基于专业需求的需求价格弹性研究

本文从需求价格弹性的数学表达式出发,对相关需求价格弹性的经济意义给出数学解析,以便学生能更好地理解对应的需求价格弹性,更好地适应专业需求。     

纯分时定价与分时阶梯定价对政策目标实现的对比分析

基于双层需求模型,对分时阶梯定价与纯分时定价下的居民电力需求行为进行比较。利用相对需求方程检验两类定价下的相对需求是否具有非位似偏好性质,运用绝对需求方程分析居民在峰谷时的不同弹性特征。研究结论表明,分时阶梯与纯分时定价下存在不同的收入和电费位似偏好性质;居民的价格与需求弹性显著不同;两类定价下可以实现的政策目标也存在明显差异。本文为系统比较非线性定价与线性定价下的需求奠定了基础。     

产出、需求、资源稀缺与资源性商品价格

文章选择从供给、需求和资源稀缺等方面来分析不同资源性商品价格涨跌幅度的差异.研究发现产出价格弹性和需求收入弹性两者之间正相关,而均和价格涨跌幅度负相关.储采比是决定资源性商品产出价格弹性和价格涨跌幅度的重要因素.储采比较高将抑制商品的价格涨幅.     

上海公交价格需求弹性估计

本文估计得到上海地面公交的价格需求弹性为-0.129,低于欧美城市公交的价格需求弹性。上海公交价格弹性低于西方城市的现象,可以由从中国城市较低的经济发达程度、收入水平和较少的可选择交通工具来解释。     

需求价格弹性在企业定价中的应用

产品价格是影响企业收入的关键性因素之一,在商品销售环节中,企业非常重视制定科学的价格并根据市场变化进行调整,以实现利润最大化这一永恒的经营目标。企业的收入由成本、价格和销量共同决定,成本基本上是产品生产环节所控制的要点,因此,在销售环节中,价格和销量则成为影响收入的关键因素,价格的上升往往会带来销量的降低,而销量的变化幅度折射的是消费者的价格敏感程度,即需求价格弹性。有些商品的需求受价格变动幅度比较小,而有些商品的需求受价格变动幅度大,因此,科学的价格策略的制定必须考虑消费者的消费者需求价格弹性,否则会导致制定的价格策略失灵,甚至与企业目标背道而驰。     

城市住宅市场需求函数模型及实证分析——房地产企业的影响为例

本文主要运用《广州统计年鉴》1995年到2006年有关影响城市住宅需求因素的数据,通过计量经济学软件Eviews5.0,推导出我国的房地产市场需求函数模型,并计算了城市住宅需求弹性和分析了城市住宅需求弹性变动的原因。得出广州城市住宅需求主要受人均可支配收入、住宅价格、利率影响,城市住宅需求的影响因素弹性与城市住宅需求各主要影响因素相关。并根据本文得出的结果提出来一些政策建议。     

城市住宅市场需求函数模型及实证分析——房地产企业的影响为例简

本文主要运用《广州统计年鉴》1995年到2006年有关影响城市住宅需求因素的数据，通过计量经济学软件Eviews5.0，推导出我国的房地产市场需求函数模型，并计算了城市住宅需求弹性和分析了城市住宅需求弹性变动的原因。得出广州城市住宅需求主要受人均可支配收入、住宅价格、利率影响，城市住宅需求的影响因素弹性与城市住宅需求各主要影响因素相关。并根据本文得出的结果提出来一些政策建议。     

论我国房地产市场供需价格差异的原因及对策

1.衡量房价及居民承受能力的标准1.1 房地产市场供需价格理论:按西方经济学观点,房地产供、需曲线的交点即为市场均衡的供需平衡点,这种平衡应是一种动态平衡;同时由于房地产具有位置固定、可增值等特性,这些特性决定房价因素多元化,因而房地产供给对价格的弹性小,而需求对价格弹性大;此外由于房地产投资量大、建设周期长、供应比需求有相对滞后性,容易产生市场风险;因此房地产市     

住房需求的实证分析 ——基于我国31个省的截面数据

本文通过建立模型,选择全国31个省市的住房需求为研究对象,运用弹性模型,对住房需求和影响住房需求的因素用eviews-8进行回归分析.本文认为影响住宅需求的主要影响因素是居民的人口、 人均可支配收入、 房地产的价格.根据回归分析,验证了人口对住房需求有显著性的影响.     

人民币升值与我国出口关系评析

随着人民币长期持续地升值,有人认为人民币升值会导致我国出口额的降低,但是事实真的是这样吗？本文从需求定理的前提条件、需求的价格弹性理论和市场营销理论三个角度详细地论证了人民币升值并不会导致我国出口额的降低。     

基于消费结构分析的扩大内需对策研究——以上海城镇居民为例

消费是拉动经济的三驾马车之一,在当前依靠投资和出口拉动经济战略受阻的背景下,扩大内需、刺激消费成为推动我国经济发展的关键因素。作为反映居民消费本质的重要概念,消费结构与扩大内需是密不可分的。本文以上海城镇居民消费结构为研究对象,分析其在1995～2008年间演变规律;运用ELES模型探究居民消费支出与可支配收入的关系;测算商品需求收入弹性系数并进行比较分析。在此基础上,提出从稳定商品价格、提高居民收入、完善社会保障制度和优化供给结构等方面政策刺激消费,扩大内需。     

Quantile-regression estimates of cigarette demand elasticities for the United States

Using a simple model and state-level cross-section U.S. data from 1993 to 1999, quantile-regression estimates of price elasticity and income elasticity for cigarette demand are obtained. It is noted that price elasticity shows a sizable variation across the high and low quantity-quartiles. There is a similar variability in the income elasticity, but most of these estimates lack statistical significance. Besides providing an indication of the variation in the price (and income) elasticity for different consumption levels, the exercise suggests some interpretative caution in regard to estimates from constant-elasticity models.     

