组织激励与知识员工的信息产出

本文以知识属性为组织激励效果的调节变量,即当个体对知识属性的认知不同时,外生激励促进个体产生知识转移的内生动机的效果不同。以江苏省两家大型商业银行信贷部门员工为对象的实证研究（N=307）支持了本文的假设。本文为冯帆、廖飞和杨忠（2007）的理论模型提供了实证依据。     

“你是谁”与“你认识谁”：个体属性与网络对知识创新的交互研究评述

社会网络视角下的个体知识创新研究大多遵循静态结构主义分析逻辑,缺乏对个体属性的关注。个体知识创新的差异除了网络结构的差别——位置与位置的差异之外,还体现在个体属性的差别上。因此,社会网络研究应该对个体属性与行动予以关注。基于此,在系统梳理相关文献的基础上,将个体属性分为个体经历、人格特征与行为方式3个变量,然后对其与网络结构的交互研究进行综述,并对其解释逻辑进行讨论与总结。     

个体效与认识扩展

个体人不是生活在真空中，而是生活在社会人群的关系中，个体认识的发展也不纯属个人之事，而是一种社会群体的历史性任务。因此，个体认识的外化的任务之一就是在与社会人群的交往中通过语言符合扩散传播，以社会关系的形式被评价和认可，然后得以固定和保存下来。这样，个体认识的社会外化实际也就是个体认识群体化（个体走向人群）的过程，它是个体以自己新的社会认知定向和新认知模式渗透与影响群体的认识，从而引起推动社会群体的认知定向、认知模式发生改变直至创立或建构新的群体认识范式即社会范式的过程。这里，交往是个体认识社会外化的活动基础，因为，只有在交往中个体才能获得和实现其作为社会人的角色与资格。交往是人类最基本的社会活动；是社会个体或群体之间以及个体－－社会之间相交换其活动、产品、工具，交流、传递其能力、观念、情感、意志等，以达到理解、协调、合作、一致的相互作用过程，是形成和传递一定社会生活方式的基本和直接的机制。此外，交往还是造就人的素质和能力的一条基本途径。所谓“社会的人”，即是参与到一定社会生活实践中并接受历史的和的他人实践成果手经验（包括语言、知识、工具、各种物质产品以及被实践证明是成功和有效的方法、规范、范例等）后在社会规范与期望的陶冶下被塑造成的精神个体。因此，个体认识的发展必然要通过交往过程实现其全面外化。     

个体家庭、网络家庭和亲属圈家庭分析——历史与现实相结合的视角

本文对个体家庭、网络家庭和亲属圈家庭的构成方式、相互关系和变动特征进行了探讨。根据本项研究，近代之前传统时期具有抚幼养老功能的个体家庭受到官方和民间重视和推崇；父母在世时兄弟分家被抑制，网络家庭成长空间被挤压；亲属圈家庭是个体家庭获取社会资源的基础和主要的求助对象。近代以来，特别是解放以后，个体家庭的抚幼养老功能被分解；多子家庭亲子分爨形成网络家庭占据主导地位，养老责任由子代单元家庭分担，“家内”养老被“家际”养老所取代；亲属圈家庭对个体家庭的维系作用降低。当代社会，现代法律制度为双系网络家庭的产生创造了制度环境，人口控制政策下独生子女家庭大幅度增加是其产生的生物基础，城市化则成为双系网络家庭发展的推动力量；亲属圈由于已婚女儿与娘家构成网络家庭而削弱，并在部分两代及以上均为独生子女的家庭中趋于消失。     

创业社会网络中隐性知识转移激励模型研究

创业社会网络中隐性知识转移能够为创业带来持续发展动力，但一般的显性契约无法消除隐性知识转移过程中传播者可能存在的短期行为。从隐性知识转移的信任机制出发，将声誉模型与委托代理理论相结合，建立了拟合隐性知识传播者心理和行为特征的动态激励模型，分析了声誉效应在提高创业社会网络隐性知识转移效率中的作用，探讨了声誉效应的主要影响因素，并针对如何有效发挥隐性知识转移中声誉效应的激励作用提出了建议。     

发展个体私营经济必须坚持“五个结合”

目前，个体私营经济以其顽强的生命力，已经渗透到众多行业、产业和领域，相互间有机结合，密不可分。因此，加快个体私营经济发展，必须瞄准“保速度、增总量、强素质、上水平”的总目标，着力抓好“五个结合”。与发展区域特色经济结合。个体私营经济是构成区域特色的主...     

