我国外部失衡的分解与评估

文章对造成我国外部失衡的原因进行了定量分析和评估。定量分析显示,我国目前的外部失衡主要是内生性和外源性的,是国内外实质经济因素共同作用的结果,有其客观必然性和存在的合理性,在短期内不可能靠调控政策完全消除,强行消除反而不利于经济稳定运行。面对外部失衡的政策重点在于尽力阻断外部失衡向国内经济传导和对国内经济协调运行构成负面冲击。     

自贸区框架下中国经济外部失衡的解决路径

当前,以美国为代表的"双赤字"压力和以中国为代表的新兴经济体的"双顺差"问题成为全球外部经济失衡的主要表现。然而,在全球范围内不同经济体差异扩大的条件下解决外部失衡问题难度较大,各方博弈很难找到真正有价值的契合点。在这种情况下,以区域一体化为特征的经济体间的合作成为突破这一瓶颈的有价值途径,各经济体在区域框架内更容易达成协调一致。本文在总结中国外部经济失衡的表现及影响等的基础上,从CAFTA视角对中国的国际收支再平衡以及人民币的区域化问题进行了讨论,为解决中国经济的外部失衡问题提供一条有效的路径。     

我国国际收支失衡的原因及其影响

我国外部经济的失衡其根源在于国内经济发展状况所致,内部经济的不良状况在开放的条件下向外延伸引起外部的不均衡,同时外部失衡又反过来影响国内的经济均衡,双失衡由此加剧。笔者对此问题提出了些建设性意见。     

中国经济内外失衡的测度与分析——基于经济失衡度指标体系的构建

以经济分析逻辑与相关指标内涵为依据,构建起衡量一国经济失衡度的指标体系,并对2000年以来中国经济失衡程度进行了测度。结果显示,中国经济内外失衡总体状况近年来趋向恶化,内外失衡总指数从2001年的0.3856提高到2010年的0.5509,其中外部失衡指数从2001年的0.2916提高到2010年的0.4879,内部失衡指数从2001年的0.4796提高到2010年的0.6138。中国需加强与其他国家的政策协调,理顺收入分配关系以扩大内需,为解决内外失衡问题创造条件。     

国际投资流动、储备资产和全球失衡——基于非均衡国际货币体系的视角

全球失衡是当前全球经济发展面临的重要挑战。从非均衡国际货币体系的角度,从理论分析和实证验证两个纬度探究外汇储备、私人投资流动和国际储备资产需求等因素对不同国家经常项目均衡的影响。构建的跨国资产组合模型发现储备货币持有国的官方储备和外部私人投资流入对经常项目均衡有负效应,储备货币需求对储备货币提供国的经常项目也是负影响。使用1989—2013年58个储备货币持有国数据和1995—2011年7个储备货币供应国数据进行实证分析进一步验证了该结论。解决全球失衡问题,改变当前的非均衡国际货币体系势在必行。     

国际金融危机背景下我国国际收支格局发展趋势研究

本次国际金融危机是全球经济失衡加速调整的结果,我国也受到一定程度的冲击和影响。国际收支"双顺差"是中国外向型经济增长模式下外部失衡的体现,也反映了全球经济失衡条件下中国在国际经济利益分配中的不利现状。本文通过论证全球经济失衡背景下金融危机的爆发必然性及其对全球经济失衡的反向冲击作用,审视本次国际金融危机对我国国际收支"双顺差"格局的影响,提出在当前保持我国经济增长的"双依靠"策略。     

间接税对供需失衡的影响分析

从20世纪90年代后期开始到现在,我国同时出现了两个重要的经济现象,一是间接税高速增长,二是宏观经济供需失衡。本文通过建立一般均衡模型和实证分析,研究了这两种经济现象的内在联系,本文的结论是,征收生产型增值税同时抑制投资和消费,整体上对供需失衡的影响不显著;营业税由于税收容易转嫁、存在双重征税的原因,其增长严重强化了供需失衡局面;以消费为税基的税种全部是间接税,消费平均税率的提高强化了供需失衡局面。     

财政体制:一个关于区域失衡的新解释

区域失衡既可能是不对称外部冲击的结果,也可能是对称外部冲击在各地区不同反应的结果.理论界大多从地方不同反应角度研究区域差距,很少讨论财政体制引起的财力失衡对地方造成不对称冲击的影响.本文在考察部分省份的国有企业占比和变化情况的基础上,从税收返还、税收任务、养老负担和公益支出等方面剖析了财政体制引起财力失衡对区域经济的影响,结果表明:国有企业在地方经济中的占比大小并不是导致区域失衡的缘由;财政体制导致的财力失衡是区域失衡的基础性因素;区域失衡是横向财力失衡和纵向财力失衡共同交织作用的结果;而区域失衡是我国改革过程中出现的一个阶段性问题,从2016年开始启动的财力均等化改革会有效地解决这一问题.对此,本文建议加快以财力均等化为宗旨的财政体制改革步伐,剥离各行政部门的财政资金分配功能,强化全国人大在财政改革方案上的话语权等.     

