企业绩效的层次性与企业内部组织单元绩效评价

企业的经济活动具体由其内部各组织单元运行。企业内部各个组织单元是企业战略实施的基本单位,也是企业价值增值链上的重要环节。企业绩效是企业内各组织单元绩效的集成,企业内部各组织单元绩效评价是企业整体绩效评价体系的重要组成部分。对作为企业内部绩效评价客体之一的内部组织单元的特征、形式及绩效评价等问题进行了初步研究。     

委托代理视角下的企业内部市场探析

为了适应新的竞争形势和获得竞争优势,国内外许多企业组织以业务流程再造为基础,推动企业内部市场化过程,让企业内原有的科层机制融入了更多的市场机制元素。传统内部市场研究主要沿袭制度经济学观点,以交易费用为分析工具,从理论上解释企业内部市场存在的合理性和应用的必然性,但缺乏实践指导意义。委托代理理论的核心就是委托人在信息不对称条件下,如何设计一个最优合同机制。从这个意义上来看,企业理论的许多模型都可以在委托代理框架下分析。随着内部市场体系的建立,企业组织的网络化、模块化,原有的科层机制逐渐和市场机制互相融合,将会在组织内产生更为复杂的委托代理关系,从而衍生出新的问题。本文以企业理论为基础,委托代理理论为工具,试图从激励因素、信息对称性来对内部市场进行研究,并在此基础上提出有效的原则。     

公司内部治理组织结构研究:委托代理链视角

从委托代理链的视角出发,我们可以把委托人和内部治理组织纳入统一的分析框架当中.内部治理组织的首要功能是支持内部治理机制的运行,而内部治理机制的主要作用是引导代理人的行为,使其与企业的治理目标相一致,这是内部治理的基本逻辑.重新构建委托代理链的起点以改变初始委托人的有效结构,或者重新构建委托代理链的中心以改变不合理的内部治理组织结构,都是激活治理机制的有效途径.     

提高内部审计工作的有效性

内部审计实质是对本部门、本单位经济活动的再监督，是企业内部控制机制的一个重要组成部分。内部审计的立足点应该是加强企业内部管理，帮助管理部门这一代理人(外围的委托代理关系)更好地履行其受托责任，监督企业内部各部门、分公司的受托责任的履行情况(内部的委托代理关系)。     

集团企业相对绩效评价研究——基于FS集团企业的案例分析

相对绩效评价是基于委托代理理论提出的一种特殊的激励机制。文章以FS集团企业为例,分析FS集团企业绩效评价中遇到的问题,提出在FS集团企业绩效评价中使用相对绩效评价方法,并在其中引入行业评价标准值、建立企业历史评价标准值,构建集团企业相对绩效评价模型,为集团型企业绩效评价提供借鉴。     

人力资源的确认与报告模式

一、建立人力资源确认与报告模式的经济学基础会计要素的确认和报告是解决企业经济资源信息如何输入和输出会计信息处理系统的问题。人力资源会计需要建立一个确认与报告的模式，以解决人力资源输入和输出会计信息的问题。企业是由一系列委托代理关系组成的经济组织，其基本委托关系有以下几个：①所有者和经营者之间的委托代理关系；②企业内部经营者之间的委托代理关系；③企业与债权人之间的委托代理关系；④所有者和债权人之间的间接委托代理关系。这些委托代理关系表现为契约关系，委托方与代理方之间的权利和义务通过契约约定，形成契…     

对农村“三资”实施委托代理服务的新思考

农村集体经济组织“三资”委托代理服务制,是指在坚持农村集体经济组织“三资”所有权、使用权、审批权和收益权不变的前提下。各村集体经济组织与乡（镇）农村集体经济组织“三资”委托代理服务中心签订委托代理协议,对“三资”实行统一管理。本文就对农村实施“三资”委托代理服务的重要意义进行了分析,同时提出了相关对策,切实维护农村集体经济组织和农民群众的合法权益。     

