提高催化裂化汽油辛烷值措施探讨

分析了原料性质、催化剂、操作参数、汽油沸程等因素对催化裂化汽油辛烷值的影响。对提高产品辛烷值采取调整措施,实施效果表明,有效的提高汽油辛烷值的目标,降低了高标号汽油的调合成本,弥补下游装置的损失,为生产中提高催化裂化汽油辛烷值提供了参考。     

多产异构烷烃催化裂化工艺汽油烯烃含量的控制

介绍了多产异构烷烃(MIP)催化裂化工艺在中国石化上海石油化工股份有限公司2#催化裂化装置的使用情况.从该工艺的机理出发,对工艺的关键操作条件与汽油中烯烃的体积分数和辛烷值的关系进行了研究.结果表明:在目前的原料和催化剂配方条件下,第一反应区温度控制在525℃左右,系统催化剂活性在60左右,第二反应区温度在515℃左右时,汽油中烯烃的体积分数可控制在30％以内,且研究法辛烷值可保持在92以上,满足汽油的质量要求.     

新技术新产品集萃

近期国内炼油石化科技１０大进展两段提升管催化裂化工艺研发成功石油大学（华东）研究开发成功两段提升管催化裂化新工艺技术。年加工能力１０万吨催化装置工业试验显示，该项工艺技术可使装置处理能力提高３０％～４０％，轻油收率提高３个百分点以上，液体产品收率提高２至３个百分点，干气和焦炭产率明显降低，汽油烯烃含量降低２０个百分点，催化柴油密度下降，十六烷值提高。据称，这是继分子筛催化剂和提升管催化裂化工艺技术出现以来的又一次催化裂化技术的重大创新。该技术的突出效果是，可改善产品结构，大幅度提高原料的转化深度…     

汽油选择性加氢催化剂获专利奖

由中国石化抚顺石油化工研究院发明创造的“汽油选择性加氢催化剂及工艺”,日前在第十届中国专利奖评选中获得中国专利优秀奖。该发明是一种用于催化裂化汽油等劣质原料生产高质量清洁汽油的催化剂及工艺方法。采用该催化剂及配套工艺,可以实现劣质的催化裂化等汽油原料的深度加氢脱硫和适宜的烯烃加氢饱和,在产品中保留适宜和适量的烯烃,进而实现在脱硫和脱烯烃的同时,使产品的辛烷值损失达到最少,获得硫含量、     

CGP-C专用催化剂在呼和浩特MIP催化装置上的应用

中石油呼和浩特催化装置采用MIP工艺,设计加工能力为280万吨/年,2017年10月开始装置三旋压降升高,为保证装置安全运行至检修期,改善产品分布,2017年12月开始使用催化剂长岭分公司开发的专用剂CGP-C。应用结果表明,在原料性质相当的情况下,装置汽油产率提高,柴油产率降低,汽油烯烃含量降低,辛烷值基本不变,三旋压降未继续上升,三旋回收效率提高,保证了装置的平稳运行。     

优化分馏操作 提高柴油收率

文章论述了通过催化裂化分馏塔优化操作增产催化柴油、提高柴汽比的思路和方法,通过降低汽油干点、提高柴油与回炼油的分离精度,柴汽比由0.3634提高到0.3773,同时提高了装置轻油收率,取得了较好的效果。由于通过反应系统的调整增产柴油,会在一定程度上影响催化裂化长周期运行,我们倡导"催化裂化装置按照最高产品收率运行,单程转化,减少回炼,长周期优化运行"。     

大连理工大学研制三种新型分子筛催化剂

最近,大连理工大学研制成功了ZSM 5、超细粒子ZSM 5以及钛硅沸石三种分子筛催化剂,并利用我国丰富的混合稀土资源对催化剂进行改性,获得了合成高纯度对二乙苯催化剂、汽油降烯烃催化剂以及丙烯选择氧化制环氧丙烷催化剂以及相应的反应技术。ZSM 5沸石的改性项目是利用了我国丰富的混合稀土资源而开发的组合改性技术,既可调变酸中心又可调控孔道尺寸,并提高了催化剂的活性及稳定性。以乙苯和乙烯直接合成的对二乙苯产品质量与UOP吸附分离法的产品相当;把超细粒子ZSM 5用作汽油降烯烃催化剂,不仅能使烯烃转化为芳烃,而且在烯烃含量降低2…     

第二代催化汽油选择性加氢技术的应用

介绍了第二代催化裂化汽油选择性加氢脱硫技术(RSDS-Ⅱ技术)在催化汽油选择性加氢装置中的应用。标定结果表明,以硫含量460～470μg/g、烯烃含量40%左右的催化裂化汽油为原料,采用RSDS-Ⅱ技术后,产品硫含量小于50μg/g,研究法辛烷值损失小于1.0。RSDS-Ⅱ技术具有非常好的脱硫选择性,是生产低硫清洁汽油的重要技术。     

