基于GARCH模型的VaR方法对我国开放式基金风险的分析

本文从我国开放式基金收益率序列的分布与波动性两方面建立了一个估计基金风险的VaR-GARCH模型，在正态分布和能够刻画收益率的尖峰厚尾特征的t分布GED分布三种不同的分布假设下，对基金的VaR值进行估计，并应用Kupiec失败频率检验方法对VaR模型的准确性进行了返回检验。结果显示，基于GED分布的GARCH模型计算的VaR值比基于正态分布和t分布GARCH模型计算的VaR值更真实地反映了基金的风险。     

商业银行操作风险计量的极值模型实证研究

本文利用极值理论中的BMM模型、POT模型分别对中国商业银行2004-2011年度的225起操作风险损失事件采用广义极值分布、广义帕累托分布构建VaR模型,运用极大似然估计法估计有关参数,进而计算操作风险损失VaR.运用基本指标法对BMM模型和POT模型的计量结果进行验证以确定优劣.实证研究显示,在数据较少条件下,用POT模型度量操作风险损失VaR较BMM模型更为合理,这为我国商业银行操作风险计量提供一个切实可行的量化方法.     

对我国开放式基金风险的实证研究——基于GARCH模型的VaR方法

从我国开放式基金收益率序列的分布、波动性和杠杆效应三方面考虑,在正态分布、t分布和GED分布的假设下,-建立了估计基金风险的VaR—GARCH、VaR—EGARCH模型,选择合适的模型对各只基金及不同类型基金的VaR值进行估计,并应用Kupiec方法对VaR模型的准确性进行了返回检验。结果显示,基于GED分布的GARCH模型计算的VaR值比基于t分布的GARCH模型计算的VaR值更真实地反映了基金的风险,不同投资类型和投资风格的基金的风险也不尽相同。     

基于GJR—ALaplace方法的开放式基金风险研究

根据我国开放式基金收益率序列的尖峰、厚尾、有偏和波动时变的特征,引入非对gg,Laplace分布对收益率序列进行刻画和拟合。构建度量基金风险的动态GJR—Asymmetric～Laplace模型,在非对称Laplace分布、Laplace分布和正态分布三种分布假设下测算VaR,并做返回检验。选取12只开放式基金在2007．01．04～2009．12．31期间的日累计净值数据做实证研究。实证表明：除了基金大成债券外,其余11只基金显著通过假设,符合非对称Laplace分布,相rELaplace分布和正态分布来说,非对称Laplace分布能更好地拟合基金收益率序列。正态分布假设下风险度量值通过检验的基金数显著少于Laplace分布假设,而Laplace分布下通过检验的基金数亦少于非对称Laplace分布,可知非对称hplace分布假设下得出的基金动态风险值更为有效。     

中小板证券市场VaR估计精度实证研究

本文首先针对深市综合指数收益进行了基本统计,其次在二值损失函数标准和平方损失函数双重检验标准下,对三类VaR模型的估计精度进行了实证检验。结果表明：非参数类和半参数类度量模型对于我国中小板证券市场风险估计的精度较高,而参数类VaR模型的估计精度最差。由于参数类VaR模型主要采用了正态假定且忽略了波动率的聚集性,因此,在一定程度上也说明了我国中小板证券市场收益不符合正态性假定且存在波动率聚集现象。     

基于GARCH模型的VaR方法的实证分析——以开放式基金为研究对象

从我国开放式基金收益率序列的分布、波动性和杠杆效应三方面考虑,在正态分布、t分布和GED分布的假设下,建立了估计基金风险的VaR-GARCH、VaR-EGAKCH模型.选择合适的模型对各只基金及不同类型基金的VaR值进行估计,最好根据结果得出相应的结论.     

基于混合正态分布的风险价值度量

利用参数方法计算VaR的关键在于对收益率分布形式的假定是否合理.为了充分反映金融收益的统计特性,并更好地刻画厚尾特征,本文在利用ARMA-GARCH模型过滤了收益序列的自相关和波动聚类特性后,采用混合正态分布模型分析资产收益的VaR度量,并对上证综指获得的日收益率序列进行了实证研究.比较分析混合正态分布和正态分布两种假定下的VaR.结果表明:混合正态分布假设能够反映收益分布5%的厚尾特征并准确地刻画1%的厚尾部分.避免了正态分布假设低估风险的缺陷,保证了VaR的准确性.     