真实经济周期理论对大萧条的重新解释

2008—2009年发生的金融危机再次引起了人们对大萧条这一最特殊经济史事件的关注。真实经济周期理论凭借动态一般均衡分析框架和"真实再现世界"的数值模拟技术,对大萧条的起因和缓慢复苏给出了具有颠覆性的解释:以技术冲击为主的外部冲击引起了1929年大的衰退,胡佛的企业联合政策将一次大的衰退转化为大萧条,而1934年到1939年美国经济缓慢复苏的根源是试图将经济拉出泥潭的"罗斯福新政"。针对我国学术界在该方面研究的不足,本文在对大萧条争论全面回顾的基础上,对真实经济周期理论对大萧条的重新解释进行了全面介绍和系统分析。文章的最后还对政府干预是否有益于经济危机的解决进行了反思。     

全球失衡问题的资产组合方法——对美国的分析及对中国的启示

基于国际收支货币分析理论的资产组合方法是研究全球失衡问题的一个新视角.这一方法关注一国净外部资产头寸的累积及其可持续性,理解和评估外部失衡的关键是净外部资产变动过程中的价值效应.用该方法对美国外部失衡所做的研究能够得到较为乐观的结论.我国持续贸易顺差并没有带来相应程度的财富累积,我国外部头寸的价值效应为负.我国对贸易顺差进行调整时必须考虑外部头寸价值变动所产生的平衡效应.同时,我国应适当调整外部头寸结构以降低外部财富损失的风险并积极参与东亚金融合作以抵御风险.     

Pleasure and belief in Hume's Decision Process

Abstract

The purpose of this paper is to introduce explicitly pleasure and belief in what aims at being a Humean theory of decision, like the one developed in Diaye and Lapidus (2005a). Although we support the idea that Hume was in some way a hedonist – evidently different from Bentham's or Jevons' way – we lay emphasis less on continuity than on the specific kind of hedonism encountered in Hume's writings (chiefly the Treatise, the second Enquiry, the Dissertation, or some of his Essays). Such hedonism clearly contrasts to its standard modern inheritance, expressed by the relation between preferences and utility.

The reason for such a difference with the usual approach lies in the mental process that Hume puts to the fore in order to explain the way pleasure determines desires and volition. Whereas pleasure is primarily, in Hume's words, an impression of sensation, it takes place in the birth of passions as reflecting an idea of pleasure, whose “force and vivacity” is precisely a “belief”, transferred to the direct passions of desire or volition that come immediately before action. As a result, from a Humean point of view, “belief” deals with decision under risk or uncertainty, as well as with intertemporal decision and indiscrimination problems.

The latter are explored within a formal framework, and it is shown that the relation of pleasure is transformed by belief into a non-empty class of relations of desire, among which at least one is a preorder.     

John Stuart Mill's Theory Of Justice

John Stuart Mill has traditionally been portrayed as self-contradictory and failing to construct a unified social theory. Recent scholarship, however, has challenged this view, finding Mill's work to be creatively synthetic in bridging the antinomies inherent in liberal democratic thought. This revisionist interpretation of Mill is advanced by an understanding of his theory of justice and its role in shaping his policy positions on issues such as welfare, education, voting rights, property rights, taxation, government intervention, and the future of capitalism.     

A Rich Vein for “Reality Mining”北大核心CSSCISSCI

Arik Hesseldahl In the aftermath of the September 11 attacks, U.S. officials quickly turned their attention to other potential targets, including California's Golden Gate Bridge. What would happen if terrorists took down the bridge between San Francisco and Marin County? How much of the region would be affected and for how long?     

