药物经济性评价下的中国药企变革

卫生政策和制度的导向无疑会对制药企业的行为产生重要的影响。在中国医药体制改革不断深入的过程中,为了解决民众"看病贵"问题,建立科学合理的医药价格形成机制尤为重要。现行医药市场环境中,存在着药企创新乏力,药品定价虚高、药品质量降低、小规模药企无序竞争、过度营销等乱象,限制和阻碍着我国医药企业的健康发展。随着国内药物经济学的引入和推广,药物经济性评价方法逐步被卫生领域所接受,逐渐成为药品价格管理的制度依据。药物经济性评价的推行,可以促进药品科学合理定价,从而引发中国制药企业陆续的改革。引入药物经济性评价,可以促使制药企业规范化发展,扭转制药企业的不良形象。     

药物经济学在我国药品定价中应用的定位分析

目的为药物经济学在我国药品定价中的正确应用提供政策建议。方法通过介绍我国药品价格管制措施的局限性,探讨药物经济学在药品定价中应用的可行性及必要性,进一步分析药物经济学在药品定价中应用所需的明确定位。结果与结论在药品定价中药物经济学所评价的药物范围应为新药和专利期内的垄断药品。作为应用主体的定价部门应站在全社会角度通过制定权威的药物经济学评价指南,委托第三方专家组对制药企业提交的药物经济学评价报告进行评估,将评估结果作为药品定价部门与制药企业谈判协商价格时的科学依据,在达到对新药和专利期内垄断药品控费的同时,鼓励药品创新和研发,最终保证患者对药品持续的可及性。     

收入分布、破坏性创新与社会福利

通过构建破坏性创新企业与在位企业进行市场竞争的双寡头博弈模型,分析在具有不同收入分布特征市场中破坏性创新企业的市场绩效及社会福利。研究发现,在收入差距较大的市场中,破坏性创新企业获得更大的市场份额和利润,社会福利相对较小;相反,在收入水平较高且分布趋向同质的市场中,在位企业获得更大的市场份额和利润,并且,破坏性创新厂商的利润随着收入水平的提高而降低。同时,随着收入水平的提高,两企业的产品质量不断提高,但质量差距不断扩大,社会总福利也随之增加。最后,进一步阐释了破坏性创新更多地发生于贫富差距较大的新兴市场的微观机制,为企业根据不同市场的收入分布特征选择竞争战略提供理论依据,为相关国家基于收入分布特点制定限制或支持破坏性创新创业政策提供理论参考。     

扶持我国出口导向企业实施RRC战略的理论依据

文章探讨本国企业与外国企业在以产量竞争的方式争夺出口市场的情况下,本国政府对本国企业实施提高竞争对手成本(RRC)战略的投资进行补贴的理论依据。通过两次运用两阶段博弈,文章对由补贴政策、企业RRC投资、产量和利润水平决定构成的三阶段博弈进行了因果关系的比较静态分析,认为在一般情况下,对本国企业RRC投资补贴有利于本国企业在国际市场中产量、市场份额和利润的增加,也有利于本国社会总福利水平的增加,对外国企业产量、利润和社会福利则形成负面影响。由于RRC战略较之掠夺性定价温和且更易实施,这一政策对于保持我国出口稳定增长具有一定积极意义。     

差别定价对药品市场的影响

本文分别从制药公司、患者和规制者的角度探讨了差别定价对药品市场的影响。首先,由于差别定价允许制药公司在高收入国家索要超过边际生产成本的价格,因此能够有效为其筹集研发补偿金,更好地激励创新;同时差别定价也带动了保密性折扣的广泛使用。其次,差别定价提高了现存药品的可及性和未来创新药品的可及性,增加了患者福利。最后,在规制者认识到差别定价对制药公司和患者的正面影响后,很可能会弱化损害市场分隔的相关政策,在整体决策时做出更科学的权衡。     

研发投入、专利与经营绩效实证研究:以台湾为例

世界各国将研发作为可持续发展驱动力,以研发投入作为创新政策工具之一,并将专利产出作为评估指标。基于台湾新竹科学园区6大产业1989-2012年经营绩效、研发投入、专利数和投资金额数据,运用回归分析方法探讨了研发投入、专利与经营绩效之间的关系与影响。结果显示,政府研发投入与企业经营绩效正相关;研发投入与专利数正相关,但专利件数与经营绩效相关性较弱;企业投资规模与园区经营绩效正相关。进一步验证了政府将研发投入作为创新政策工具的有效性,可为政府及企业制定研发创新政策提供参考。     

