Firm persistence in technological innovation: the relevance of organizational innovation

Organizational innovation favors technological innovation, but does it also influence persistence in technological innovation? This paper empirically investigates the pattern of technological innovation persistence and tests the potential impact of organizational innovation using firm-level data from three waves of French Community Innovation Surveys. The evidence indicates a positive effect of organizational innovation on persistence in technological innovation, according to the various measures of organizational innovation. Moreover, this impact is more significant for complex innovators, i.e. those who innovate in both products and processes. The results highlight the complexity of managing organizational practices with regard to the technological innovation of firms. They also add to understanding of the drivers of innovation persistence through the focus on an often forgotten dimension of innovation in a broader sense.     

跨国并购的技术创新机理研究——海尔集团并购FPA案例研究

跨国技术并购中的知识转移能够提升企业创新绩效,但作为并购方的中国企业在技术上并没有并购对象先进,这就导致并购企业不能有效地管理知识转移过程。为明确在跨国技术并购中知识转移促进技术创新的内在机制,并解释知识一致性、战略互补性、组织匹配性等因素对于知识转移效率的影响机制,本文采用案例研究的方法,以海尔集团并购FPA为研究对象,研究中国企业通过跨国并购实现技术创新机理。结果表明,跨国技术并购过程中知识一致性、资源互补性、组织匹配性等因素,有助于并购企业间的知识转移,并最终提升了并购企业的创新绩效。知识一致性、战略互补性和组织匹配性增强了知识转移对于企业创新绩效的影响。从知识转移研究的角度看,知识一致性能够提升吸收能力,并降低知识转移的成本。从并购研究的视角看,战略互补性、组织匹配性则为知识转移提供了保障机制。最后,本文提出我国企业通过跨国并购战略获取关键技术的过程中,应该评估与并购对象的知识一致性、战略互补性和组织匹配性,能够提升并购企业的吸收能力,增强并购双方的跨组织创新网络与联系,使得知识转移更加容易在并购企业双方之间发生,最终提升并购企业的创新绩效。     

国家科技重大专项的创新特征分析与协同创新体系构建

国家科技重大专项是_项通过组织创新、制度创新和管理创新来推动知识创新和技术创新的大规模系统性重大科技创新活动,其创新活动呈现出的多层次、多样化和多面性,决定了重大专项必须针对不同的创新活动建立与之适应的创新管理模式。通过详细梳理技术创新和创新管理模式的发展和演变,将技术创新分为3类:技术创新和非技术创新;个人/单个团队的创新活动、多个团队协作的创新活动和全行业/领域/社会参与的创新活动;独立创新、开放创新和协同创新。对典型的创新管理模式,即,独立创新、联合创新和协同创新等,进行了分析,并探讨了国家科技重大专项创新活动的特征,在此基础上,构建了国家科技重大专项协同创新体系,其创新体系的协同主要体现在3个层面:技术、组织管理和重大专项与外部环境。期望所做研究对国家重大专项的组织管理体系建设有所借鉴。     

环境动态性与竞争性对双元创新协同性的影响：资源拼凑的中介作用与组织情绪能力的调节作用

基于资源基础理论、二元组织理论和情绪社会建构理论，构建环境动态性、环境竞争性、资源拼凑、组织情绪能力与双元创新协同性之间关系的理论模型，并利用299家样本企业对模型进行实证检验。结果表明，环境动态性与双元创新平衡性、互补性、协同性正相关；环境竞争性与双元创新平衡性、互补性、协同性正相关；资源拼凑在环境动态性与双元创新平衡性、互补性、协同性之间起完全或部分中介作用，在环境竞争性与双元创新平衡性、互补性、协同性之间起部分中介作用；组织情绪能力负向调节资源拼凑与双元创新平衡性、协同性之间的关系。     

