海南省充换电基础设施“一张网”平台建设思考与实践

<正>我国充换电行业已从重规模发展转向重质量发展阶段,政策和市场多重因素要求充分发挥数字化技术和数据要素的作用,搭建充换电基础设施运营平台,赋能充换电基础设施高效运营。充换电基础设施运营平台建设需求当前,我国充换电基础设施规模化快速推进,行业发展重点逐步从建设转向运营。在政策推动和市场牵引的双重作用下,平台建设成为实现我国充换电基础设施运营高质量发展的重要路径。从政策角度看,随着我国充换电行业发展演进,国家政策重心正在从建设向运营转移,从重点推动充换电基础设施规模化建设,逐步过渡到重点优化充电网络布局,提升充电服务保障能力。     

电池交换式电动汽车换电站选址优化方法

为实现电动汽车快速补能,面向电池交换的充电方式,研究了城市路网上电动汽车换电站的选址问题。首先研究了电动汽车用户的路径选择,基于交通网络均衡状态和换电站选址方案的相互影响,建立站点建设成本和出行成本之和最小为目标的换电站选址优化模型。然后预测不同方案下的交通网络均衡状态,并依据预测结果评价选址方案的优劣,最后设计求解算法,利用襄阳东津新区的路网及居民出行数据进行算例分析,验证模型及算法的可靠性,求得换电站的最优选址及换电需求。研究表明,建立的电池交换式电动汽车换电站优化模型可以获得路网路段流量及换电站处的换电需求量,给出最优的选址方案及换电站建设时序;电动汽车混入率对换电站布设、交通网络均衡状态有较复杂的影响;交换站数量的增加能减少出行成本,但边际作用递减。研究结果可为城市换电站的规划提供决策参考。     

抽水蓄能和电化学储能平准化度电成本分析

储能电站的成本关系着储能系统的投入和运营,而全生命周期度电成本是衡量储能电站经济性的重要评价指标。针对抽水蓄能电站和电化学储能电站,通过计算建造成本、运营成本、充电成本及上网电量,考虑资金时间价值、不同应用场景的购电单价、储能容量利用效率和电化学储能的衰减等因素,分析比较两类储能电站的经济性。随着新能源的发展,风、光等清洁能源接入电网的需求逐渐增大,给电网稳定运行带来更大风险和挑战。面对未来大量新能源接入电网的需求,对电力系统的运行方式提出了更高要求,而储能电站在调节峰谷差、促进新能源消纳方面发挥着重要作用。     

集中式天然气发电项目经济性研究

目前中国集中式天然气发电面临着气价较高、设备投资成本高、气源不足等因素的困扰,而且执行的仍然是临时上网电价,没有体现气电“峰谷分时”电价、环境保护等外部成本,较煤电而言缺乏市场竞争力.本文采用平准化发电成本(ICOE)作为衡量集中式天然气发电竞争力的主要指标,计算出合理的LCOE电价,并对气价、利用小时数等因素进行敏感性分析,通过上海、北京、浙江等6个典型省市的气电上网电价对比,发现中国集中式天然气发电项目经济性较差,利润空间有待进一步发掘.针对当前市场环境和未来发展趋势,提出明确气电发展政策、完善上网电价机制、加快天然气发电核心技术开发等建议.     

电动汽车充换电设施工程项目评价指标体系与评价方法

参照世界银行及国家政府部门普遍采用的评价指标体系设计准则——sMART准则,基于项目技术性、经济性、社会性及实用性,构建了一套电动汽车充换电设施工程项目评价指标体系;根据评价指标体系的多维度、多层次等特点,提出了充换电设施工程项目的评价方法,并以此评价方法对试点工程进行了成效分析和评价,结果表明：该评价指标体系和评价方法可为试点工程的推广应用提供依据,为优化电动汽车充换电设施建设提供参考。     

煤矿设备选型与采购综合效益分析

煤矿设备的选型和购置,应以设备周期寿命成本为基础,不能简单地以采购价格为依据。文章通过案例分析,提出要运用科学、合理的理念,按照综合经济性的要求,应用综合工程学、价值工程等科学方法,综合考虑各项成本因素,才能科学、合理地完成煤矿设备的选型和购置,实现以最低成本获得最佳效益的目标。     

浅析煤炭企业降低成本的主要途径

煤炭企业进入市场以后,国家给予政策性的亏损补贴相继削减.加之客观增支因素不断增加,成本水平居高不下,成本管理失真、失控等问题时有发生,这些因素给煤炭企业成本管理提出了新的课题,本文针对煤炭产品成本构成特点及成本高的原因,探寻煤炭企业降低成本的有效途径.     

