可持续发展理论研究的两种范式述评

对可持续发展理论范式的研究在强可持续性与弱可持续性两种范式间存在根本性差异。弱可持续性的本质是假定自然资本可以替代,强可持续性的本质是认为自然资本不可替代。当前,可持续发展理论的研究已进入范式选择的辩论时期。由于这两种范式都需依赖特定的设想、假设和对遥远未来的断言,因此,对哪个范式是正确的这一问题很难获得一致意见。     

基于弱可持续性的中国区域环境资本转化效率研究

在弱可持续性标准的基础上,提出了“弱可持续性的相对效率准则”。对2005-2013年我国内地30个省、市、自治区的实证研究结果表明：可持续发展水平总体上呈上升趋势,4种类型的环境资本转化效率具有明显的地域特征;经济发展水平与可持续发展水平并不同步,西部地区可持续发展水平存在较大差异;经济发展水平、经济结构、经济开放度和政府支出对可持续性的影响不显著,教育状况和固定资产投资与可持续性呈显著的正相关关系,外商直接投资与可持续性呈负相关关系。与此同时,在区域上存在“资源诅咒”现象。     

基于云模型的基础设施项目可持续性评价

基础设施项目可持续性评价是基础设施项目决策的重要组成部分。在文献研究的基础上,构建了城镇基础设施项目可持续性评价指标体系。在评价过程中,针对基础设施项目可持续性表现出的随机性和模糊性等特点和评价过程中决策者可能存在的属性状态偏好,引入云模型描述基础设施项目可持续性的各属性,实现了基础设施项目可持续性的不确定性度量,并通过惩罚因子对属性值进行修正,提出了基于云模型的基础设施项目可持续性评价方法。     

国债政策可持续性与财政风险讨论会综述

最近,国家计委宏观经济研究院“国债政策可持续性下财政风险问题研究”课题组邀请财政部财科所、国家计委综合司、经济协调司以及中国社会科学院财贸所的有关学者,就国债政策目标、国债发行空间、财政风险度量等问题进行了探讨。现综述如下。     

高管持股对创新可持续性的影响研究

企业创新活动一旦中断将会产生巨大的调整成本损失。因此,如何保持企业创新可持续性是企业创新研究的重要问题。结合委托代理理论,探索了企业高管持股对创新可持续性的影响,并进一步讨论了高管过度自信与产权性质的调节作用。使用2003-2014年中国A股制造业上市公司面板数据进行实证分析,结果表明：高管持股对企业创新可持续性具有显著正向影响,高管过度自信则弱化了两者间正向关系,而相对于非民营企业,民营企业高管持股对创新可持续性的正向作用更强。同时考虑两种情境效应的综合影响时,在民营企业中高管过度自信的负向调节作用更强。最后,考虑了遗漏变量带来的“选择偏差问题”和内生性问题,采用基于Kernel匹配得分法的反事实检验,为实证结果提供了稳健性证明。     

不同盈利信息的可持续性及其对价值相关性影响的实证分析

运用设置虚拟变量的价格模型研究方法，经过对我国沪深A股1991～2003年8169个样本企业／年观测值的研究发现，我国主营业务利润的可持续性及预测能力无论是对未来1年还是对未来6年均高于非主营业务利润，但我国资本市场在早期不仅不能识别这两种不同性质的利润，反而偏好于非主营业务利润，但自2001年起．我国资本市场对这种错误的定价模式进行了纠正．2001～2003年我国主营业务利润的价值相关性高于非主营业务利润，这不仅标志着我国投资者的投资理念正走向成熟，而且也说明我国资本市场正向有效性较高的成熟资本市场靠拢。     

时尚服装营销活动中的可持续性设计研究

随着社会发展及人们生活水平的提高,消费者不再是仅仅追求物质的可用性,而是加大了对与物质相关的社会环境、社会道德等方面的关心.因此,以构建人与环境和谐发展为目标的可持续性设计作为现代的热门课题受到大众的关注.本文通过可持续性设计的概念及实践事例,将其特性细分为环保性、公共性、经济性三方面进行分析及延伸,进一步对时尚产业可持续性进行介绍,希望能为将来各企业及品牌制定可持续性设计发展方向提供理论依据.     