车用燃油清洁化及中国炼油技术发展趋

生产超低硫、零排放燃料是世界燃油清洁化发展的总趋势.清洁汽油的发展趋势是低硫、低苯、低芳烃和低烯烃化,车用清洁柴油的发展趋势则是在降低硫、芳烃,尤其是降低多环芳烃含量的同时,进一步提高十六烷值.中国车用汽油构成中高烯烃含量的催化裂化汽油比例过大,使炼厂调整汽油生产的技术结构、降低汽油硫含量和改善产品的烃组成成为当务之急.中国车用柴油构成中劣质二次加工柴油比例较高的特点,使适当发展柴油的深度脱硫、脱芳烃技术以提高车用柴油的总体质量水平成为必然要求.随着中国加工进口含硫原油量的逐步增加和环保呼声的不断高涨,燃油清洁化进程必然加快,各种配套的加氢工艺将上升为原油加工的核心工艺,以催化裂化技术为核心的各种联合工艺,以及多产轻烯烃技术和烯烃改质合成技术将进一步发展,各种非加氢工艺的开发也将提到日程.为了有利于资源优化和综合利用,提高炼化整体效益,适当提高炼油单厂、单装置规模,实施渣油深加工和炼化一体化战略仍是今后炼油工业发展的总趋势.     

车用燃油清洁化及中国炼油技术发展趋势

生产超低硫、零排放燃料是世界燃油清洁化发展的总趋势。清洁汽油的发展趋势是低硫、低苯、低芳烃和低烯烃化，车用清洁柴油的发展趋势则是在降低硫、芳烃，尤其是降低多环芳烃含量的同时，进一步提高十六烷值。中国车用汽油构成中高烯烃含量的催化裂化汽油比例过大，使炼厂调整汽油生产的技术结构、降低汽油硫含量和改善产品的烃组成成为当务之急。中国车用柴油构成中劣质二次加工柴油比例较高的特点，使适当发展柴油的深度脱硫、脱芳烃技术以提高车用柴油的总体质量水平成为必然要求。随着中国加工进口含硫原油量的逐步增加和环保呼声的不断高涨，燃油清洁化进程必然加快，各种配套的加氢工艺将上升为原油加工的核心工艺，以催化裂化技术为核心的各种联合工艺，以及多产轻烯烃技术和烯烃改质合成技术将进一步发展，各种非加氢工艺的开发也将提到日程。为了有利于资源优化和综合利用，提高炼化整体效益，适当提高炼油单厂、单装置规模，实施渣油深加工和炼化一体化战略仍是今后炼油工业发展的总趋势。     

Comparing FTTH access networks based on P2P and PMP fibre topologies

There is an ongoing discussion in the market which Next Generation Access (NGA) architecture best suits future needs and which investment and cost differences exist. The discussion can be subsumed as P2P vs. GPON, which is somewhat misleading as this article reveals. The discussion is driven by the fact that the high capital cost and the long asset life time of fibre mean that the technology choices made today will dominate the opportunities for telecommunication business of all market players, incumbents, competitors, content providers and business and residential users for many years in the future.The paper analyzes the cost and other differences between Fibre-to-the-Home (FTTH) access network architectures and their related different wholesale approaches by using the well-known and understood steady state approach applied in other NGA analyses in the past. In addition to the steady state analysis a dynamic cost evaluation is included taking into account the different investment behaviour of the FTTH architectures over time. The results describe investment and cost differences between architectures, incumbents and wholesale based competitive operators. The analysis has been performed for different geotypes (clusters) of decreasing population density in a representative European settlement structure.     

Indigenous peoples’ nutrition transition in a right to food perspective

In indigenous communities the nutrition transition characterized by a rapid westernization of diet and lifestyle is associated with rising prevalence of chronic disease. Field work and literature reviews from two different policy environments, Argentina (Jujuy) and Canada (Nunavut), identified factors that add to indigenous peoples’ disease risk. The analytical framework was the emerging human right to adequate food approach to policies and programmes. Indigenous peoples’ chronic disease risk tends to increase as a result of government policies that infringe on indigenous peoples’ livelihoods and territories, undermining their economic system, values and solidarity networks. Policies intended to increase food security, including food aid, may also fuel the nutrition transition. There is a need to explore further the connection between well-intended policies towards indigenous peoples and the development of chronic diseases, and to broaden the understanding of the role that different forms of discrimination play in the westernization of their lifestyles, values and food habits. Food policies that take due account of indigenous peoples’ human rights, including their right to enjoy their culture, may counteract the growth of chronic disease in these communities.     