Globalization,Neoliberalism and the attack on social security

Neoliberal political movements advocate privatization of public pension systems. Globalization imposes pressure on nations to conform to neoliberal policy views with respect to the design and structure of social insurance, including public pension systems. The paper begins with an investigation of the economic, ethical and ideological dimensions of the privatization debates in the U.S.; it argues that privatization advocates may be largely moved by ideology, since the other reasons advanced appear weak or unfounded. The second part discusses the history of Social Security, the purposes for its creation, and some of its economic effects. Differences between public and private pension systems are considered. A brief international comparison of some aspects of public pension system finance and benefit structures is presented. The final section considers the ethical, macroeconomic and distributional implications of privatization, prefunding and payroll tax funding, and argues for a pay as you go system financed with income taxes. In order to promote equity, economic security, community, and social cohesion, public pension systems should be universal in coverage. In order to reduce the inequality, income insecurity, and aged poverty generated by market economies, public pension systems ought to be progressive: benefit/contribution ratios should be inversely proportional to income, and progressive income taxes should finance the system. To promote economic growth, the systems should be financed on a pay-as-you-go basis, and should not be prefunded except for an emergency reserve. The fiscal policy recommendations partially depend upon the theory developed by Abba Lerner in the 1940s, and recently advanced by Wynne Godley and Randy Wray: Lerner's “principle of functional finance.”     

Perspective on the Economic Evolution of the European Union States Under the Impact of the Pandemic and Financial-Economic Crisis

The European Union,which is at the beginning of its term of office for all Member States in the European Parliament,the European Commission,its governing body a...     

中国养活自己能力的长期预测:技术和政策分析

中国拥有世界五分之一强的人口 ,收入又在迅速增长。因此 ,国际上很自然地会考虑或推测她在今后的几十年是否有能力养活自己。中国的人口预计将从 2 0 0 0年的 1 2 8亿增长到 2 0 2 0年的 1 4 6亿 ,和 2 0 3 0年的 1 4 9亿。与此同时 ,人均收入的增长将导致对家畜和鱼类产品更大的需求 ,因而对饲料的需求也将有很大的增长     

John Stuart Mill's Theories of Wealth and Income Distribution

Although he was much influenced by David Ricardo when he wrote the classical part of his Principles , John Stuart Mill was not a Ricardian when he penned his theories of wealth and distribution. They are based on a triple foundation. First, a belief that economics is a moral discipline. Second a theory of custom-driven human behavior. Third, an empirically formed conviction that the institutions of state, education and business cooperate to structure the distribution of income. On the basis of these presuppositions, Mill formulated 1) an institutional theory of the formation of human and non-human wealth and 2) an even more institutional theory of distribution demonstrating how the aforementioned institutions malignantly skew the distribution of income to the advantage of the propertied classes and to the extreme disadvantage of the working class. As a social economist, Mill recommended institutional reforms designed to eradicate the poverty of the working class.     

Forecasting the price of gold

This article seeks to evaluate the appropriateness of a variety of existing forecasting techniques (17 methods) at providing accurate and statistically significant forecasts for gold price. We report the results from the nine most competitive techniques. Special consideration is given to the ability of these techniques to provide forecasts which outperforms the random walk (RW) as we noticed that certain multivariate models (which included prices of silver, platinum, palladium and rhodium, besides gold) were also unable to outperform the RW in this case. Interestingly, the results show that none of the forecasting techniques are able to outperform the RW at horizons of 1 and 9 steps ahead, and on average, the exponential smoothing model is seen providing the best forecasts in terms of the lowest root mean squared error over the 24-month forecasting horizons. Moreover, we find that the univariate models used in this article are able to outperform the Bayesian autoregression and Bayesian vector autoregressive models, with exponential smoothing reporting statistically significant results in comparison with the former models, and classical autoregressive and the vector autoregressive models in most cases.     

Toward a Phylogenetic Reconstruction of Organizational Life

Synopsis Classification is an important activity that facilitates theory development in many academic disciplines. Scholars in fields such as organizational science, management science and economics and have long recognized that classification offers an approach for ordering and understanding the diversity of organizational taxa (groups of one or more similar organizational entities). However, even the most prominent organizational classifications have limited utility, as they tend to be shaped by a specific research bias, inadequate units of analysis and a standard neoclassical economic view that does not naturally accommodate the disequilibrium dynamics of modern competition. The result is a relatively large number of individual and unconnected organizational classifications, which tend to ignore the processes of change responsible for organizational diversity. Collectively they fail to provide any sort of universal system for ordering, compiling and presenting knowledge on organizational diversity. This paper has two purposes. First, it reviews the general status of the major theoretical approaches to biological and organizational classification and compares the methods and resulting classifications derived from each approach. Definitions of key terms and a discussion on the three principal schools of biological classification (evolutionary systematics, phenetics and cladistics) are included in this review. Second, this paper aims to encourage critical thinking and debate about the use of the cladistic classification approach for inferring and representing the historical relationships underpinning organizational diversity. This involves examining the feasibility of applying the logic of common ancestry to populations of organizations. Consequently, this paper is exploratory and preparatory in style, with illustrations and assertions concerning the study and classification of organizational diversity.