基于创新的商业银行差异化战略研究

长期以来,我国商业银行利润的主要来源是稳定的高利差,所以导致我国商业银行的管理体制和创新能力不够,造成了银行的同质化严重。本文参照美国商业银行的业务创新历程,并以花旗银行为例,简要阐述了美国商业银行的差异化战略,最后对解决我国商业银行同质化竞争现象和实施差异化战略提出了一些建议。     

差异化策略在中小商业银行个人业务营销中的应用

在新的竞争形势下 ,中小商业银行要持续发展 ,必须对业务进行战略转型。本文以差异化策略的视角 ,分析了中小商业银行实施差异化营销的必然性 ,着重阐述了差异化策略在中小商业银行个人金融业务中的客户定位、营销成本、产品创新、价值链、价值信号标准等五个方面的运用。     

中小城市商业银行战略转型策略探析——以重庆银行为例

我国的城市商业银行近年来发展迅速,但相对于国有银行、股份制银行,城商行无论从市场地位还是核心竞争力上都处于相对弱势。面对日趋严峻的竞争态势,中小银行必须通过分析自身的市场定位和发展方向,重新建立差异化、特色化的战略策略,制定清晰的、切实可行的战略保障措施,才能实现可持续发展。本文结合银行战略管理理论,以重庆银行为例,分析我国中小城市商业银行战略转型的策略选择,并试图对中小城市商业银行的战略转型的路径选择提出建议。     

商业银行如何实施蓝海战略——基于客户关系管理的视角分析

当前我国金融市场的供求格局已初步实现买方市场,优质客户成为银行最重要的资源,银行已从追求"规模效益"转向挖掘"客户效益".而挖掘客户潜在需求,创造并攫取新需求,同时追求差异化和成本领先必须借助客户关系管理(CRM).因此,对于商业银行顺利实施蓝海战略而言,客户关系管理举足轻重.基于此,本文从客户关系管理这一角度切入,对蓝海战略实施的基础前提--客户关系管理作了简要分析,以期构建能顺应蓝海战略实施的商业银行客户关系管理系统.     

西方商业银行表外业务简介

西方商业银行表外业务简介交通银行大连分行许大海东北财经大学曹利娜表外业务是当今西方商业银行业务发展的最主要特征和业务经营的重要内容。了解和研究西方商业银行表外业务，借鉴其发展经验，对于加速我国工、农、中、建四大专业银行向商业银行转化、现有商业银行规范...     

商业银行客户关系管理研究

20世纪90年代以来,西方商业银行开始风行客户关系管理。我国加入世贸后,外资银行必将运用其成熟的客户关系管理来竞争优质客户,国内商业银行面临优质客户流失的挑战。文章分析了现阶段国内商业银行存在的诸多问题,认为国内商业银行必须高度重视客户关系管理,并提出了实施客户关系管理的策略。     

客户偏好指标和银行渠道使用对应分析研究

随着商业银行竞争的日趋激烈,银行营销渠道在其经营发展中地位日益明显。由于不同渠道其服务范围和条件、成本和效益有明显的区别,同时,客户不同的行为偏好对于不同渠道的应用也存在差异,所以,商业银行客户偏好分析就成为银行渠道发展策略的首要任务和出发点。在介绍相关理论基础上,建立商业银行客户偏好分析的框架,提出了客户偏好分析指标体系,最终利用实际调研数据对客户偏好指标和银行渠道进行分析,得到偏好指标和渠道之间的对应关系,对国内商业银行如何利用客户偏好分析方法实施差异化策略提出方法和建议。     

构建中型商业银行竞争优势策略研究

随着商业银行主体意识和危机意识的不断增强．“营销管理”也不断被商业银行所采纳、运用，逐步渗透到其经营活动中。从而形成了新一轮竞争的特点。规模不同、地位不同的竞争个体，其营销战略选择是不一样。正是基于此，本文把我国商业银行划分为三类：国有商业银行、中型商业银行和地区性商业银行。国有商业银行特指四大国有商业银行；中型商业银行是指全国性的新兴股份制商业银行：地区性商业银行是指其他机构网点仅限于当地的银行机构。     

我国银行业市场结构效应分析——兼论其对中小商业银行市场定位的影响

运用银行业市场结构的基本概念和理论所做的实证分析表明,我国四大国有银行的市场集中度高达80%以上,而我国商业银行中并没有表现出明显的规模经济特征。由于市场进入壁垒的存在和市场有效退出机制的缺失使得中国银行业呈现出大银行垄断和低水平过度竞争并存在格局。这种市场结构所引致的微观效应是：四大银行过度垄断,规模不经济;宏观效应是：银行体系信用萎缩,对实质经济缺乏有力支持。以新兴股份制商业银行和城市商业银行为代表的中小商业银行群体在市场定位战略的制订与实施过程中必须充分考虑这些市场结构效应因素。     

股权结构改革对我国商业银行效率的影响

本文按股权结构将我国商业银行分为三大类,运用SFA方法实证研究股权结构改革对我国商业银行效率的影响,实证结果表明:四大国有控股银行成本效率较高,但利润效率最低,外资银行利润效率最高;股权结构改革后,引入外资战略投资者的商业银行不仅改善了银行的成本效率,同时也促进了银行利润效率的提升.     