浅析EVA绩效评价体系的应用

建立一套科学、客观、准确的绩效评价体系,对管理者业绩进行有效衡量和正确评价是完善企业内部治理结构、减少委托代理成本、提升资本使用效率的关键之一。美国Stern Stewart管理咨询公司于1982年推出了以经济增加值（Economic Value Added,简称EVA）为核心的绩效评价方法。EVA引入中国后,先后被TCL集团、华为技术、中国移动、等企业运用于管理实践。2010年1月,国资委发布了《中央企业负责人经营业绩考核暂行办法》,将EVA作为央企商管人员年度经营业绩考核的基本指标之一。本文以EVA绩效评价体系为研究对象,结合我国企业和资本市场发展现状,对该评价体系的内涵、局限性及应用中昔注意的问题进行系统分析和阐述。     

多任务委托工程监理激励机制设计

工程监理制度下的业主与工程监理之间的关系属于多任务的委托-代理关系。根据多任务委托-代理博弈分析，由于工程监理承担任务间努力成本的替代性，多任务委托-代理情况下的工程监理具有不同于单一任务委托-代理情况下的激励机制；为防止对工程监理激励效能的弱化，工程监理激励报酬制度应以客观绩效评价为主，并辅以主观绩效评价机制。     

企业内部市场管理中信息不对称性分析与弱化方法研究

文章介绍了企业内部市场化的概念起源及发展,利用委托——代理理论对企业内部市场管理中的企业集团与附属单位之间的代理风险进行博弈分析,建议引入有效的内外部的监督和激励机制,通过实施企业内部市场管理信息系统的建设,弱化企业内部的信息不对称程度,为大型企业经营和发展提供了启示。     

Pleasure and belief in Hume's Decision Process

Abstract

The purpose of this paper is to introduce explicitly pleasure and belief in what aims at being a Humean theory of decision, like the one developed in Diaye and Lapidus (2005a). Although we support the idea that Hume was in some way a hedonist – evidently different from Bentham's or Jevons' way – we lay emphasis less on continuity than on the specific kind of hedonism encountered in Hume's writings (chiefly the Treatise, the second Enquiry, the Dissertation, or some of his Essays). Such hedonism clearly contrasts to its standard modern inheritance, expressed by the relation between preferences and utility.

The reason for such a difference with the usual approach lies in the mental process that Hume puts to the fore in order to explain the way pleasure determines desires and volition. Whereas pleasure is primarily, in Hume's words, an impression of sensation, it takes place in the birth of passions as reflecting an idea of pleasure, whose “force and vivacity” is precisely a “belief”, transferred to the direct passions of desire or volition that come immediately before action. As a result, from a Humean point of view, “belief” deals with decision under risk or uncertainty, as well as with intertemporal decision and indiscrimination problems.

The latter are explored within a formal framework, and it is shown that the relation of pleasure is transformed by belief into a non-empty class of relations of desire, among which at least one is a preorder.     

Globalization,Neoliberalism and the attack on social security

Neoliberal political movements advocate privatization of public pension systems. Globalization imposes pressure on nations to conform to neoliberal policy views with respect to the design and structure of social insurance, including public pension systems. The paper begins with an investigation of the economic, ethical and ideological dimensions of the privatization debates in the U.S.; it argues that privatization advocates may be largely moved by ideology, since the other reasons advanced appear weak or unfounded. The second part discusses the history of Social Security, the purposes for its creation, and some of its economic effects. Differences between public and private pension systems are considered. A brief international comparison of some aspects of public pension system finance and benefit structures is presented. The final section considers the ethical, macroeconomic and distributional implications of privatization, prefunding and payroll tax funding, and argues for a pay as you go system financed with income taxes. In order to promote equity, economic security, community, and social cohesion, public pension systems should be universal in coverage. In order to reduce the inequality, income insecurity, and aged poverty generated by market economies, public pension systems ought to be progressive: benefit/contribution ratios should be inversely proportional to income, and progressive income taxes should finance the system. To promote economic growth, the systems should be financed on a pay-as-you-go basis, and should not be prefunded except for an emergency reserve. The fiscal policy recommendations partially depend upon the theory developed by Abba Lerner in the 1940s, and recently advanced by Wynne Godley and Randy Wray: Lerner's “principle of functional finance.”     

