.家庭财务脆弱程度显著影响了家庭的寿险持有,但对于其他资产的持有决策没有显著影响.家庭资产配置中,房产挤出了三类金融资产,寿险和股票呈互补关系.随着家庭收入的增长,家庭将更多地选择金融资产,尤其是寿险和股票资产.负债的家庭更多地持有寿险,更少地持有储蓄.中国南、北方家庭的资产持有形式存在较为显著的差异.     

中国中青年家庭资产选择:基于人力资本、房产和财富的实证研究

本文利用"中国家庭收入项目调查"数据,运用Probit模型,讨论了中国中青年家庭参与风险性金融资产投资决策的影响因素。研究结果表明:人力资本对家庭风险性金融资产投资具有"财富效应";人力资本风险对家庭风险性金融资产投资具有"替代效应";房产对青年家庭风险性金融资产投资具有"挤出效应",但对中年家庭没有"挤出效应";综合考察中青年家庭风险性金融资产投资行为并没有表现出"年龄效应",但细分年龄段后发现,中年家庭具有明显的"年龄效应",而青年家庭的"年龄效应"并不显著;家庭财富促进了家庭风险性金融资产的投资;具有医疗保险、商业储蓄保险的中青年家庭更可能投资风险性金融资产。     

金融排斥视角下非农就业与农村家庭金融资产配置行为研究

随着农村地区非农就业比例呈增长趋势及农户收入增加,农村家庭的投资理念逐渐趋向多元化,由此产生的投资理财需求开始得到人们的关注.本文运用中国家庭金融调查(CHFS)2017年数据研究了非农就业对农村家庭金融市场参与的影响及影响机制.结果显示,户主从事非农行业可有效促进农村家庭参与金融市场,并显著提升投资性金融资产的配置水平;非农就业可以通过缓解农村家庭需求端金融排斥程度对其资产配置产生影响,并且农户的社会信任程度越高,非农就业的促进作用越强.异质性分析表明,从事非农行业对中年群体、财富收入较高群体的资产配置行为影响更加显著;户主从事第三产业或外出务工对家庭持有风险金融资产的促进作用更强,而对于户主为兼业或创业人员的家庭而言,该影响则不显著.本文基于实证结果和农村地区劳动力市场结构变化的现状,结合当前增强金融普惠性和提高直接融资比重的政策目标,提出了改善家庭资产配置的相关建议,鼓励与促进农户进一步参与金融市场,享受资本市场发展带来的红利.     

住房公积金与家庭风险金融资产选择

住房公积金作为社会保障制度的重要构成部分，对家庭金融资产选择行为有重要影响。本文利用2019年中国家庭金融调查(CHFS)数据，考察了住房公积金对家庭风险金融资产选择行为的影响，发现住房公积金对家庭风险金融资产投资具有显著正向影响，且家庭住房公积金的参与程度越深，对其风险金融资产投资的促进作用越大。进一步研究发现，住房公积金能显著增加有房家庭配置风险金融资产的概率和比重，但对无房家庭风险金融资产持有决策并无显著的促进效应；同时，住房公积金会通过影响家庭收入和风险偏好水平，进而促进其风险金融市场参与。为增加居民财产性收入，实现全民共同富裕，应逐步扩大住房公积金的覆盖范围，实行差异化的住房公积金提取政策，更好地发挥住房公积金对家庭收入增长的促进作用，拓宽无房家庭的财产性收入渠道。     

数字普惠金融、受教育水平与家庭风险金融资产投资

基于2014年、2016年中国劳动力动态调查(CLDS)和北京大学数字普惠金融指数,探讨了数字普惠金融对家庭风险金融资产投资行为的影响。对此,文章实证检验了数字普惠金融对家庭金融市场参与的积极效应,主要包括覆盖广度和发展(使用)深度,且进一步考察户主受教育水平可能在其中起到的调节作用。研究结论表明:数字普惠金融发展会促进家庭参与风险金融资产投资,其中一级维度指标发展深度对因变量的回归结果更加显著、稳定;但户主受教育水平的调节作用与预期并不完全一致,其仅在数字普惠金融发展深度对家庭风险金融资产投资的影响中起着显著调节作用。相关结论有助于厘清数字普惠金融作用于家庭金融投资行为的影响机制与实施路径。     

