大庆市生态经济可持续性与发展能力动态分析

生态经济发展的协调状况及发展能力的定量测度是区域生态经济的重点研究领域。文章基于生态足迹模型,选取了大庆市为实证区域,计算20多年来的生态足迹,发现生态足迹由生态盈余发展到严重的生态赤字,表明人口的消费需求超过了自然生态系统的再生能力,区域生态系统处于人类过度开发利用的压力之下,生态经济系统的可持续发展状况不容乐观。最后,运用生态足迹计算结果和Ulanowicz的发展能力公式测算了生态足迹多样性指数和生态系统发展能力,指出减少化石能源用地的比重是增加生态足迹多样性指数、提高发展能力的一条重要途径,而积极培养替代产业是实现生态经济可持续发展的当务之急。     

基于生态足迹模型的沿海城市可持续发展分析——以大连市为例

根据《大连统计年鉴》等相关资料,利用生态足迹模型,对大连市2004—2008年生态足迹进行计算和分析;并计算出大连市这五年的万元GDP生态足迹和社会发展能力指数。利用这些指标分析大连的可持续发展情况,并提出相应的对策。结果表明：大连这五年的平均生态赤字为4.3184hm2,说明大连的区域生态系统正面临过度开发的压力;生态足迹多样性指数五年均低于中国平均水平,意味着大连生态经济系统生态空间分布很不均匀;社会发展能力指数高于中国平均水平和万元GDP生态足迹大体处于减少状态,说明大连在经济社会发展的同时,资源利用率也在不断地提高。     

环青海湖区域生态足迹的动态测度与分析

运用生态足迹理论和模型,对西部大开发以来环青海湖地区4个县2000～2008年的生态足迹、生态承载力以及生态足迹多样性与发展能力进行了计算,并与青海省总体水平进行比较.结果表明:近年来,环青海湖地区人均生态足迹呈现不断增长的趋势,大于人均生态承载力的增长,出现生态赤字:万元GDP生态足迹不断下降,但生态足迹多样性不足;环青海湖四县在生态足迹与生态承载力方面差异极大.针对目前的情况,提出了因地制宜调整产业结构、发展低碳经济和推进城镇化等实现环青海湖地区可持续发展的对策建议.     

银川市生态经济可持续发展研究

生态足迹模型是评价区域可持续发展水平和能力的科学方法之一,为制定区域可持续发展政策提供了重要科技支撑。文章基于改进生态足迹方法,在生态经济系统框架下构建生态足迹变化驱动力指标体系,运用地理探测器分析了银川市2009—2017年生态经济发展状况。结果显示:银川市人均生态足迹总体呈增长趋势,人均生态承载力持续下降,生态赤字较高,生态压力较大;生态足迹分布趋向失衡,生态经济系统稳定性降低,但区域可持续发展能力指数稳步增长;经济系统对银川市生态足迹变化起主导作用,总体表现为"经济子系统>生态子系统>技术子系统"。应从生态、经济、技术三方面采取措施提升银川市生态经济系统可持续发展能力。     

基于改进的生态足迹模型的石羊河流域生态经济系统分析

基于改进的生态足迹模型,分析了石羊河流域生态经济系统2001～2007年的生态供需状况、可持续发展及发展能力。结果表明,生态盈亏表现为生态赤字,供需矛盾尖锐,生态环境处于不安全状态,但生态赤字缓慢下降,说明生态环境有所改善。同时,可持续发展指标较低,生态-经济处于极不协调的状态,生态足迹多样性指数和发展能力几乎没有变化,石羊河流域实现可持续发展的任务依然艰巨。     

基于生态足迹的平凉市可持续发展能力评价

以2003—2012年平凉市生态足迹为基础,计算了平凉市近10年的万元GDP生态足迹、生态足迹多样性指数、生态经济系统发展能力等指标,分析了平凉市的可持续发展能力状况。结果表明,万元GDP生态足迹由2003年的5.242 2 hm2/万元下降到了201 2年的3.376 2 hm2/万元,生态经济系统发展能力从2003年的2.253 5快速升到了2012年的5.272 8,生态足迹多样性波动范围为1.126 0~1.309 5,整体变化趋势平缓,这表明人们对资源的利用效率有了一定程度的提高,但平凉市的经济发展是以牺牲生态多样性为代价的。总之,平凉市发展能力处于较低水平,经济发展模式是不可持续的。因此平凉市必须采取有效的措施来减缓生态足迹增加趋势,增加生态足迹多样性,提高生产效率及资源利用效率,提高平凉市的可持续发展能力。     

基于生态足迹模型的区域生态经济发展持续性评估

生态足迹模型通过测度当今人类为了维持自身生存和发展而利用的生物生产性土地面积的数量,来定量地评估自身活动对地球生态系统的影响程度。文章介绍了生态足迹模型的提出背景和最新研究进展;阐释了其原理框架、基本概念及计算方法;以西北内陆地区的甘肃省(2002年)为例,对生态足迹模型在区域生态经济可持续发展评估中的应用进行了实证分析。计算结果表明,2002年甘肃省人均生态赤字为0.2883hm2,人类活动对自然生态系统的影响已经超出了当地生态承载力的限度,人地关系紧张。最后对生态足迹模型及其应用前景进行了合理评价。     