对"田忌赛马"类博弈的探讨

本文首先根据"田忌赛马"的规则给出n重赛马博弈、一轮n重赛马博弈、对换、列单换和行单换的定义及其性质;然后应用这些性质推导出n重赛马博弈所对应的策略式博弈的支付行(列)之和相等、n重混合赛马策略的一个纳什均衡;在文章的结尾提出了全能谋士或智者、谋士、n重赛马效应函数等概念,根据n重赛马效应函数提出存在全能谋士或智者的局中人的最优策略定理.     

地方新能源补贴细则利好有限

近日,江苏省财政厅、省经信委公布了《江苏省新能源汽车推广应用省级财政补贴实施细则》（以下简称“《细则》”）,对纳入全国新一轮新能源汽车推广应用范围的南京、常州、苏州、南通、盐城、扬州等6市推广应用的新能源汽车以及充换电设施建设费用给予补贴,最高补贴20万元。据江苏省经信委介绍,国家新能源汽车推广政策是中央和地方按照1：1给予补贴,江苏省省级财政补贴是按照国家补贴标准的40％支付,剩下60％由各推广城市财政安排。以一辆纯电动客车为例,购车成本比普通客车只多出10万～20万元。     

大金龙助力盐城节能减排

6月9日,江苏省经信委公布了《江苏省新能源汽车推广应用省级财政补贴实施细则》,省政府将对纳入全国新一轮新能源汽车推广应用范围的南京、常州、苏州、南通、盐城、扬州等6市2013-2015年推广应用新能源汽年以及充换电设施建设费用给予补贴。各市新能源汽车推广工作纷纷展开,随着160辆大金龙插电式混合动力公交车顺利交付上线,盐城市顺应政策而为,积极构建城市新能源公交结构网络已初步完成。     

Divergent patterns of engagement in Internet standardization: Japan,Korea and China

This article analyzes the engagement of Japanese, Korean and Chinese participants in the development of Internet standards at IETF on the basis of four quantitative metrics: attendance, patenting, authorship and leadership. The results are strikingly divergent. Japanese involvement in Internet standardization began early and Japan was, for many years, second only to the U.S. in terms of IETF participation. Though Japanese participation has declined since the early 2000s, Japan remains a major contributor to IETF standardization. Korean involvement in IETF has always been significant, but below the levels of Japan and major European countries. Korean participation in IETF has also declined over the past decade, and has been dominated by one firm, Samsung. Though meaningful Chinese involvement in IETF did not begin until the mid-2000s, it has rapidly expanded in recent years. Today, China is a major player in numerous areas of Internet standardization in terms of three metrics (participation, patenting and leadership), and is rapidly gaining in terms of document authorship as well. Most of China׳s recent IETF involvement can be attributed to Huawei, though other Chinese firms have recently begun to increase their participation in the organization. Thus, contrary to some views that China׳s engagement with standardization is primarily one of indigenous innovation and “catching up”, China׳s experience with IETF demonstrates deliberate and effective engagement with a major Western standards-development organization on its own terms.     

Comparing FTTH access networks based on P2P and PMP fibre topologies

There is an ongoing discussion in the market which Next Generation Access (NGA) architecture best suits future needs and which investment and cost differences exist. The discussion can be subsumed as P2P vs. GPON, which is somewhat misleading as this article reveals. The discussion is driven by the fact that the high capital cost and the long asset life time of fibre mean that the technology choices made today will dominate the opportunities for telecommunication business of all market players, incumbents, competitors, content providers and business and residential users for many years in the future.The paper analyzes the cost and other differences between Fibre-to-the-Home (FTTH) access network architectures and their related different wholesale approaches by using the well-known and understood steady state approach applied in other NGA analyses in the past. In addition to the steady state analysis a dynamic cost evaluation is included taking into account the different investment behaviour of the FTTH architectures over time. The results describe investment and cost differences between architectures, incumbents and wholesale based competitive operators. The analysis has been performed for different geotypes (clusters) of decreasing population density in a representative European settlement structure.     