城镇居民股票持有的二元选择模型分析

城镇居民家庭资产规模不断增加和金融市场的发展,带来了居民资产选择行为的复杂性.针对金融资产中居民股票持有行为,运用二元选择模型分析了影响城镇居民持有股票的相关因素.实证研究结果显示,户主的年龄、受教育程度、家庭年收入水平和家庭金融资产总量是显著影响因素.     

房产预期回报率视角下的中国家庭资产配置

房产在中国家庭的资产配置中起绝对的主导作用,而风险金融资产特别是股票的占比过低。现有文献大多刻画了中国家庭资产配置“重房产、轻风险金融资产”的特征事实,但这种配置结构是否有效,还没有被深入研究过。利用2019年中国家庭金融调查数据和资产历史表现数据,本文首次发现了中国家庭实际资产组合收益率的均值—方差与经典投资组合理论中有效资产组合收益率的均值—方差并不一致,提出家庭对房产收益分布的预期回报率持有错误的认知可能是导致此现象的一个主要原因。进一步将这一假设引入标准的均值—方差投资组合理论框架,构建了一个具有主观认知的资产配置结构模型,实证检验了这一假设并定量研究了其对中国家庭资产配置的影响。结构估计的结果表明：中国家庭普遍高估了房产的预期回报率,且平均高估2.8个百分点。更为重要的是,家庭对房产预期回报率的认知偏差在城市级别层面存在差异：一线城市家庭低估了房产预期回报率,而非一线城市家庭则高估房产预期回报率最高达4.9个百分点。反事实分析表明,高估房产预期回报率使中国家庭的财富平均减少了相当于5.2个百分点的家庭年收入,而在非一线城市则减少了最高达8.9个百分点。     

Pleasure and belief in Hume's Decision Process

Abstract

The purpose of this paper is to introduce explicitly pleasure and belief in what aims at being a Humean theory of decision, like the one developed in Diaye and Lapidus (2005a). Although we support the idea that Hume was in some way a hedonist – evidently different from Bentham's or Jevons' way – we lay emphasis less on continuity than on the specific kind of hedonism encountered in Hume's writings (chiefly the Treatise, the second Enquiry, the Dissertation, or some of his Essays). Such hedonism clearly contrasts to its standard modern inheritance, expressed by the relation between preferences and utility.

The reason for such a difference with the usual approach lies in the mental process that Hume puts to the fore in order to explain the way pleasure determines desires and volition. Whereas pleasure is primarily, in Hume's words, an impression of sensation, it takes place in the birth of passions as reflecting an idea of pleasure, whose “force and vivacity” is precisely a “belief”, transferred to the direct passions of desire or volition that come immediately before action. As a result, from a Humean point of view, “belief” deals with decision under risk or uncertainty, as well as with intertemporal decision and indiscrimination problems.

The latter are explored within a formal framework, and it is shown that the relation of pleasure is transformed by belief into a non-empty class of relations of desire, among which at least one is a preorder.     

Globalization,Neoliberalism and the attack on social security

Neoliberal political movements advocate privatization of public pension systems. Globalization imposes pressure on nations to conform to neoliberal policy views with respect to the design and structure of social insurance, including public pension systems. The paper begins with an investigation of the economic, ethical and ideological dimensions of the privatization debates in the U.S.; it argues that privatization advocates may be largely moved by ideology, since the other reasons advanced appear weak or unfounded. The second part discusses the history of Social Security, the purposes for its creation, and some of its economic effects. Differences between public and private pension systems are considered. A brief international comparison of some aspects of public pension system finance and benefit structures is presented. The final section considers the ethical, macroeconomic and distributional implications of privatization, prefunding and payroll tax funding, and argues for a pay as you go system financed with income taxes. In order to promote equity, economic security, community, and social cohesion, public pension systems should be universal in coverage. In order to reduce the inequality, income insecurity, and aged poverty generated by market economies, public pension systems ought to be progressive: benefit/contribution ratios should be inversely proportional to income, and progressive income taxes should finance the system. To promote economic growth, the systems should be financed on a pay-as-you-go basis, and should not be prefunded except for an emergency reserve. The fiscal policy recommendations partially depend upon the theory developed by Abba Lerner in the 1940s, and recently advanced by Wynne Godley and Randy Wray: Lerner's “principle of functional finance.”     