面向社会可持续性的逆向物流

逆向物流通过废旧或寿命期末产品的回收、重用及循环利用,节约了大量的垃圾填埋地、能源和成本,其在提高环境和经济的可持续性方面所起的战略作用越来越受到企业的重视.可持续理论作为一种正在发展的理论体系,与逆向物流相结合的研究是新出现的主题.现有的研究更多地是从经济和环境的角度而不是从社会和企业责任的角度关注逆向物流的可持续性应用.文章从社会可持续性的角度,利用现有的社会可持续性框架,把各种社会可持续性指标与各种逆向物流实践相结合,将逆向物流这个日益成长领域中的一些关键问题系统化.文章的讨论不仅为政府决策者制定有利于社会可持续性的逆向物流政策提供了有益的参考,帮助实践者在利用与逆向物流有关的社会收益时避免潜在的隐患,同时在理论上完善了可持续性理论体系.     

总经理继任对创新可持续性的影响

创新活动具有较高调整成本,因而保证创新可持续性对中国企业发展意义重大。以2006-2014年A股制造业上市公司为样本,分析了总经理继任对创新可持续性的影响,并考虑了产品市场竞争和期望绩效反馈的情境效应。实证结果显示：总经理继任对创新可持续性具有负向影响;产品市场竞争越激烈,总经理继任对创新可持续性的负向作用越强;当企业实际绩效低于期望绩效时,产品市场竞争的负向调节作用更为显著;然而,在实际绩效高于期望绩效的情况下,产品市场竞争的负向调节作用被减弱。     

论积极财政政策的可持续性

积极财政政策是中央在特定条件下实行的特殊政策，不能使之成为经济增长的长期依赖；但由于经济内在增长机制仍未形成，目前，保持政策的可持续性，仍然是保持我国经济发展可持续性的政策重点，并且这种政策还应持续一定时期。     

Sustainability with Uncertain Future Preferences

A feature of the sustainability problem is that the preferences of future generations are uncertain. In this paper, we put forward a fairness-based definition of sustainability that takes this uncertainty into account. We analyze the implications of this definition in the context of a model of project evaluation. We show that our definition encompasses the concepts of non-declining welfare and of weak and strong sustainability. Furthermore, we show that preference uncertainty has a substantial influence on the implications of sustainability. We are indebted to two anonymous referees whose comments helped considerably to improve the paper. All remaining errors are ours.     

On the practical limits to substitution

This paper considers the arguments for “weak” vs. “strong” sustainability. The weak sustainability position, held by many mainstream neoclassical economists (such as Solow and Weitzman), is that almost all kinds of natural capital can be substituted by man-made capital. The contrary position, known as strong sustainability, holds that many of the most fundamental services provided by nature cannot be replaced by services produced by humans or man-made systems. The paper discusses the limits of substitution from a physical point of view. It concludes that, while there is considerable scope for substitution in some domains, the limits to substitutability in the medium term at least are real and important. In effect, the paper supports the strong sustainability position.     

Sustainability ranking and improvement of countries

Human society is on a collision course with nature, thus its sustainability is seriously questioned nowadays. To understand this problem better it is essential to define and measure sustainability. In this paper a model that uses fuzzy logic, called SAFE, is used to measure sustainability. The sustainability of a country is based on a multitude of basic indicators. In all 75 indicators for 128 countries are used. This work extends SAFE as follows: (a) The model is amended by an imputation procedure to fill in missing data, (b) the rule bases of SAFE are compiled algebraically, and (c) sustainability thresholds are defined so as to reflect expert opinion and international agreements and norms. Countries are ranked according to their sustainability index. Switzerland and Sweden take the first two places and Mauritania and Sudan the two last ones. A sensitivity analysis pinpoints those basic indicators that affect sustainability the most. Decision makers may focus on these indicators to improve sustainability.     