John Stuart Mill's Theory Of Justice

John Stuart Mill has traditionally been portrayed as self-contradictory and failing to construct a unified social theory. Recent scholarship, however, has challenged this view, finding Mill's work to be creatively synthetic in bridging the antinomies inherent in liberal democratic thought. This revisionist interpretation of Mill is advanced by an understanding of his theory of justice and its role in shaping his policy positions on issues such as welfare, education, voting rights, property rights, taxation, government intervention, and the future of capitalism.     

A Rich Vein for “Reality Mining”北大核心CSSCISSCI

Arik Hesseldahl In the aftermath of the September 11 attacks, U.S. officials quickly turned their attention to other potential targets, including California's Golden Gate Bridge. What would happen if terrorists took down the bridge between San Francisco and Marin County? How much of the region would be affected and for how long?     

Perspective on the Economic Evolution of the European Union States Under the Impact of the Pandemic and Financial-Economic Crisis

The European Union,which is at the beginning of its term of office for all Member States in the European Parliament,the European Commission,its governing body a...     

中国养活自己能力的长期预测:技术和政策分析

中国拥有世界五分之一强的人口 ,收入又在迅速增长。因此 ,国际上很自然地会考虑或推测她在今后的几十年是否有能力养活自己。中国的人口预计将从 2 0 0 0年的 1 2 8亿增长到 2 0 2 0年的 1 4 6亿 ,和 2 0 3 0年的 1 4 9亿。与此同时 ,人均收入的增长将导致对家畜和鱼类产品更大的需求 ,因而对饲料的需求也将有很大的增长     

Interest on reserves and inflation

The payment of interest on reserves has been a common practice in inflationary economies. This policy may seem paradoxical since it involves returning part of the seigniorage, generated by the inflation process, with the intention to finance the fiscal deficit. This paper argues that the motivation for this policy can be captured by the discretionary regime, where the policymaker pays interest on reserves because he is concerned with the erosion of real liquidity by inflation, which is in part beyond his control. However, this policy is an unlikely outcome in the commitment regime, where the policymaker is in full control of inflation.     

John Stuart Mill's Theories of Wealth and Income Distribution

Although he was much influenced by David Ricardo when he wrote the classical part of his Principles , John Stuart Mill was not a Ricardian when he penned his theories of wealth and distribution. They are based on a triple foundation. First, a belief that economics is a moral discipline. Second a theory of custom-driven human behavior. Third, an empirically formed conviction that the institutions of state, education and business cooperate to structure the distribution of income. On the basis of these presuppositions, Mill formulated 1) an institutional theory of the formation of human and non-human wealth and 2) an even more institutional theory of distribution demonstrating how the aforementioned institutions malignantly skew the distribution of income to the advantage of the propertied classes and to the extreme disadvantage of the working class. As a social economist, Mill recommended institutional reforms designed to eradicate the poverty of the working class.     

Forecasting the price of gold

This article seeks to evaluate the appropriateness of a variety of existing forecasting techniques (17 methods) at providing accurate and statistically significant forecasts for gold price. We report the results from the nine most competitive techniques. Special consideration is given to the ability of these techniques to provide forecasts which outperforms the random walk (RW) as we noticed that certain multivariate models (which included prices of silver, platinum, palladium and rhodium, besides gold) were also unable to outperform the RW in this case. Interestingly, the results show that none of the forecasting techniques are able to outperform the RW at horizons of 1 and 9 steps ahead, and on average, the exponential smoothing model is seen providing the best forecasts in terms of the lowest root mean squared error over the 24-month forecasting horizons. Moreover, we find that the univariate models used in this article are able to outperform the Bayesian autoregression and Bayesian vector autoregressive models, with exponential smoothing reporting statistically significant results in comparison with the former models, and classical autoregressive and the vector autoregressive models in most cases.