John Stuart Mill's Theory Of Justice

John Stuart Mill has traditionally been portrayed as self-contradictory and failing to construct a unified social theory. Recent scholarship, however, has challenged this view, finding Mill's work to be creatively synthetic in bridging the antinomies inherent in liberal democratic thought. This revisionist interpretation of Mill is advanced by an understanding of his theory of justice and its role in shaping his policy positions on issues such as welfare, education, voting rights, property rights, taxation, government intervention, and the future of capitalism.     

A Rich Vein for “Reality Mining”北大核心CSSCISSCI

Arik Hesseldahl In the aftermath of the September 11 attacks, U.S. officials quickly turned their attention to other potential targets, including California's Golden Gate Bridge. What would happen if terrorists took down the bridge between San Francisco and Marin County? How much of the region would be affected and for how long?     

Solidified Branding Function: How the Urban Brand Affects a Small Town’s Development? Case Study of Wangqingtuo,Tianjin, China

Chinese small towns are usually developed with single core industry,and the urban brand is the identity of a town that formed with the development of its indust...     

Nonlinearity in Stock Exchange Markets: The Case of Bist 100 Indices

In this paper,using data for the Bist 100 index,we investigate the presence of nonlinearities by employing several nonlinearity tests.The Brock,Dechert,and Sche...     

Perspective on the Economic Evolution of the European Union States Under the Impact of the Pandemic and Financial-Economic Crisis

The European Union,which is at the beginning of its term of office for all Member States in the European Parliament,the European Commission,its governing body a...     

中国养活自己能力的长期预测:技术和政策分析

中国拥有世界五分之一强的人口 ,收入又在迅速增长。因此 ,国际上很自然地会考虑或推测她在今后的几十年是否有能力养活自己。中国的人口预计将从 2 0 0 0年的 1 2 8亿增长到 2 0 2 0年的 1 4 6亿 ,和 2 0 3 0年的 1 4 9亿。与此同时 ,人均收入的增长将导致对家畜和鱼类产品更大的需求 ,因而对饲料的需求也将有很大的增长     

Interest on reserves and inflation

The payment of interest on reserves has been a common practice in inflationary economies. This policy may seem paradoxical since it involves returning part of the seigniorage, generated by the inflation process, with the intention to finance the fiscal deficit. This paper argues that the motivation for this policy can be captured by the discretionary regime, where the policymaker pays interest on reserves because he is concerned with the erosion of real liquidity by inflation, which is in part beyond his control. However, this policy is an unlikely outcome in the commitment regime, where the policymaker is in full control of inflation.     

Neurally reconstructing expected utility

While the concept of “expected utility” informs many theories of decision making, little is known about whether and how the human brain might compute this quantity. This article reviews a series of functional magnetic resonance imaging (FMRI) experiments designed to localize brain regions that respond in anticipation of increasing amounts of monetary incentives. These studies collectively suggest that anticipation of increasing monetary gains activates a subcortical region of the ventral striatum in a magnitude-proportional manner. This ventral striatal activation is not evident during anticipation of losses. Actual gain outcomes instead activate a region of the mesial prefrontal cortex. During anticipation of gain, ventral striatal activation is accompanied by feelings characterized by increasing arousal and positive valence. These findings affirm the role of emotion in the anticipation of incentives, and may provide an initial step towards a neural reconstruction of expected utility.