基于生态足迹模型的山东半岛区域可持续发展研究

通过生态足迹模型的计算模型,以山东半岛为例进行计算与分析,计算山东半岛区域2004年的生态承载力、生态足迹及生态赤字,分析山东半岛区域生态足迹和生态承载力从2000年至2008年的动态变化情况,并利用灰色预测方法对山东半岛区域生态赤字进行预测和分析.最后,从发展循环经济与低碳经济、推广高效生态农业、建立资源节约型的消费体系等方面入手提出了减小山东半岛区域发展生态赤字的措施.     

区域生态安全动态评价及趋势预测——以四川省为例

四川地区作为长江上游生态屏障的主体,其生态安全关系着长江流域乃至全国的生态安全。应用生态足迹与生态承载力的理论和计算方法,对四川省2006~2012年的生态足迹和生态承载力进行估算,在此基础上应用灰色数列模型GM(1,1)对2013~2016年的生态足迹和生态承载力进行预算,并应用净生态足迹和生态压力指数对其生态安全程度进行评价和预测。结果表明,四川省生态赤字明显且逐年增长,生态环境长期处于极不安全状态,且其生态安全性还可能持续下降。     

基于生态足迹的高寒草原圣域生态承载力分析——以普兰县为例

对已有的利用生态足迹计算高寒草原圣域生态承载力的文章进行了综述,指出其中存在的不足并对方法本身和计算中应考虑的因素进行了适当修正.在此基础上,以普兰县为例,具体地对该区域的生态足迹和生态承载力进行了详细的计算和分析,以期为该地区更好地处理经济发展与生态环境保护的关系提供科学依据.     

Pleasure and belief in Hume's Decision Process

Abstract

The purpose of this paper is to introduce explicitly pleasure and belief in what aims at being a Humean theory of decision, like the one developed in Diaye and Lapidus (2005a). Although we support the idea that Hume was in some way a hedonist – evidently different from Bentham's or Jevons' way – we lay emphasis less on continuity than on the specific kind of hedonism encountered in Hume's writings (chiefly the Treatise, the second Enquiry, the Dissertation, or some of his Essays). Such hedonism clearly contrasts to its standard modern inheritance, expressed by the relation between preferences and utility.

The reason for such a difference with the usual approach lies in the mental process that Hume puts to the fore in order to explain the way pleasure determines desires and volition. Whereas pleasure is primarily, in Hume's words, an impression of sensation, it takes place in the birth of passions as reflecting an idea of pleasure, whose “force and vivacity” is precisely a “belief”, transferred to the direct passions of desire or volition that come immediately before action. As a result, from a Humean point of view, “belief” deals with decision under risk or uncertainty, as well as with intertemporal decision and indiscrimination problems.

The latter are explored within a formal framework, and it is shown that the relation of pleasure is transformed by belief into a non-empty class of relations of desire, among which at least one is a preorder.     

Globalization,Neoliberalism and the attack on social security

Neoliberal political movements advocate privatization of public pension systems. Globalization imposes pressure on nations to conform to neoliberal policy views with respect to the design and structure of social insurance, including public pension systems. The paper begins with an investigation of the economic, ethical and ideological dimensions of the privatization debates in the U.S.; it argues that privatization advocates may be largely moved by ideology, since the other reasons advanced appear weak or unfounded. The second part discusses the history of Social Security, the purposes for its creation, and some of its economic effects. Differences between public and private pension systems are considered. A brief international comparison of some aspects of public pension system finance and benefit structures is presented. The final section considers the ethical, macroeconomic and distributional implications of privatization, prefunding and payroll tax funding, and argues for a pay as you go system financed with income taxes. In order to promote equity, economic security, community, and social cohesion, public pension systems should be universal in coverage. In order to reduce the inequality, income insecurity, and aged poverty generated by market economies, public pension systems ought to be progressive: benefit/contribution ratios should be inversely proportional to income, and progressive income taxes should finance the system. To promote economic growth, the systems should be financed on a pay-as-you-go basis, and should not be prefunded except for an emergency reserve. The fiscal policy recommendations partially depend upon the theory developed by Abba Lerner in the 1940s, and recently advanced by Wynne Godley and Randy Wray: Lerner's “principle of functional finance.”     

Interest on reserves and inflation

The payment of interest on reserves has been a common practice in inflationary economies. This policy may seem paradoxical since it involves returning part of the seigniorage, generated by the inflation process, with the intention to finance the fiscal deficit. This paper argues that the motivation for this policy can be captured by the discretionary regime, where the policymaker pays interest on reserves because he is concerned with the erosion of real liquidity by inflation, which is in part beyond his control. However, this policy is an unlikely outcome in the commitment regime, where the policymaker is in full control of inflation.     