Whose Image is it Anyway?: Some Considerations of the Curricular Importance of Subject Image in Secondary School Design and Technology Education

This paper explores the idea that a sense of school subject image is a necessary feature of curriculum management and a potent force for change. The discussion centres on the view that all school subjects have an image and that if those intimately involved with the subject do not control the image then someone else does! In such circumstances the image is the product of past encounters and old euphemisms and is unlikely to hold the changed realities.The UK developments in Design and Technology education (the term Design and Technology is used to denote the school subject defined under this heading by the UK National Curriculum, 1995) have created something of an image problem which has interesting international parallels. Some of these problems are due to clearly discernible internal tensions and an ambiguous relationship with other subject areas.Through greater attention to subject image internal controversies might be acknowledged and resolved, relationships with other subject areas can be more meaningfully understood and practitioners can be helped to make sense of curriculum change.     

Indigenous peoples’ nutrition transition in a right to food perspective

In indigenous communities the nutrition transition characterized by a rapid westernization of diet and lifestyle is associated with rising prevalence of chronic disease. Field work and literature reviews from two different policy environments, Argentina (Jujuy) and Canada (Nunavut), identified factors that add to indigenous peoples’ disease risk. The analytical framework was the emerging human right to adequate food approach to policies and programmes. Indigenous peoples’ chronic disease risk tends to increase as a result of government policies that infringe on indigenous peoples’ livelihoods and territories, undermining their economic system, values and solidarity networks. Policies intended to increase food security, including food aid, may also fuel the nutrition transition. There is a need to explore further the connection between well-intended policies towards indigenous peoples and the development of chronic diseases, and to broaden the understanding of the role that different forms of discrimination play in the westernization of their lifestyles, values and food habits. Food policies that take due account of indigenous peoples’ human rights, including their right to enjoy their culture, may counteract the growth of chronic disease in these communities.     

A strategic skill based model of supplier integration and its effect on supply management performance

Supplier integration is a tool to help organizations gain competitive advantage. Strategic supply management skills and the supply management function's perceived status are hypothesized as antecedents to supplier integration leading to supply management performance. The sample for this study includes 152 executive level supply management professionals. The empirical results suggest that strategic skills and perceived status are essential antecedents to supplier integration and subsequent performance. Further, the relationship between strategic skills and performance is mediated by supplier integration. Results of a dominance analysis also suggest which strategic skills are most likely to explain status integration, and performance. These findings have significant implications for supply management theory and practice.     

Cost allocation of WCDMA and wholesale pricing for mVoIP and data services

This study estimates cost-based prices for wholesale voice and data services provided to 3G (WCDMA) MVNOs according to their distinct types. For estimation, 3G MVNOs are classified into different types, and the overall cost of WCDMA facilities are separated into voice and data components based on their subscriber rates, actual traffic rates, as well as efficiency consideration of traffic rates. The study then calculates cost-based wholesale prices of voice and data services for each of the 3G MVNO types. The result of this study shows that a cost-plus pricing scheme can help achieve the policy goals of the regulator, namely, lowering telecommunications tariffs and facilitating the introduction of new convergent-type services, far more effectively than the current retail-minus pricing scheme. The findings of this study may assist firms in developing business models based on 3G networks and telecom regulators in designing policies related to interconnection, mVoIP, prepaid calls, wholesale services, and network neutrality.     

Collectivism,individualism, and outgroup cooperation in a segmented China

A consistent theme in cross-cultural management research is that collectivists are more cooperative than individualists. We use Hofstede's measure for individualism–collectivism and combine it with an experimental measure of cooperation to test this relationship in China. In contrast to the established paradigm, we find that groups with higher individualistic scores are more cooperative than those groups with higher collectivistic scores. We attribute these results to groups being composed of outgroup members. In addition, we find that subjects from the more developed coastal area are more individualistic and cooperative than are subjects from inland China.

面向对象的程序设计

用Ｃ＋ ＋ 语言阐述面向对象程序设计中封装和继承的概念以及在实际中怎样运用这些概念提高程序设计水平。     

蒸汽热量计量应用的探析

研究了石油化工企业的燕汽计量情况,着重对蒸汽热量计量的合理性进行了分析,阐述了蒸汽热量计量的依据及计算方法,以及蒸气热量计量对节能降耗的重要意义.     

论传统旗袍文化与现代时装

中国的旗袍文化蕴含着非常丰富的文化内涵和设计思想,如今旗袍的普及受到一定的限制,只有经过改良,才可变局限性为可行性,才可使旗袍焕发青春,走向新时代。