Forecasting the price of gold

This article seeks to evaluate the appropriateness of a variety of existing forecasting techniques (17 methods) at providing accurate and statistically significant forecasts for gold price. We report the results from the nine most competitive techniques. Special consideration is given to the ability of these techniques to provide forecasts which outperforms the random walk (RW) as we noticed that certain multivariate models (which included prices of silver, platinum, palladium and rhodium, besides gold) were also unable to outperform the RW in this case. Interestingly, the results show that none of the forecasting techniques are able to outperform the RW at horizons of 1 and 9 steps ahead, and on average, the exponential smoothing model is seen providing the best forecasts in terms of the lowest root mean squared error over the 24-month forecasting horizons. Moreover, we find that the univariate models used in this article are able to outperform the Bayesian autoregression and Bayesian vector autoregressive models, with exponential smoothing reporting statistically significant results in comparison with the former models, and classical autoregressive and the vector autoregressive models in most cases.     

Planned adaptation in risk regulation: An initial survey of US environmental, health, and safety regulation

In principle, we want regulatory programs to be based on current realities, as reflected for example in the best knowledge of relevant experts. That would imply that old rules now on the books should be consistent with today's knowledge base, not just what was known when a rule or standard was originally set. This paper reports on a survey of US programs, examining how often existing rules are actually updated in light of better knowledge, and identifies five programs that attempt to make policy routinely adaptive. These programs exhibit what we term Planned Adaptation: they both revise rules when relevant new knowledge appears, and take steps to produce such improved knowledge. While Planned Adaptation is rare, it is used in several nationally prominent programs, including air pollution, airplane safety, and drug safety. Planned Adaptation is a policy tool that deserves more attention.     

Pleasure and belief in Hume's Decision Process

Abstract

The purpose of this paper is to introduce explicitly pleasure and belief in what aims at being a Humean theory of decision, like the one developed in Diaye and Lapidus (2005a). Although we support the idea that Hume was in some way a hedonist – evidently different from Bentham's or Jevons' way – we lay emphasis less on continuity than on the specific kind of hedonism encountered in Hume's writings (chiefly the Treatise, the second Enquiry, the Dissertation, or some of his Essays). Such hedonism clearly contrasts to its standard modern inheritance, expressed by the relation between preferences and utility.

The reason for such a difference with the usual approach lies in the mental process that Hume puts to the fore in order to explain the way pleasure determines desires and volition. Whereas pleasure is primarily, in Hume's words, an impression of sensation, it takes place in the birth of passions as reflecting an idea of pleasure, whose “force and vivacity” is precisely a “belief”, transferred to the direct passions of desire or volition that come immediately before action. As a result, from a Humean point of view, “belief” deals with decision under risk or uncertainty, as well as with intertemporal decision and indiscrimination problems.

The latter are explored within a formal framework, and it is shown that the relation of pleasure is transformed by belief into a non-empty class of relations of desire, among which at least one is a preorder.     

The greenhouse effect: Damages,costs and abatement

The buildup of so-called greenhouse gases in the atmosphere — CO₂ in particular-appears to be having an adverse impact on the global climate. This paper briefly reviews current expectations with regard to physical and biological effects, their potential costs to society, and likely costs of abatement. For a worst case scenario it is impossible to assess, in economic terms, the full range of possible non-linear synergistic effects. In the most favorable (although not necessarily likely) case (of slow-paced climate change), however, it seems likely that the impacts are within the affordable range, at least in the industrialized countries of the world. In the third world the notion of affordability is of doubtful relevance, making the problem of quantitative evaluation almost impossible. We tentatively assess the lower limit of quantifiable climate-induced damages at $30 to $35 per ton of CO₂ equivalent, worldwide, with the major damages being concentrated in regions most adversely affected by sea-level rise. The non-quantifiable environmental damages are also significant and should by no means be disregarded.The costs and benefits of (1) reducing CFC use and (2) reducing fossil fuel consumption, as a means of abatement, are considered in some detail. This strategy has remarkably high indirect benefits in terms of reduced air pollution damage and even direct cost savings to consumers. The indirect benefits of reduced air pollution and its associated health and environmental effects from fossil-fuel combustion in the industrialized countries range from $20 to $60 per ton of CO₂ eliminated. In addition, there is good evidence that modest (e.g. 25%) reductions in CO₂ emissions may be achievable by the U.S. (and, by implication, for other countries) by a combination of increased energy efficiency and restructuring that would permit simultaneous direct economic benefits (savings) to energy consumers of the order of $50 per ton of CO₂ saved. A higher level of overall emissions reduction — possibly approaching 50% — could probably be achieved, at little or not net cost, by taking advantage of these savings.We suggest the use of taxes on fossil fuel extraction (or a carbon tax) as a reasonable way of inducing the structural changes that would be required to achieve significant reduction in energy use and CO₂ emissions. To minimize the economic burden (and create a political constituency in support of the approach) we suggest the substitution of resource-based taxes in general for other types of taxes (on labor, income, real estate, or trade) that are now the main sources of government revenue. While it is conceded that it would be difficult to calculate the optimal tax on extractive resources, we do not think this is a necessary prerequisite to policy-making. In fact, we note that the existing tax system has never been optimized according to theoretical principles, and is far from optimal by any reasonable criteria.During the academic year 1989–90 Dr. Ayres was at the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), Laxenburg, Austria.During the summer of 1989 Mr. Walter was a member of the Young Scientists' Summer Program at IIASA.     