John Stuart Mill's Theories of Wealth and Income Distribution

Although he was much influenced by David Ricardo when he wrote the classical part of his Principles , John Stuart Mill was not a Ricardian when he penned his theories of wealth and distribution. They are based on a triple foundation. First, a belief that economics is a moral discipline. Second a theory of custom-driven human behavior. Third, an empirically formed conviction that the institutions of state, education and business cooperate to structure the distribution of income. On the basis of these presuppositions, Mill formulated 1) an institutional theory of the formation of human and non-human wealth and 2) an even more institutional theory of distribution demonstrating how the aforementioned institutions malignantly skew the distribution of income to the advantage of the propertied classes and to the extreme disadvantage of the working class. As a social economist, Mill recommended institutional reforms designed to eradicate the poverty of the working class.     

Forecasting the price of gold

This article seeks to evaluate the appropriateness of a variety of existing forecasting techniques (17 methods) at providing accurate and statistically significant forecasts for gold price. We report the results from the nine most competitive techniques. Special consideration is given to the ability of these techniques to provide forecasts which outperforms the random walk (RW) as we noticed that certain multivariate models (which included prices of silver, platinum, palladium and rhodium, besides gold) were also unable to outperform the RW in this case. Interestingly, the results show that none of the forecasting techniques are able to outperform the RW at horizons of 1 and 9 steps ahead, and on average, the exponential smoothing model is seen providing the best forecasts in terms of the lowest root mean squared error over the 24-month forecasting horizons. Moreover, we find that the univariate models used in this article are able to outperform the Bayesian autoregression and Bayesian vector autoregressive models, with exponential smoothing reporting statistically significant results in comparison with the former models, and classical autoregressive and the vector autoregressive models in most cases.     

Planned adaptation in risk regulation: An initial survey of US environmental, health, and safety regulation

In principle, we want regulatory programs to be based on current realities, as reflected for example in the best knowledge of relevant experts. That would imply that old rules now on the books should be consistent with today's knowledge base, not just what was known when a rule or standard was originally set. This paper reports on a survey of US programs, examining how often existing rules are actually updated in light of better knowledge, and identifies five programs that attempt to make policy routinely adaptive. These programs exhibit what we term Planned Adaptation: they both revise rules when relevant new knowledge appears, and take steps to produce such improved knowledge. While Planned Adaptation is rare, it is used in several nationally prominent programs, including air pollution, airplane safety, and drug safety. Planned Adaptation is a policy tool that deserves more attention.     

Information infrastructure: Who builds broadband networks?

This paper examines the essential difference between the U.S. and Japan, when one considers information infrastructure. There are seven perception gaps between the U.S. and Japan concerning Information Infrastructure policies. These gaps must be understood in order to compare the countries' governmental policies in this area. In looking at the present circumstances, the essential question to answer concerns who is to build, own and operate the network(s) of the infrastructure. Liberalization is certain to be a central factor in the ongoing telecommunications debates. Now that customers have had a taste of the liberalized market-place, the movement toward more open markets will be difficult to stop. When considering options, it is necessary to pay close attention to standardized network access and the increasingly important role software plays. These issues are causing us to take a new approach to the traditional role played by regulators. They also force a closer look at the appropriate structure of utility companies. This paper addresses the above issues in hopes of stimulating dialog on the new telecommunications infrastructure paradigm.     

Bayesian estimation of duration models: An application of the multiperiod probit model

The multiperiod probit model is presented and Bayesian estimation using the Gibbs sampler with data augmentation is described. As an empirical illustration, the multiperiod probit model is then used to estimate a duration model using employment duration data for the Canadian province of New Brunswick. Bayesian estimation with unobserved heterogeneity is shown to be a simple extension of estimation of a duration model with no unobserved heterogeneity. More importantly, perhaps, some numerical problems encountered by other authors using Maximum Likelihood are avoided.I would like to thank M. Baker, G. Koop, A. Melino and D. Poirier for helpful comments and discussions. I would also like to thank M. Baker for providing his data.     

海岛地区产业演替及资源基础分析--以舟山群岛为例

改革开放以来,舟山市产业构成发生了显著变化,其经济发展过程可以划分为三个阶段。1992年前,是以产业结构渔业占绝对地位的单一结构阶段;1993—1998年,以旅游业为主的第三产业快速发展阶段;上世纪末以来,又进入了新一轮的经济发展时期,即工业产值比重快速增加阶段。根据海岛的自然资源基础和特点,在新世纪的经济发展过程中,舟山市应定位为生态型的港口旅游城市。以港口及临港工业为主导,以海岛旅游和海洋经济为特色,大力发展第二产业和第三产业。海岛地区的主导产业应体现海岛资源优势及区位优势,以集群性环保型产业为主。同时由于海岛地区淡水资源缺乏,主导产业也应着重选择低耗水型产业。