大型露天煤矿生态重建的效益分析

本文讨论了黄土区大型露天煤矿生态重建效益产生的特点及其量化分析的方法。矿区生态重建的效益体现为生态效益、经济效益、社会效益的配比与统一,这种配比主要取决于三项因素,它们依次是：（1）矿区生态重建目标,（2）矿区生态重建系统建设和演变,（3）生态重建措施。当前矿区生态重建的主要任务是土地的再利用,土地的利用状况。本文选择“土地利用结构”指标,以平朔安太堡露天煤矿生态重建为例,简要地揭示了生态重建效益的动态增长过程。     

唐山市采煤下沉区植物资源生态分析

采煤下沉区是矿区在剧烈的人为干扰下形成的一种特殊景观,其生态结构与功能退化严重,使用价值和美学价值被破坏.通过生态恢复和植被重建,促使采煤下沉区的生态与经济价值再生,对区域生态系统的健康、地方经济可持续发展以及人民的生活水平提高具有十分重要的意义.本文主要通过对唐山市南部采煤下沉区景观生态特征和环境影响的调查分析,阐述了采煤下沉区南湖公园的建设成果,并提出了采煤下沉区植物资源生态恢复和重建的生物措施.     

大型露天矿区农村生态经济系统重建模式研究——以平朔矿为例

凡是以开采矿产资源为主的地区都要面临资源枯竭后如何发展经济的问题。本文以正处于生产鼎盛期的全国大型露天煤矿——平朔矿为例,针对其与农村生态经济紧密相关的特点,分析农村生态经济可持续发展方面存在的问题,提出矿区农村生态经济系统重建的三方面模式:一是通过工业生态经济链发展提供资金,减少污染。二是要建立基于矿区复垦地的小杂粮生产、林木培育、牧草种植、中草药种植的多元农业生态经济园区。三是矿区农村生态经济重建,需要通过股份制联合开发复垦土地,建立失地农民基本生活保障制度,并推进农村城镇化建设等。     

煤矿塌陷区土地复垦与生态补偿优化设计

本文在综合分析煤炭开采的生态环境效应基础上,提出了煤矿塌陷区土地复垦与生态补偿优化设计的原则,并指出在土地复垦时进行生态补偿应从经济、社会、工程三个方面优化设计,以取得社会、生态与经济效益双赢的良好效果,对实现矿区可持续发展有重要意义,对我国矿区土地复垦有一定借鉴意义.     

矿区土地复垦与土地利用变化分析

以鸡东县四海矿区为研究对象,对矿区土地复垦前后土地利用结构变化进行分析,结果表明:四海矿区采矿用地总面积为236.03hm2,土地复垦采矿用地为183.10hm2,废弃的采矿用地主要复垦为旱地、有林地等用地类型,此项研究将为今后编制土地复垦规划提供科学依据。     

城市景观生态

本文分析了中国城市化及城市扩张所带来的城市景观现状问题，通过对景观生态学原理的简单阐述，运用城市景观生态规划原理来指导城市景观生态建设，并提出了五大城市景观生态发展战略。     

煤炭矿区复合生态系统及其耦合机理研究

以复合生态系统理论为基础,系统研究了煤炭矿区复合生态系统的涵义、组成结构、功能、特征及生态管理目标,论述了煤炭矿区复合生态系统资源—经济—社会—环境各子系统的耦合机理,分析了复合生态系统内物质流、能量流、价值流和信息流的交换机制;煤炭矿区复合生态系统管理所面对的主要问题包括矿区地面塌陷和土地压占、水资源污染和水系破坏、植被破坏和水土流失、大气污染和废渣污染;为此,应实施生态系统保护和维持性策略、生态修复和生态重建等策略。     

浅谈煤矿开采后的复垦技术

本文对煤矿塌陷区土地复垦进行了分类,介绍了塌陷区土地复垦的工程技术及生物复垦措施.开采沉陷是造成矿区环境地质灾害的直接原因,有效控制和减轻地面沉陷程度是避免开采沉陷环境灾害的基本途径.充填采煤法是减少地表下沉效果作好的方法.文章针对煤矿开采对矿区环境、地表破坏的影响,以减轻危害程度为目标,提出合理的采矿方法和工艺.     

矿业开发密集地区的景观生态重建刍议

本文针对矿业开发密集地区的特点,从尾矿综合利用、土壤重建、植被重建、生态农业建设、矿业生态园区建设及全方位生态建设六个层次论述了该类地区的景观生态建设。     

德国重建东部经济的资金运作

统一后的德国东部重建耗资巨大 ,文章从资金需求、资金筹集和资金投入三个方面入手 ,对德国东部地区重建过程予以分析 ,特别是其资金运作的过程和在整个德国东部经济重建过程中发挥的重要作用进行了研究和分析。     

Pleasure and belief in Hume's Decision Process

Abstract

The purpose of this paper is to introduce explicitly pleasure and belief in what aims at being a Humean theory of decision, like the one developed in Diaye and Lapidus (2005a). Although we support the idea that Hume was in some way a hedonist – evidently different from Bentham's or Jevons' way – we lay emphasis less on continuity than on the specific kind of hedonism encountered in Hume's writings (chiefly the Treatise, the second Enquiry, the Dissertation, or some of his Essays). Such hedonism clearly contrasts to its standard modern inheritance, expressed by the relation between preferences and utility.