用VaR度量与管理投资基金的市场风险

度量和管理我国证券投资基金的市场风险十分迫切.本文以上证基金指数代替具体投资基金的价格作为样本数据,分别采用δ-正态法和极值理论方法计算出了相应的风险价值VaR用以度量我国证券投资基金的市场风险,同时对投资基金市场风险的VaR度量进行了分析和有效性检验,最后,文章就VaR在投资基金的战略性资产配置、优化投资组合、控制基金投资风险、绩效评估和信息披露等方面的应用作了一些探讨.     

基于GARCH模型的证券投资基金VaR计算与实证研究

基于统计技术的度量金融市场风险值(Value at Risk,VaR)已成为测量市场风险的新标准和新方法。鉴此,如何高效、准确地进行VaR的计算将是问题所在。基于GARCH模型,讨论了对数收益率时间序列在正态、学生t和广义误差(GED)三种不同分布下的VaR计算方法,对样本基金的市场风险进行估计,并通过返回检验来检验模型的准确性。研究结果表明,基于GED分布的GARCH模型计算的VaR值最能真实地反映基金风险。     

开放式基金风险比较的实证研究

开放式基金风险应该根据其类别和经营管理风格等因素进行划分。根据样本数据的特定性质,通过采用GARCH模型,对开放式基金的基金收益波动进行模拟,分别计算了代表性开放式基金的VaR值,并引入RAROC方法比较了开放式基金的风险。结论表明,投资者和管理者应该结合开放式基金的管理风格进行横向比较,使用绝对VaR和RAROC指标综合考察开放式基金的风险和收益。     

Pleasure and belief in Hume's Decision Process

Abstract

The purpose of this paper is to introduce explicitly pleasure and belief in what aims at being a Humean theory of decision, like the one developed in Diaye and Lapidus (2005a). Although we support the idea that Hume was in some way a hedonist – evidently different from Bentham's or Jevons' way – we lay emphasis less on continuity than on the specific kind of hedonism encountered in Hume's writings (chiefly the Treatise, the second Enquiry, the Dissertation, or some of his Essays). Such hedonism clearly contrasts to its standard modern inheritance, expressed by the relation between preferences and utility.

The reason for such a difference with the usual approach lies in the mental process that Hume puts to the fore in order to explain the way pleasure determines desires and volition. Whereas pleasure is primarily, in Hume's words, an impression of sensation, it takes place in the birth of passions as reflecting an idea of pleasure, whose “force and vivacity” is precisely a “belief”, transferred to the direct passions of desire or volition that come immediately before action. As a result, from a Humean point of view, “belief” deals with decision under risk or uncertainty, as well as with intertemporal decision and indiscrimination problems.

The latter are explored within a formal framework, and it is shown that the relation of pleasure is transformed by belief into a non-empty class of relations of desire, among which at least one is a preorder.     

Globalization,Neoliberalism and the attack on social security

Neoliberal political movements advocate privatization of public pension systems. Globalization imposes pressure on nations to conform to neoliberal policy views with respect to the design and structure of social insurance, including public pension systems. The paper begins with an investigation of the economic, ethical and ideological dimensions of the privatization debates in the U.S.; it argues that privatization advocates may be largely moved by ideology, since the other reasons advanced appear weak or unfounded. The second part discusses the history of Social Security, the purposes for its creation, and some of its economic effects. Differences between public and private pension systems are considered. A brief international comparison of some aspects of public pension system finance and benefit structures is presented. The final section considers the ethical, macroeconomic and distributional implications of privatization, prefunding and payroll tax funding, and argues for a pay as you go system financed with income taxes. In order to promote equity, economic security, community, and social cohesion, public pension systems should be universal in coverage. In order to reduce the inequality, income insecurity, and aged poverty generated by market economies, public pension systems ought to be progressive: benefit/contribution ratios should be inversely proportional to income, and progressive income taxes should finance the system. To promote economic growth, the systems should be financed on a pay-as-you-go basis, and should not be prefunded except for an emergency reserve. The fiscal policy recommendations partially depend upon the theory developed by Abba Lerner in the 1940s, and recently advanced by Wynne Godley and Randy Wray: Lerner's “principle of functional finance.”     

John Stuart Mill's Theory Of Justice

John Stuart Mill has traditionally been portrayed as self-contradictory and failing to construct a unified social theory. Recent scholarship, however, has challenged this view, finding Mill's work to be creatively synthetic in bridging the antinomies inherent in liberal democratic thought. This revisionist interpretation of Mill is advanced by an understanding of his theory of justice and its role in shaping his policy positions on issues such as welfare, education, voting rights, property rights, taxation, government intervention, and the future of capitalism.     