个体目标取向与团队心理安全交互对个体知识共享的影响

知识经济和“互联网+”快速发展,知识共享成为组织获取前进动力的主要方式以及组织竞争优势的重要来源。结合目标取向理论与特征激活理论,将团队心理安全纳入到个体目标取向对个体知识共享影响的研究中。对120个研发团队（含485个团队成员）样本的调查分析结果表明,个体学习目标取向与证明取向都显著正向影响个体知识共享,且团队心理安全在两者关系间具有显著的正向调节作用;个体回避取向显著负向影响个体知识共享,团队心理安全在两者关系间具有显著负向调节作用。     

考虑知识属性的供应链企业间知识交易契约

基于供应链合作创新的视角,考虑知识的显性和隐性属性,运用委托-代理理论设计了供应链企业间显性知识和隐性知识交易的多任务激励契约机制。研究表明:如果显性知识和隐性知识的转移成本函数相互独立,那么激励相容条件下两类知识交易的最优业绩报酬也是相互独立的,且最优激励因子是各类交易下知识买方边际收益的增函数、知识卖方绝对风险规避系数、各类知识转移边际成本变化率和业绩方差的减函数,在此基础上提出了效率风险的概念;如果两类知识的转移成本函数相互依存,那么在激励相容条件下隐性知识交易的最优激励契约是"门槛型激励契约",并定量地给出了知识卖方的"门槛激励条件"。     

农村劳动力转移过程中提升个体社会资本的对策

本文通过对个体社会资本进行分类,分析了其对农村劳动力转移产生的作用机理,提出了提升农村劳动力个体社会资本积累的对策。     

基于人力资本产权与员工个体知识的共享激励措施

个体知识就是个人所掌握、拥有的知识,既包括显性知识也包括隐性知识。本文分析指出个体知识具有异质性、高度的内隐性和更强的排他性。基于人力资本产权的个体知识共享激励主要措施包括:建立和完善人力资本产权保护制度、建立企业"知识市场"、给予知识共享的剩余索取权、进行个体知识共享的人力资本投资,提高知识共享能力以及实施企业岗位轮换和导师制等人力资源开发。     

Pleasure and belief in Hume's Decision Process

Abstract

The purpose of this paper is to introduce explicitly pleasure and belief in what aims at being a Humean theory of decision, like the one developed in Diaye and Lapidus (2005a). Although we support the idea that Hume was in some way a hedonist – evidently different from Bentham's or Jevons' way – we lay emphasis less on continuity than on the specific kind of hedonism encountered in Hume's writings (chiefly the Treatise, the second Enquiry, the Dissertation, or some of his Essays). Such hedonism clearly contrasts to its standard modern inheritance, expressed by the relation between preferences and utility.

The reason for such a difference with the usual approach lies in the mental process that Hume puts to the fore in order to explain the way pleasure determines desires and volition. Whereas pleasure is primarily, in Hume's words, an impression of sensation, it takes place in the birth of passions as reflecting an idea of pleasure, whose “force and vivacity” is precisely a “belief”, transferred to the direct passions of desire or volition that come immediately before action. As a result, from a Humean point of view, “belief” deals with decision under risk or uncertainty, as well as with intertemporal decision and indiscrimination problems.

The latter are explored within a formal framework, and it is shown that the relation of pleasure is transformed by belief into a non-empty class of relations of desire, among which at least one is a preorder.     

John Stuart Mill's Theory Of Justice

John Stuart Mill has traditionally been portrayed as self-contradictory and failing to construct a unified social theory. Recent scholarship, however, has challenged this view, finding Mill's work to be creatively synthetic in bridging the antinomies inherent in liberal democratic thought. This revisionist interpretation of Mill is advanced by an understanding of his theory of justice and its role in shaping his policy positions on issues such as welfare, education, voting rights, property rights, taxation, government intervention, and the future of capitalism.     

A Rich Vein for “Reality Mining”北大核心CSSCISSCI

Arik Hesseldahl In the aftermath of the September 11 attacks, U.S. officials quickly turned their attention to other potential targets, including California's Golden Gate Bridge. What would happen if terrorists took down the bridge between San Francisco and Marin County? How much of the region would be affected and for how long?     