Globalization,Neoliberalism and the attack on social security

Neoliberal political movements advocate privatization of public pension systems. Globalization imposes pressure on nations to conform to neoliberal policy views with respect to the design and structure of social insurance, including public pension systems. The paper begins with an investigation of the economic, ethical and ideological dimensions of the privatization debates in the U.S.; it argues that privatization advocates may be largely moved by ideology, since the other reasons advanced appear weak or unfounded. The second part discusses the history of Social Security, the purposes for its creation, and some of its economic effects. Differences between public and private pension systems are considered. A brief international comparison of some aspects of public pension system finance and benefit structures is presented. The final section considers the ethical, macroeconomic and distributional implications of privatization, prefunding and payroll tax funding, and argues for a pay as you go system financed with income taxes. In order to promote equity, economic security, community, and social cohesion, public pension systems should be universal in coverage. In order to reduce the inequality, income insecurity, and aged poverty generated by market economies, public pension systems ought to be progressive: benefit/contribution ratios should be inversely proportional to income, and progressive income taxes should finance the system. To promote economic growth, the systems should be financed on a pay-as-you-go basis, and should not be prefunded except for an emergency reserve. The fiscal policy recommendations partially depend upon the theory developed by Abba Lerner in the 1940s, and recently advanced by Wynne Godley and Randy Wray: Lerner's “principle of functional finance.”     

SCIENCE AND INDUSTRY: TRACING THE FLOW OF BASIC RESEARCH THROUGH MANUFACTURING AND TRADE

This paper describes flows of basic research through the US economy during the late 20th century. In addition, the paper studies the effect of the flows on scientific papers in industries and fields. This article differs from others in its use of measures of science rather than technology. Together, its results present a picture of the structure of basic research flows in a modern, science-intensive economy. Basic research flows are large within petrochemicals and drugs, and within software and communications. Flows of chemistry, physics, and engineering are common throughout all industries – biology and medicine are almost confined to petrochemicals and drugs; and computer science is nearly as restricted to software and communications. In general, basic research flows are more concentrated within scientific fields than within industries. Our findings concerning the production of scientific papers indicate that the effect of a 1% change in academic R&D spillovers significantly exceeds that of industrial spillovers. In addition, within-field effects exceed effects between-fields, while within- and between-industry effects are roughly equal. It follows that scientific fields limit basic research flows more than industries do, perhaps because large firms implicitly span a range of industries.     

Valuing Mangrove-Fishery Linkages – A Case Study of Campeche, Mexico

This paper explores the value of mangrove systems as a breeding and nursery habitat for off-shore fisheries, focusing on mangrove-shrimp production linkages in Campeche State, Mexico. We develop an open access fishery model to account explicitly for the effect of mangrove area on carrying capacity and thus production. From the long-run equilibrium conditions of the model we are able to establish the key parameters determining the comparative static effects of a change in mangrove area on this equilibrium. We then estimate empirically the effects of changes in mangrove area in the Laguna de Terminos on the production and value of shrimp harvests in Campeche over 1980–90. Our findings suggest that mangroves are an important and essential input into the Campeche shrimp fishery, but that the low levels of deforestation between 1980 and 1990 mean that the resulting losses to the shrimp fishery are still comparatively small. Over-exploitation of the fishery due to open access conditions remains the more pervasive threat, and without better management any long-run benefits of protecting mangrove habitat are likely to be dissipated.     

Interest on reserves and inflation

The payment of interest on reserves has been a common practice in inflationary economies. This policy may seem paradoxical since it involves returning part of the seigniorage, generated by the inflation process, with the intention to finance the fiscal deficit. This paper argues that the motivation for this policy can be captured by the discretionary regime, where the policymaker pays interest on reserves because he is concerned with the erosion of real liquidity by inflation, which is in part beyond his control. However, this policy is an unlikely outcome in the commitment regime, where the policymaker is in full control of inflation.     

An Economic Analysis and Simulation of Woodfuel Management in the Sahel

This paper presents an economic framework and a computationalmethodology for assessing the evolution of woodfuel supply costsand the spatial distribution of biomass in a Sahelian woodlandsetting. Spatial data on standing stock and the costs oftransport to market are used to construct a supply curve for fuelto a fuel-consuming location. Given an exogenously specifieddemand, the model simulates, period by period, the extraction,regeneration, and transport of wood fuels. The model is appliedto evaluate the benefits and ecological impacts of scenarios forwoodland management around the city of N'Djamena, Chad.