A strategic skill based model of supplier integration and its effect on supply management performance

Supplier integration is a tool to help organizations gain competitive advantage. Strategic supply management skills and the supply management function's perceived status are hypothesized as antecedents to supplier integration leading to supply management performance. The sample for this study includes 152 executive level supply management professionals. The empirical results suggest that strategic skills and perceived status are essential antecedents to supplier integration and subsequent performance. Further, the relationship between strategic skills and performance is mediated by supplier integration. Results of a dominance analysis also suggest which strategic skills are most likely to explain status integration, and performance. These findings have significant implications for supply management theory and practice.     

Cost allocation of WCDMA and wholesale pricing for mVoIP and data services

This study estimates cost-based prices for wholesale voice and data services provided to 3G (WCDMA) MVNOs according to their distinct types. For estimation, 3G MVNOs are classified into different types, and the overall cost of WCDMA facilities are separated into voice and data components based on their subscriber rates, actual traffic rates, as well as efficiency consideration of traffic rates. The study then calculates cost-based wholesale prices of voice and data services for each of the 3G MVNO types. The result of this study shows that a cost-plus pricing scheme can help achieve the policy goals of the regulator, namely, lowering telecommunications tariffs and facilitating the introduction of new convergent-type services, far more effectively than the current retail-minus pricing scheme. The findings of this study may assist firms in developing business models based on 3G networks and telecom regulators in designing policies related to interconnection, mVoIP, prepaid calls, wholesale services, and network neutrality.     

Collectivism,individualism, and outgroup cooperation in a segmented China

A consistent theme in cross-cultural management research is that collectivists are more cooperative than individualists. We use Hofstede's measure for individualism–collectivism and combine it with an experimental measure of cooperation to test this relationship in China. In contrast to the established paradigm, we find that groups with higher individualistic scores are more cooperative than those groups with higher collectivistic scores. We attribute these results to groups being composed of outgroup members. In addition, we find that subjects from the more developed coastal area are more individualistic and cooperative than are subjects from inland China.

电子产品的电磁兼容性设计

首先介绍电磁兼容性的基本概念与研究领域,然后重点阐述电子产品的电磁兼容性设计与测量。     

SPYRO在烯烃原料生产方案测算中的应用

文章对SPYRO裂解模拟软件在石化企业烯烃生产原料优化方案测算中的应用进行了比较深度的概括分析.结合该软件在上海石化的实际应用,认为在劣质化原油加工份额不断增加的趋势下,SPYRO裂解模拟软件有助于石化企业在烯烃生产原料优化选择、生产计划合理安排、原油加工生产效益比较等方面为企业相关决策者提供有效地帮助.     

施工企业工程项目部的建设浅论

工程项目的一次性决定了工程项目部的一次性，而工程项目成本中心与企业利润中心地位又辱致工程项目部的临时性，在工程项目实践过程中，项目经理部的一次性在实现其功能的过程中可能会产生很多局限和负面影响，故项目部应具有相对的稳定性，在此基础上，本对工程项目部建设实践进行了初步总结并提出了建议。     

European consumer preferences for beef with nutrition and health claims: A multi-country investigation using discrete choice experiments

The European Union (EU) nutrition labelling policy aims to facilitate consumers’ food choice, stimulate innovation and facilitate the circulation of foods bearing claims across countries. However, the beef industry has not fully taken advantage of utilizing nutrition and health claims based on the EU nutrition labelling policy to differentiate beef products in the market. This study investigates consumer preferences for nutrition and health claims on lean beef steak. Two choice experiments were conducted among 2400 beef consumers in four EU countries (Belgium, France, the Netherlands, United and United Kingdom). Multinomial logit and error component models were estimated. Our results generally suggest that consumer valuation of nutritional and health claims varies across countries. In Belgium, the Netherlands and France, nutrition and health claims on saturated fat yielded higher utilities than claims on protein and/or iron, while the opposite was found among consumers in the UK. The results imply that marketing opportunities related to nutrition and health claims on beef are promising, but that different nutritional marketing strategies are necessary within different countries.     

Social media as a useful tool in food risk and benefit communication? A strategic orientation approach

Although considerable progress has been made in understanding the determinants of risk perception and in identifying the necessary components of effective food risk and benefit communication, this has not been matched with the development of efficient and appropriate communication tools. Little work has been done examining the implications of the explosion of new media and web technologies, which may offer potential for improving food risk and benefit communication. First, this study examines the views of stakeholders (n = 38) and experts (n = 33) in the food domain on the potential use of these emerging media for food risk/benefit communication. Based on in-depth interviews in six European countries (Belgium, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Spain and The Netherlands), strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats (SWOT) of social media in food risk and benefit communication were identified. Second, a Strategic Orientation Round (SOR) was used to evaluate the relative importance of the SWOT components according to stakeholders (n = 10) and experts (n = 13). Results show that both stakeholders and experts confirm a future role of social media in food risk and benefit communication. Strengths as speed, accessibility and interaction make social media an interesting tool in crisis communication or issue awareness raising. Weaknesses as the lack of a filter, low trust, the risk of information overload and a communication preference for traditional media are acknowledged.