价格监管的目标、原则与基本方法

价格监管应以促进效率与公平为基本目标。被监管企业有效率且可持续运营、公平负担、兼顾社会政策目标、便于理解和执行是价格监管的四项基本原则。"回报率管制"侧重于直接控制被管制企业的成本和资本报酬,被认为是"基于成本的管制";"上限制"在一定期间内并不直接控制被管制企业的成本和利润,而是侧重于效率的激励,被认为是"基于绩效的管制"。自然垄断行业虽然适宜独家经营,但仍可通过间接的途径引入竞争机制。价格结构设计的基本原则是价格与成本相符。"交叉补贴"仅可用于居民用户之间,并非所有地区的所有公用事业行业普遍适用。     

国内药企对中国仿制药品的发展战略

大力发展仿制药品是降低医疗支出、提高药品可及性、保障人民医疗健康水平的主要途径。以美国为代表的发达国家,建立了成熟的仿制药品研发、监管和流通替代体系,促进了仿制药品和创新药品的平衡发展。自2015年以来,我国大力改革药品监管政策、研发要求与国际接轨,推行上市药物一致性评价工作,使仿制药品的研发水平和质量得到提升。本文以齐鲁制药为例,简述国内药企在新政策环境下如何制定切实可行的研发战略,促使我国仿制药品研发取得显著成效。     

稳健性偏好、惯性效应与中国股市的投资策略研究

在反垄断和政府管制的实践中,关键问题之一是对企业市场势力直接有效、科学准确的测度.本文采用2003--2007年我国化学药品制剂制造企业的面板数据,引进实证产业组织中最前沿的生产法,并根据我国药品市场购销特征进行修正,直接测算我国化学药品制剂制造企业的Lerner指数及其变化趋势,考察制药企业的市场势力及其影响因素.研究发现,即便考虑支付"回扣"对制药企业市场势力的折损,我国制药企业仍存在系统性的市场势力.不同所有制、规模、研发状况以及药品销售渠道的企业,其市场势力存在显著差异.     

政策不确定性如何影响企业绩效——一项基于Meta分析的检验

企业发展与宏观政策环境密不可分,关于政策不确定性与企业绩效的关系仍有诸多未解之惑。根据企业绩效的具体内容将其细分为企业经营绩效、创新绩效以及投资绩效,采用Meta分析方法,揭示政策不确定性对企业绩效3个方面的不同影响,并分析二者关系的调节因素。结果发现：政策不确定性能够抑制企业经营绩效和投资绩效,但能够显著提升企业创新绩效。由于存在企业性质、企业规模、市场化程度和政治关联等调节因素差异,导致政策不确定性与企业绩效关系研究存在分歧。结论能够为政策不确定性环境下企业创新发展战略实施提供借鉴,并为地方政府官员更替、公共政策制定等提供参考。     

Pleasure and belief in Hume's Decision Process

Abstract

The purpose of this paper is to introduce explicitly pleasure and belief in what aims at being a Humean theory of decision, like the one developed in Diaye and Lapidus (2005a). Although we support the idea that Hume was in some way a hedonist – evidently different from Bentham's or Jevons' way – we lay emphasis less on continuity than on the specific kind of hedonism encountered in Hume's writings (chiefly the Treatise, the second Enquiry, the Dissertation, or some of his Essays). Such hedonism clearly contrasts to its standard modern inheritance, expressed by the relation between preferences and utility.

The reason for such a difference with the usual approach lies in the mental process that Hume puts to the fore in order to explain the way pleasure determines desires and volition. Whereas pleasure is primarily, in Hume's words, an impression of sensation, it takes place in the birth of passions as reflecting an idea of pleasure, whose “force and vivacity” is precisely a “belief”, transferred to the direct passions of desire or volition that come immediately before action. As a result, from a Humean point of view, “belief” deals with decision under risk or uncertainty, as well as with intertemporal decision and indiscrimination problems.

The latter are explored within a formal framework, and it is shown that the relation of pleasure is transformed by belief into a non-empty class of relations of desire, among which at least one is a preorder.     