The reason for such a difference with the usual approach lies in the mental process that Hume puts to the fore in order to explain the way pleasure determines desires and volition. Whereas pleasure is primarily, in Hume's words, an impression of sensation, it takes place in the birth of passions as reflecting an idea of pleasure, whose “force and vivacity” is precisely a “belief”, transferred to the direct passions of desire or volition that come immediately before action. As a result, from a Humean point of view, “belief” deals with decision under risk or uncertainty, as well as with intertemporal decision and indiscrimination problems.

The latter are explored within a formal framework, and it is shown that the relation of pleasure is transformed by belief into a non-empty class of relations of desire, among which at least one is a preorder.     

John Stuart Mill's Theory Of Justice

John Stuart Mill has traditionally been portrayed as self-contradictory and failing to construct a unified social theory. Recent scholarship, however, has challenged this view, finding Mill's work to be creatively synthetic in bridging the antinomies inherent in liberal democratic thought. This revisionist interpretation of Mill is advanced by an understanding of his theory of justice and its role in shaping his policy positions on issues such as welfare, education, voting rights, property rights, taxation, government intervention, and the future of capitalism.     

A Rich Vein for “Reality Mining”北大核心CSSCISSCI

Arik Hesseldahl In the aftermath of the September 11 attacks, U.S. officials quickly turned their attention to other potential targets, including California's Golden Gate Bridge. What would happen if terrorists took down the bridge between San Francisco and Marin County? How much of the region would be affected and for how long?     

Solidified Branding Function: How the Urban Brand Affects a Small Town’s Development? Case Study of Wangqingtuo,Tianjin, China

Chinese small towns are usually developed with single core industry,and the urban brand is the identity of a town that formed with the development of its indust...     

Nonlinearity in Stock Exchange Markets: The Case of Bist 100 Indices

In this paper,using data for the Bist 100 index,we investigate the presence of nonlinearities by employing several nonlinearity tests.The Brock,Dechert,and Sche...     

Globalization,Neoliberalism and the attack on social security

Neoliberal political movements advocate privatization of public pension systems. Globalization imposes pressure on nations to conform to neoliberal policy views with respect to the design and structure of social insurance, including public pension systems. The paper begins with an investigation of the economic, ethical and ideological dimensions of the privatization debates in the U.S.; it argues that privatization advocates may be largely moved by ideology, since the other reasons advanced appear weak or unfounded. The second part discusses the history of Social Security, the purposes for its creation, and some of its economic effects. Differences between public and private pension systems are considered. A brief international comparison of some aspects of public pension system finance and benefit structures is presented. The final section considers the ethical, macroeconomic and distributional implications of privatization, prefunding and payroll tax funding, and argues for a pay as you go system financed with income taxes. In order to promote equity, economic security, community, and social cohesion, public pension systems should be universal in coverage. In order to reduce the inequality, income insecurity, and aged poverty generated by market economies, public pension systems ought to be progressive: benefit/contribution ratios should be inversely proportional to income, and progressive income taxes should finance the system. To promote economic growth, the systems should be financed on a pay-as-you-go basis, and should not be prefunded except for an emergency reserve. The fiscal policy recommendations partially depend upon the theory developed by Abba Lerner in the 1940s, and recently advanced by Wynne Godley and Randy Wray: Lerner's “principle of functional finance.”     

Perspective on the Economic Evolution of the European Union States Under the Impact of the Pandemic and Financial-Economic Crisis

The European Union,which is at the beginning of its term of office for all Member States in the European Parliament,the European Commission,its governing body a...     

中国养活自己能力的长期预测:技术和政策分析

中国拥有世界五分之一强的人口 ,收入又在迅速增长。因此 ,国际上很自然地会考虑或推测她在今后的几十年是否有能力养活自己。中国的人口预计将从 2 0 0 0年的 1 2 8亿增长到 2 0 2 0年的 1 4 6亿 ,和 2 0 3 0年的 1 4 9亿。与此同时 ,人均收入的增长将导致对家畜和鱼类产品更大的需求 ,因而对饲料的需求也将有很大的增长     

Neurally reconstructing expected utility

While the concept of “expected utility” informs many theories of decision making, little is known about whether and how the human brain might compute this quantity. This article reviews a series of functional magnetic resonance imaging (FMRI) experiments designed to localize brain regions that respond in anticipation of increasing amounts of monetary incentives. These studies collectively suggest that anticipation of increasing monetary gains activates a subcortical region of the ventral striatum in a magnitude-proportional manner. This ventral striatal activation is not evident during anticipation of losses. Actual gain outcomes instead activate a region of the mesial prefrontal cortex. During anticipation of gain, ventral striatal activation is accompanied by feelings characterized by increasing arousal and positive valence. These findings affirm the role of emotion in the anticipation of incentives, and may provide an initial step towards a neural reconstruction of expected utility.     

Duplication, Growth and ‘Total Return Economics’

Maintenance consumption is an expense recovered in product prices, yet also a source of taste satisfaction which must be exhausted, rather than reinvested, from the capital affording it. This riddle is solved in the duplication rules: the cost of maintenance consumption is recovered in pay and prices, but an equal flow is exhausted from the human capital of the worker earning the pay. The rules impact tradition in several ways. If output is defined in principle as value added, then it cannot also be described as consumption plus net investment without double-counting the maintenance consumption recovered in prices. Also rate of return in the stationary state is not zero, but is the rate sufficient to offset the exhaustion of individual human capital. The rules lead to new insights into economic return, and support an argument that all growth at the scale of closure is due to productivity gain rather than to thrift.