Impact of organizational innovation on product and process innovation

The purpose of this paper was to test the effect of organizational innovation on product and process innovation (while controlling for endogeneity). Our hypothesis was that organizational innovation should have a significant and positive impact on technical (product or process) innovation. We control for endogeneity by using a Poisson estimator that accommodates a binary endogenous regressor. We test 10 potential instruments using a battery of test criteria and settle on five. All results are presented using the five instruments to avoid expectation bias. In general we find that organizational innovation does impact technical innovation positively. With the 2009 data we find that the mean of the average treatment effect for product innovation is roughly 1.7 times that of process innovation. For the 2009–2012 data we find that the impact on product innovation is roughly 1.5 times that of process innovation. For the 2012 data, we had anomalous results for process innovation, such that organizational innovation reduced the number of process innovations by 2.3 per year. In terms of Canadian government policy, the results lend support to the view that technical innovation is not the only innovation that matters. The right policy mix may encourage firms to experiment with and adopt more organizational innovations to enhance technical innovation.     

知识密集型服务业创新影响因素研究

从服务创新和知识管理的视角,提出知识密集型服务业创新影响因素的分析框架。针对知识密集型服务业进行抽样调查以获取数据,利用因子分析法、回归分析方法对影响知识密集型服务业创新的因素进行实证研究。结果显示:外部资源、内部资源、共享环境、隐性知识、创新保护措施和技术组织缺陷是影响知识密集型服务业产品创新的主要因素;而影响过程创新的因素除了包括上述六类因素外,成本风险也是重要的影响因素。最后,提出了提高知识密集型服务业创新能力的相关建议。     

双元视角下调节聚焦对国防研发人员创新行为的影响机制

调节聚焦作为个体实现目标的动机调节系统，对个体创新行为具有重要作用，是组织行为学领域关注的热点。基于调节聚焦等相关理论，从二维视角深入考察个体调节聚焦对其双元创新的过程机理与边界机制。对527名国防科技研发人员进行问卷调研分析，结果发现：①促进聚焦和防御聚焦均正向预测双元创新及其平衡性与互补性，促进聚焦的预测作用更强；②探索式失败学习和利用式失败学习同时中介上述关系；③正向组织差错管理氛围正向调节促进聚焦与双元创新及其互补性的关系，负向组织差错管理氛围正向调节防御聚焦与双元创新及其互补性的关系。     

双元视角下调节聚焦对国防研发人员创新行为的影响机制

调节聚焦作为个体实现目标的动机调节系统，对个体创新行为具有重要作用，是组织行为学领域关注的热点。基于调节聚焦等相关理论，从二维视角深入考察个体调节聚焦对其双元创新的过程机理与边界机制。对527名国防科技研发人员进行问卷调研分析，结果发现：①促进聚焦和防御聚焦均正向预测双元创新及其平衡性与互补性，促进聚焦的预测作用更强；②探索式失败学习和利用式失败学习同时中介上述关系；③正向组织差错管理氛围正向调节促进聚焦与双元创新及其互补性的关系，负向组织差错管理氛围正向调节防御聚焦与双元创新及其互补性的关系。     

Formal and informal external linkages and firms�� innovative strategies. A cross-country comparison

Firms increasingly rely upon external actors for their innovation process. Interaction with these actors may occur formally (i.e. through a collaboration agreement) or informally (i.e. external actors acts as sources of information). We analyze the reasons why firms consider it to be important to develop formal and informal external linkages in the innovation process by looking at the role played by firms’ innovative strategies and by taking into account the possibility that a complementarity or substitutive relationship might exist between formal and informal linkages. Data are from the Third Community Innovation Survey (CIS 3), where we have access to firm level micro-data from Sweden, Norway, the Netherlands and the UK.     