Globalization,Neoliberalism and the attack on social security

Neoliberal political movements advocate privatization of public pension systems. Globalization imposes pressure on nations to conform to neoliberal policy views with respect to the design and structure of social insurance, including public pension systems. The paper begins with an investigation of the economic, ethical and ideological dimensions of the privatization debates in the U.S.; it argues that privatization advocates may be largely moved by ideology, since the other reasons advanced appear weak or unfounded. The second part discusses the history of Social Security, the purposes for its creation, and some of its economic effects. Differences between public and private pension systems are considered. A brief international comparison of some aspects of public pension system finance and benefit structures is presented. The final section considers the ethical, macroeconomic and distributional implications of privatization, prefunding and payroll tax funding, and argues for a pay as you go system financed with income taxes. In order to promote equity, economic security, community, and social cohesion, public pension systems should be universal in coverage. In order to reduce the inequality, income insecurity, and aged poverty generated by market economies, public pension systems ought to be progressive: benefit/contribution ratios should be inversely proportional to income, and progressive income taxes should finance the system. To promote economic growth, the systems should be financed on a pay-as-you-go basis, and should not be prefunded except for an emergency reserve. The fiscal policy recommendations partially depend upon the theory developed by Abba Lerner in the 1940s, and recently advanced by Wynne Godley and Randy Wray: Lerner's “principle of functional finance.”     

John Stuart Mill's Theory Of Justice

John Stuart Mill has traditionally been portrayed as self-contradictory and failing to construct a unified social theory. Recent scholarship, however, has challenged this view, finding Mill's work to be creatively synthetic in bridging the antinomies inherent in liberal democratic thought. This revisionist interpretation of Mill is advanced by an understanding of his theory of justice and its role in shaping his policy positions on issues such as welfare, education, voting rights, property rights, taxation, government intervention, and the future of capitalism.     

A Rich Vein for “Reality Mining”北大核心CSSCISSCI

Arik Hesseldahl In the aftermath of the September 11 attacks, U.S. officials quickly turned their attention to other potential targets, including California's Golden Gate Bridge. What would happen if terrorists took down the bridge between San Francisco and Marin County? How much of the region would be affected and for how long?     

Solidified Branding Function: How the Urban Brand Affects a Small Town’s Development? Case Study of Wangqingtuo,Tianjin, China

Chinese small towns are usually developed with single core industry,and the urban brand is the identity of a town that formed with the development of its indust...     

Nonlinearity in Stock Exchange Markets: The Case of Bist 100 Indices

In this paper,using data for the Bist 100 index,we investigate the presence of nonlinearities by employing several nonlinearity tests.The Brock,Dechert,and Sche...     

Perspective on the Economic Evolution of the European Union States Under the Impact of the Pandemic and Financial-Economic Crisis

The European Union,which is at the beginning of its term of office for all Member States in the European Parliament,the European Commission,its governing body a...     

中国养活自己能力的长期预测:技术和政策分析

中国拥有世界五分之一强的人口 ,收入又在迅速增长。因此 ,国际上很自然地会考虑或推测她在今后的几十年是否有能力养活自己。中国的人口预计将从 2 0 0 0年的 1 2 8亿增长到 2 0 2 0年的 1 4 6亿 ,和 2 0 3 0年的 1 4 9亿。与此同时 ,人均收入的增长将导致对家畜和鱼类产品更大的需求 ,因而对饲料的需求也将有很大的增长     

Neurally reconstructing expected utility

While the concept of “expected utility” informs many theories of decision making, little is known about whether and how the human brain might compute this quantity. This article reviews a series of functional magnetic resonance imaging (FMRI) experiments designed to localize brain regions that respond in anticipation of increasing amounts of monetary incentives. These studies collectively suggest that anticipation of increasing monetary gains activates a subcortical region of the ventral striatum in a magnitude-proportional manner. This ventral striatal activation is not evident during anticipation of losses. Actual gain outcomes instead activate a region of the mesial prefrontal cortex. During anticipation of gain, ventral striatal activation is accompanied by feelings characterized by increasing arousal and positive valence. These findings affirm the role of emotion in the anticipation of incentives, and may provide an initial step towards a neural reconstruction of expected utility.