苹果消费需求影响因素的实证分析

苹果是我国居民重要的生活消费品。本文在分析影响苹果消费需求因素的基础上,运用一元和多元线性回归模型对各主要影响因素的影响程度进行了实证分析。研究表明:苹果消费需求对人均可支配收入与城市化水平的反应较为敏感,且呈现正相关关系;但苹果消费需求对苹果平均价格弹性不足,呈现负相关关系。因此应该提高居民收入水平,稳步推进城市化建设,进一步拉动居民的苹果消费需求。     

The demand for housing in developing countries: The case of Korea

This paper presents the results of an analysis of urban housing demand for Korea taking into account the most recent findings of housing demand analysis concerning specification and aggregation biases. In order to obtain correctly specified demand functions, a procedure based on a model of the housing market originally proposed by Muth is used. Drawing on the detailed land information available in Korea, this procedure permits the calculation of an individual price per unit of housing services for each household. The results show conclusively that both the income and price elasticity of the demand for housing services in Korea are comparable to those found in the United States: the income elasticity is smaller than one and the price elasticity is negative and smaller than one in absolute value. Given the number of countries found within the per capita income range between Korea ($700) and the United States ($7800), the finding that these two countries have comparable demand elasticities is of major significance: in the absence of good national estimates, the order of magnitudes found here would be used for other country analyses.     

住房市场的刚性需求与投资需求测算——以北京市为例

对微观经济学中的需求价格弹性进行了修正,提出了测算住房市场中刚性需求和投资需求的方法,并实际测算了北京市住房市场的刚性需求和投资需求。结果表明,北京市住房市场刚性需求和投资需求的比例在每一年度都不尽相同,部分年份刚性需求占主导地位,部分年份投资需求占主导地位;同时,投资需求和住房价格增长率之间呈现很好的同步关系,在投资需求占主导地位的年份,住房价格增长速度明显加快。     

Permanent income,hedonic prices,and demand for housing: New evidence

Housing demand is examined by looking quite specifically at the income and price variables based on individual household data. Permanent and transitory incomes are computed through instrumental variables related to human and nonhuman wealth. A price is constructed by spatially varying hedonic techniques. Separation of measured income into permanent and transitory components substantially improves the predictive power of the housing demand estimation and leads to demand elasticities of +1 and ?1 with respect to permanent income and price. The permanent income elasticity is roughly twice the measured income elasticity.     

A Time Series Analysis of U.K. Lottery Sales: Long and Short Run Price Elasticities

This paper estimates the long- and short-run elasticities for Lotto. It is particularly concerned with the dynamic response to price variations since, for some goods, this has sometimes been used to infer the presence of addiction. The price elasticity is identified through variation in the expected value of a Lotto ticket induced by rollovers whose high frequency results in surprisingly high variation in the expected value of holding a ticket. Unit root tests are applied to the series in order to identify their time series properties and to avoid a spurious regression problem. The series are found to be stationary. We apply instrumental variables to account for the endogeneity which arises due to correlation between the expected value and the dependent sales variable. The estimated long-run elasticity exceeds the short-run elasticity and this supports the hypothesis that there is an element of addictive behaviour in sales. The Lottery is regulated and the regulator's objective is to maximize sales. Our estimated long-run price elasticity of demand is inconsistent with revenue maximization and we find that greater revenue for the 'good causes' could be raised from the game if a smaller proportion of sales revenue were allocated to them.     

Hedonic estimation of housing demand elasticity with a markup over marginal costs

We show that recent developments in hedonic pricing theory allow modeling of the equilibrium pricing function as the marginal cost of an additional housing unit plus a markup that varies inversely with the elasticity of demand. Useful information about demand elasticity at a given point on the envelope function can be recovered from the hedonic regression and limited information on marginal costs. In particular, the elasticity of the envelope with respect to any characteristic such as interior area provides information on the elasticity of demand. Relative price elasticities (i.e., elasticities that vary from a base value in a known way with interior area, unit type or neighborhood characteristics) can be computed from the elasticity of the hedonic envelope. Like Yinger (2010), our method is based on a single hedonic equation.We test our method using sales of new high rise condominiums in two districts within Shenzhen, China: Futian and Longgang. The results strongly confirm the main hypothesis of this paper: price elasticity with respect to size is increasing for more complex types of units. Together with estimates of marginal costs of production, these results imply that relative demand elasticity is declining for larger, more complex units.     

市场经济条件下增加旅客列车运营收益的研究

提高经济效益是当前经济建设中的突出问题,开展列车运营收益的策略研究是提高经济效益整体水平的关键,具有十分重要的意义。文章以增加旅客列车运营收益为目标进行分析,运用需求价格弹性理论建立定价模型和计算公式,为客票定价调价提供科学的理论依据,并从定价策略和营销策略角度提出了相应的对策和建议。