有限理性视角下组织创新演进特征

阐释组织的有限理性,论述了组织创新的演进过程。突破有限理性组织的视角,剖析组织创新演进所呈现的复杂性、外部性以及路径依赖性和累积性特征,并以组织创新演进特征为依据,提出具有可操作性的、提升企业组织创新能力的建议。     

创新可控度的理论基础与概念内涵

基于开放式创新理论、组织学习基础理论、创新获利理论和企业创新网络理论,结合国内外学者的已有研究,通过理论分析提出了可控度概念。根据企业在外部创新网络过程中的知识管理、创新利益分配以及关系管理的特征,进一步将可控度划分为知识可控、利益可控和关系可控3个维度。可控度概念的提出及其维度划分,有利于企业构建与外部创新网络相匹配的内部创新管理体系和创新风险规避机制,进一步帮助企业走出开放式创新实践的困境。     

Product innovation,process innovation and export propensity: persistence,complementarities and feedback effects in Spanish firms

Drawing on a longitudinal data of Spanish manufacturing firms, this study explores the persistence of technological innovation and exports, their potential complementary relations and feedback effects. Empirical results suggest the presence of both true and spurious state dependence in all three activities. True state dependence in technical innovation and exports implies intertemporal spillovers relevant to the evaluation of innovation and export policy measures. However, given that results also suggest spurious state dependence, firm-specific characteristics should be taken into account in promoting technological innovations and exports. In addition, we find a strong complementarity between product and process innovation both through a contemporaneous effect and via unobserved firm characteristics. However, concerning complementarity between innovation and exports, results suggests complementarity only through contemporaneous effects. Finally, we find no support for the causal link from past product and process innovations to current export activities.     

基于供应商创新性开发的绿色产品创新绩效提升策略研究

供应商参与绿色产品创新对制造业绿色发展转型意义重大。基于组织匹配理论，揭示制造企业在不同供应商组织适配条件下，均能有效激发供应商绿色创新性，进而提升绿色产品创新绩效的供应商开发策略。来自中国制造业195个样本的实证研究结果表明，企业可以通过直接或间接绿色供应商开发激发供应商绿色创新性，进而提升绿色产品创新绩效，但不能同时使用直接和间接绿色供应商开发；当供应商的组织适配主要表现为兼容时，可根据实际情况选择直接或间接绿色供应商开发，同等条件下优先考虑直接绿色供应商开发。当供应商的组织适配主要表现为互补时，应采用直接绿色供应商开发，避免使用间接绿色供应商开发。     

质量管理实践对企业创新绩效的影响：资源基础理论的新解

质量管理实践对企业创新绩效的影响,学界还未有统一的定论.本文将质量管理实践分为质量管理基础实践和质量管理核心实践,并基于资源基础理论引入企业资源禀赋和组织惯性两个中介变量,建立了质量管理实践到企业创新绩效的双元中介模型,提出了20个研究假设,并用204个制造企业的样本进行实证研究.研究结果显示,质量管理实践不仅通过资源禀赋的中介作用正向影响企业创新绩效,同时还通过组织惯性的中介作用负向影响企业创新绩效,正向和负向路径的同时存在,正是以往结论出现冲突的根源.本文解释了学界关于质量管理实践对企业创新绩效作用存在异质性观点的原因,并且丰富了质量管理实践对企业创新绩效作用的本土研究.     

Generic innovation dynamics across the industrial technology life cycle: Platform equation modeling of invention and innovation activity