Globalization,Neoliberalism and the attack on social security

Neoliberal political movements advocate privatization of public pension systems. Globalization imposes pressure on nations to conform to neoliberal policy views with respect to the design and structure of social insurance, including public pension systems. The paper begins with an investigation of the economic, ethical and ideological dimensions of the privatization debates in the U.S.; it argues that privatization advocates may be largely moved by ideology, since the other reasons advanced appear weak or unfounded. The second part discusses the history of Social Security, the purposes for its creation, and some of its economic effects. Differences between public and private pension systems are considered. A brief international comparison of some aspects of public pension system finance and benefit structures is presented. The final section considers the ethical, macroeconomic and distributional implications of privatization, prefunding and payroll tax funding, and argues for a pay as you go system financed with income taxes. In order to promote equity, economic security, community, and social cohesion, public pension systems should be universal in coverage. In order to reduce the inequality, income insecurity, and aged poverty generated by market economies, public pension systems ought to be progressive: benefit/contribution ratios should be inversely proportional to income, and progressive income taxes should finance the system. To promote economic growth, the systems should be financed on a pay-as-you-go basis, and should not be prefunded except for an emergency reserve. The fiscal policy recommendations partially depend upon the theory developed by Abba Lerner in the 1940s, and recently advanced by Wynne Godley and Randy Wray: Lerner's “principle of functional finance.”     

Perspective on the Economic Evolution of the European Union States Under the Impact of the Pandemic and Financial-Economic Crisis

The European Union,which is at the beginning of its term of office for all Member States in the European Parliament,the European Commission,its governing body a...     

中国养活自己能力的长期预测:技术和政策分析

中国拥有世界五分之一强的人口 ,收入又在迅速增长。因此 ,国际上很自然地会考虑或推测她在今后的几十年是否有能力养活自己。中国的人口预计将从 2 0 0 0年的 1 2 8亿增长到 2 0 2 0年的 1 4 6亿 ,和 2 0 3 0年的 1 4 9亿。与此同时 ,人均收入的增长将导致对家畜和鱼类产品更大的需求 ,因而对饲料的需求也将有很大的增长     

John Stuart Mill's Theories of Wealth and Income Distribution

Although he was much influenced by David Ricardo when he wrote the classical part of his Principles , John Stuart Mill was not a Ricardian when he penned his theories of wealth and distribution. They are based on a triple foundation. First, a belief that economics is a moral discipline. Second a theory of custom-driven human behavior. Third, an empirically formed conviction that the institutions of state, education and business cooperate to structure the distribution of income. On the basis of these presuppositions, Mill formulated 1) an institutional theory of the formation of human and non-human wealth and 2) an even more institutional theory of distribution demonstrating how the aforementioned institutions malignantly skew the distribution of income to the advantage of the propertied classes and to the extreme disadvantage of the working class. As a social economist, Mill recommended institutional reforms designed to eradicate the poverty of the working class.     

Forecasting the price of gold

This article seeks to evaluate the appropriateness of a variety of existing forecasting techniques (17 methods) at providing accurate and statistically significant forecasts for gold price. We report the results from the nine most competitive techniques. Special consideration is given to the ability of these techniques to provide forecasts which outperforms the random walk (RW) as we noticed that certain multivariate models (which included prices of silver, platinum, palladium and rhodium, besides gold) were also unable to outperform the RW in this case. Interestingly, the results show that none of the forecasting techniques are able to outperform the RW at horizons of 1 and 9 steps ahead, and on average, the exponential smoothing model is seen providing the best forecasts in terms of the lowest root mean squared error over the 24-month forecasting horizons. Moreover, we find that the univariate models used in this article are able to outperform the Bayesian autoregression and Bayesian vector autoregressive models, with exponential smoothing reporting statistically significant results in comparison with the former models, and classical autoregressive and the vector autoregressive models in most cases.     

Toward a Phylogenetic Reconstruction of Organizational Life

Synopsis Classification is an important activity that facilitates theory development in many academic disciplines. Scholars in fields such as organizational science, management science and economics and have long recognized that classification offers an approach for ordering and understanding the diversity of organizational taxa (groups of one or more similar organizational entities). However, even the most prominent organizational classifications have limited utility, as they tend to be shaped by a specific research bias, inadequate units of analysis and a standard neoclassical economic view that does not naturally accommodate the disequilibrium dynamics of modern competition. The result is a relatively large number of individual and unconnected organizational classifications, which tend to ignore the processes of change responsible for organizational diversity. Collectively they fail to provide any sort of universal system for ordering, compiling and presenting knowledge on organizational diversity. This paper has two purposes. First, it reviews the general status of the major theoretical approaches to biological and organizational classification and compares the methods and resulting classifications derived from each approach. Definitions of key terms and a discussion on the three principal schools of biological classification (evolutionary systematics, phenetics and cladistics) are included in this review. Second, this paper aims to encourage critical thinking and debate about the use of the cladistic classification approach for inferring and representing the historical relationships underpinning organizational diversity. This involves examining the feasibility of applying the logic of common ancestry to populations of organizations. Consequently, this paper is exploratory and preparatory in style, with illustrations and assertions concerning the study and classification of organizational diversity.