基于可持续发展观的环境会计问题分析

在我国,环境会计是一个新兴的重要研究领域,它与可持续发展战略密不可分。本文在全面梳理可持续发展观基本内涵的基础上,从多个角度探讨了可持续发展观对环境会计的影响,明确了在可持续发展观引导下企业实施环境会计所应该关注的一些主要问题,以实现二者的相互促进与协调运作。     

Weak and strong sustainability in the SEEA: Concepts and measurement

In this paper, we explain how the latest international handbook on environmental accounting, the System of Integrated Environmental and Economic Accounting or SEEA (United Nations, European Commission, International Monetary Fund, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development and World Bank (2003). Handbook of National Accounting, Studies in Methods. New York, United Nations.), can be used to measure weak and strong sustainability. We emphasise the importance of understanding the conceptual differences between weak and strong sustainability. We then outline what we consider to be current best practice in measurement, all the time flagging the relationship between our discussion and that of the SEEA-2003. This is an important task in our view, because, despite covering a very wide range of relevant conceptual and empirical issues, the handbook is by design not meant to provide clear guidelines for the purpose of measuring sustainability in either its weak or strong version.     

Sustainability and Wealth of Rural Households: Measurement and Inequality Analysis

A small but growing literature is linking well-being with the value of assets, measured comprehensively. This measure, called comprehensive wealth, has appeared as a leading economic indicator of sustainability by reflecting the potential of future well-being. Despite the concerns of sustainability for policy interventions at the micro-level, the existing literature is limited to country-level estimations. This paper applies the general framework of weak sustainability to measure wealth at the household level. Using data from three rounds of household survey, market prices, and yield data from rural Burkina Faso, we measure wealth, income, and consumption per adult. The results show that wealth has consistently increased over time in contrast to income and consumption which have fluctuated. Wealth is also less unequally distributed. Finally, consumption is found to be more correlated with wealth. This suggests that wealth-based interventions are more likely to improve well-being in a sustainable way.     

Sustainability and Technical Progress

A rigorous model connects together the following three basic concepts: (1) "sustainability"— meaning the generalized future power of an economy to consume over time; (2) "Green NNP"— meaning a current measure of national income that subtracts off from GNP not just depreciation of capital but also, more generally, depletion of environmental assets evaluated at current efficiency prices; (3) "technological progress"— meaning a projection onto the future of the so-called "Solow residual". A simple general formula is derived. Some crude calculations suggest a possibly strong effect of the residual, which hints that our best present estimates of long-term sustainability may be largely driven by predictions of future technological progress.     

MeasuringIncome and Measuring Sustainability

We examine what interpretation can be given to inclusive income , understood to be consumption plus the value of the net increase in all relevant capital stocks. We introduce the concept of instantaneously constant value income , defined as the maximum amount the economy can consume at a moment of time and keep the expected present value of utility of current and future generations constant. We argue that this income concept captures some of the concerns underlying sustainability. Our main result is that inclusive income equals instantaneously constant value income . We show that this result holds in a very general setting and, in particular, carries over to models incorporating technological progress when such progress can be captured by augmented stocks of knowledge. An important implication of our main result is that it provides a very simple method for deriving inclusive income, which does not involve any linearization of the Hamiltonian.     

Sustainability in Uncertain Economies

A stochastic growth model with a list of capital assets (i.e., reproducible capital, non-renewable resources, the knowledge base and institutions) is studied to evaluate the effects of different sources of uncertainty on sustainability. It is also discussed which measure can serve as an index of intergenerational welfare to evaluate sustainable development under uncertainty. The aim is to consider a more comprehensive setting than is usually explored in the literature and to generalize Arrow, Dasgupta and Mäler results to the case of uncertainty.     

从自然资源经济学到可持续经济学

随着物质生活水平的快速提高,人类也面临着诸如森林退化、土地荒漠化、物种多样性丧失以及温室效应恶化等生存环境问题。可持续发展问题日益受到人们的关注,通过经济学的视角来研究可持续发展的可持续经济学得到了快速的发展。本文从经济学的角度界定了自然资源的概念,回顾了经济学对自然资源的研究历程,对自然资源经济学的起源、发展进行了评述;论证了自然资源经济学和可持续经济学的关系,指出在可持续发展问题研究中融合自然资源经济学和环境经济学的必然性,以自然资源经济学和环境经济学为重要元素的可持续经济学是可持续问题经济研究的高级阶段,文章进一步探讨了可持续经济学的分析框架、发展现状及存在的问题。