We describe here a generic approach to innovation dynamics based on an integrated framework for inventions and innovations applied via a platform equation and model across the industrial technology life cycle. We test the model for metals and other materials, and demonstrate that this model correctly describes the production activity for several materials and energy conversion technologies.Innovation activity patterns are shown for several oxides, metals, oil and wind energy and its derivatives. The metals Cu, Al, W, Mo and Pb are particularly studied for the amount produced over time. The total activity for the metals encompasses both the invention and innovation stage for a particular metal. Four major stages and two sub stages are identified for the discovery (invention) and subsequent growth regimes (i.e. the innovation stage). The pattern equation appears to clearly capture all these stages for the metals studied — work is ongoing for similar analyses of energy and other materials. Although the metals studied existed over differing periods (e.g. copper greater than 200 years whereas aluminum, just over 100 years), one single pattern equation appears to capture all the major trends. The use of the model is also shown for productivity analysis, especially for the condition of radical innovation (very rapid growth). For sustained radical innovation, namely, when the output of the produced material per unit time, keeps on increasing with time, there are various factors which may influence growth. For the conditions where thermal activation and plant size are the dominant variables, their impact on the growth may be examined in the context of the pattern equation. A preliminary analysis of oxide production activity also appears to follow this same innovation model.The results suggest a fertile field of future research extending the initial platform equation model to include R&D, Patents, and Performance, as well as Sales, as innovation activity. Further, the model shows promise in combination with the ARI methodology model for analysis and assessment of existing and future industrial technology life cycles involving material, process, product, software and service innovations.     

Complementarity between product and process innovation in a monopoly setting

In this article we study complementarity between market-enhancing product innovation and cost-reducing process innovation in a monopoly setting. First, we consider the possibility for a firm to alternatively invest only along one of the two directions and compare the incentives of process vs. product innovation. Then, we allow the firm to invest simultaneously in both activities, showing that both investment levels and profit are higher than in the case of individual investment. Thus, product and process innovations are complementary, and the firm always prefers the simultaneous adoption of both activities.     

Innovation,complementarity, and exporting. Evidence from German manufacturing firms

This paper assesses whether there might be complementarities between different types of innovation activities (product, process and organizational) and how these effects may be linked to the likelihood that a firm will export. Complementarity is addressed through the properties of supermodular functions, and firm heterogeneity by export destination is explored. A new econometric strategy to test for pairwise complementarity in a function with three independent variables and a binary dependent variable is proposed. Exogenous and endogenous innovation variables are considered by using bootstrapping for hypothesis testing, propensity score matching and treatment effects models. The empirical analysis shows that complementarity relationships between innovation strategies are more likely to exist when firms export to multiple foreign markets.     

Complementarities in innovation policy

This paper develops a framework for testing discrete complementarities in innovation policy using European data on obstacles to innovation. We propose a discrete test of supermodularity in innovation policy leading to a number of inequality constraints. We apply our test to two types of innovation decisions: to innovate or not, and if so, by how much. We find that the evidence regarding the existence of complementarity in innovation policies depends on the phase of innovation that is targeted (getting firms innovative or increasing their innovation intensity) as well as on the particular pair of policies that is being considered. The two phases of the innovation process, i.e. the probability of becoming an innovator and the intensity of innovation, are subject to different constraints. Interestingly, there seems to be a need to adopt a package of policies to make firms innovate, while a more targeted choice among policies is necessary to make them more innovative.     

企业如何通过数字化转型实现颠覆性创新？——基于潍柴集团的案例研究

数字经济时代促使企业进入数字化转型过程中,企业数字化转型离不开数字技术的发展与数字产物的嵌入,在二者的催化下多端颠覆性创新成为企业转型新常态,而数字化转型如何赋能制造业企业颠覆性创新形成数字化颠覆性创新以把握数字时代契机,打造企业新型竞争优势是可拓展的研究问题。本文以潍柴集团为例,依托于颠覆性创新理论,通过程序化扎根理论分析对象,对制造业企业实现数字化颠覆性创新的过程机制以及形成路径进行探究。研究发现,企业进行数字化颠覆性创新要经历驱动、转型以及多元三个阶段。驱动阶段,企业受内外驱动因素影响,启动数字化颠覆性创新;转型阶段,企业以生产模式转变与组织结构演化为行动路径,通过对企业内外的数字化实现企业的数字化颠覆性创新;多元阶段,通过实现商业生态系统的数字颠覆性创新进行创新外延,形成数字商业生态系统模式,完成颠覆性创新转型。