A Rich Vein for Reality Mining

Arik Hesseldahl In the aftermath of the September 11 attacks, U.S. officials quickly turned their attention to other potential targets, including California's Golden Gate Bridge. What would happen if terrorists took down the bridge between San Francisco and Marin County? How much of the region would be affected and for how long?     

中国养活自己能力的长期预测:技术和政策分析

中国拥有世界五分之一强的人口 ,收入又在迅速增长。因此 ,国际上很自然地会考虑或推测她在今后的几十年是否有能力养活自己。中国的人口预计将从 2 0 0 0年的 1 2 8亿增长到 2 0 2 0年的 1 4 6亿 ,和 2 0 3 0年的 1 4 9亿。与此同时 ,人均收入的增长将导致对家畜和鱼类产品更大的需求 ,因而对饲料的需求也将有很大的增长     

Interest on reserves and inflation

The payment of interest on reserves has been a common practice in inflationary economies. This policy may seem paradoxical since it involves returning part of the seigniorage, generated by the inflation process, with the intention to finance the fiscal deficit. This paper argues that the motivation for this policy can be captured by the discretionary regime, where the policymaker pays interest on reserves because he is concerned with the erosion of real liquidity by inflation, which is in part beyond his control. However, this policy is an unlikely outcome in the commitment regime, where the policymaker is in full control of inflation.     

John Stuart Mill's Theories of Wealth and Income Distribution

Although he was much influenced by David Ricardo when he wrote the classical part of his Principles , John Stuart Mill was not a Ricardian when he penned his theories of wealth and distribution. They are based on a triple foundation. First, a belief that economics is a moral discipline. Second a theory of custom-driven human behavior. Third, an empirically formed conviction that the institutions of state, education and business cooperate to structure the distribution of income. On the basis of these presuppositions, Mill formulated 1) an institutional theory of the formation of human and non-human wealth and 2) an even more institutional theory of distribution demonstrating how the aforementioned institutions malignantly skew the distribution of income to the advantage of the propertied classes and to the extreme disadvantage of the working class. As a social economist, Mill recommended institutional reforms designed to eradicate the poverty of the working class.     

Forecasting the price of gold

This article seeks to evaluate the appropriateness of a variety of existing forecasting techniques (17 methods) at providing accurate and statistically significant forecasts for gold price. We report the results from the nine most competitive techniques. Special consideration is given to the ability of these techniques to provide forecasts which outperforms the random walk (RW) as we noticed that certain multivariate models (which included prices of silver, platinum, palladium and rhodium, besides gold) were also unable to outperform the RW in this case. Interestingly, the results show that none of the forecasting techniques are able to outperform the RW at horizons of 1 and 9 steps ahead, and on average, the exponential smoothing model is seen providing the best forecasts in terms of the lowest root mean squared error over the 24-month forecasting horizons. Moreover, we find that the univariate models used in this article are able to outperform the Bayesian autoregression and Bayesian vector autoregressive models, with exponential smoothing reporting statistically significant results in comparison with the former models, and classical autoregressive and the vector autoregressive models in most cases.     

Toward a Phylogenetic Reconstruction of Organizational Life

Synopsis Classification is an important activity that facilitates theory development in many academic disciplines. Scholars in fields such as organizational science, management science and economics and have long recognized that classification offers an approach for ordering and understanding the diversity of organizational taxa (groups of one or more similar organizational entities). However, even the most prominent organizational classifications have limited utility, as they tend to be shaped by a specific research bias, inadequate units of analysis and a standard neoclassical economic view that does not naturally accommodate the disequilibrium dynamics of modern competition. The result is a relatively large number of individual and unconnected organizational classifications, which tend to ignore the processes of change responsible for organizational diversity. Collectively they fail to provide any sort of universal system for ordering, compiling and presenting knowledge on organizational diversity. This paper has two purposes. First, it reviews the general status of the major theoretical approaches to biological and organizational classification and compares the methods and resulting classifications derived from each approach. Definitions of key terms and a discussion on the three principal schools of biological classification (evolutionary systematics, phenetics and cladistics) are included in this review. Second, this paper aims to encourage critical thinking and debate about the use of the cladistic classification approach for inferring and representing the historical relationships underpinning organizational diversity. This involves examining the feasibility of applying the logic of common ancestry to populations of organizations. Consequently, this paper is exploratory and preparatory in style, with illustrations and assertions concerning the study and classification of organizational diversity.