关联交易定价与利益输送问题研究

本文以2004-2008年上市公司153起关联固定资产交易为样本,以资产评估中经调整的超额溢价比率作为控股股东对上市公司剥削程度的度量,实证研究了控股股东对上市公司的剥削行为以及关联交易背后的利益输送关系。研究发现:控股股东通过非公允关联交易对上市公司剥削的程度与第一大股东持股比例的关系是倒U型的,与上市公司偿债能力之间存在着显著的正向关系,与上市公司当前经营业绩之间存在较弱的U型关系。上述证据表明控股股东通过制定关联交易价格来进行他们所期望的利益输送。     

“掏空”与所有权安排——来自我国上市公司大股东资金占用的经验证据

本文以我国A股上市公司 2 0 0 0— 2 0 0 3年的关联交易数据为基础 ,对所有权结构与控股股东的掏空 (Tun neling)行为之间的关系进行了实证分析。结果表明 ,控股股东占用的上市公司资金与第一大股东持股比例之间存在先上升后下降的非线性关系 ,但与其他股东的持股比例则表现出严格的负相关关系。另外 ,控股股东的控制方式以及产权性质也对其资金占用行为具有重要影响。其中 ,通过控股公司控制上市公司的控股股东占用的资金低于通过企业集团控制的上市公司 ,国有企业控制的公司的控股股东占用的资金高于非国有企业控制的上市公司。     

大股东控制与流动性:影响路径及应对措施

集中所有权结构下的中国上市公司,在较大程度上受控于大股东。大股东在利己动机的诱导下,会对上市公司做出种种"侵占"和"掏空"行为。由于高流动性有利于控股股东进行利益输送,为了便利"侵占"和"掏空",控股股东在短期内都会做出保持高流动性的管理决策。为保障上市公司可持续发展,持有合理的流动性,采取各种措施减少大股东控制对上市公司流动性的影响将至关重要。     

上市公司增发中控股股东行为分析

<正>以上市公司作为行为主体的股票增发过程中控股股东的掏空与支持行为之间是否存在相关关系,是一个值得关注的话题。本文对控股股东掏空与支持行为和上市公司增发之间的关系及其经济后果进行了分析。研究发现,为了促进上市公司     

上市公司内部控制环境研究——兼论控股股东与社会公众股东的权利失衡问题

我国上市公司内部控制环境缺陷直接影响公司内部控制目标的实现。内部控制环境的缺陷突出表现为控股股东与社会公众股东之间的权利失衡。本文从内部控制的目标、构成及内部控制环境出发 ,论述了我国上市公司控股股东与社会公众股东权利失衡的表现形式及其风险 ,提出了解决问题的相关对策和建议。     

“股权质押新规”能抑制上市公司控股股东的私利侵占行为吗北大核心

本文以“股权质押新规”颁布为准自然实验场景,研究“新规”对上市公司控股股东私利侵占行为的治理效应。研究结果表明,“新规”通过降低控股股东两权分离度、上市公司的盈余管理程度,进而抑制控股股东的私利侵占行为。进一步研究发现,“新规”对内部控制水平较低的上市公司具有更强的治理效应;扩展性研究表明,“新规”能够降低公司股价崩盘风险。本文研究为“新规”实施的经济后果提供了理论支撑和经验证据,同时对监管层规范上市公司控股股东股权质押行为具有一定的政策启示。     

我国上市公司控股股东利益侵占行为研究：一个委托代理模型

我国上市公司控股股东侵占上市公司以及中小股东利益的行为屡见不鲜。其主要途径包括：虚假招股说明书、关联交易、股利政策、定向增发以及利润操纵。上市公司中小股东与控股股东间存在着委托代理关系。控股股东的利益侵占行为不仅降低了上市公司的期望收益,还降低了控股股东自身的努力程度以及所享有的收益份额。通过推进上市公司股权分散化、完善上市公司信息披露制度、推进＂以股抵债＂等金融创新,可以纠正上市公司控股股东侵占中小股东利益行为。     

上市公司大股东利益输送行为的影响因素研究

本文以2006-2008年我国A股上市公司的年报数据为基础,实证检验了公司内部治理结构和外部市场环境对大股东利益输送行为的影响。结果表明,大股东利益输送程度与大股东持股比例正相关,与第二至第十大股东持股比例负相关,与政府干预程度负相关。同时,经历了国有企业改革的国有上市公司,近几年来在中央地方和地方国资委的监管下,大股东利益输送行为较非国有企业有明显的减少。     

我国上市公司控股股东“隧道行为”研究文献综述

我国大多数上市公司的股权是相对集中的;控股股东会倾向于利用手中的投票权控制董事会和公司的投资决策、经营方针以及财务计划等。这样就容易造成公司的控股股东和中小股民之间的利益冲突。但是由于控股股东的"隧道行为"的多样化和隐蔽性,其私有收益的度量和监管一直是一个难题。本文主要从控股股东"隧道行为"产生的根源、影响因素、主要方式、产生的后果等方面系统分析了国内外相关的研究文献。最后,本文结合我国上市公司的股权现状,提出了未来的研究展望。     

集团公司与上市公司：掏空、支持，抑或价值最大化？——评《企业集团特征与成员企业价值》一文

一、研究背景在关于作为大股东的企业集团与上市公司的关系的研究中,学术界的注意力大多集中在研究国有控股集团公司对上市公司的利益输送(亦称支持)和利益掘取(亦称掏空)。刘峰和贺建刚(2004)从利益输送的角度研究了大股东与上市公司之间的利益往来关系,发现大股东通过多种手段从上市公司获取利益,持股比例高的,倾向于通过高派现、关联交易等方式实现利益输送;持股比例低的,倾向于股权转让、担保和占用等方式。唐清泉等(2004)的     

Does overcapacity prompt controlling shareholders to play a propping role for listed companies?

A major risk currently facing the Chinese economy is overcapacity, which affects the efficiency of social resource allocation (Xi et al., 2017; Huang et al., 2019). When a company is in crisis, the internal capital market often plays a propping role. This study approached this issue from the perspective of the controlling shareholder and examined whether controlling shareholders provide financial support to enterprises in industries with excess capacity. According to the data for China’s A-share listed companies from 2007 to 2019, companies in industries with excess capacity received more financial support from controlling shareholders compared with those in non-overcapacity industries. Analysis of the mechanism revealed that state-owned enterprises and companies with relatively poor financial status received more financial support from controlling shareholders. This study also examined the economic consequences of such support and found that it is conducive to enhancing enterprise value. This study enriches the literature on overcapacity and internal capital markets by demonstrating that internal capital markets play a propping role for companies facing industry-level crises. This finding has both theoretical value and practical implications related to supply-side reform and capacity reduction.     

Propping by controlling shareholders,wealth transfer and firm performance: Evidence from Chinese listed companies

Propping acts by controlling shareholders are common in Chinese listed firms. In this paper, we use data on related-party transactions of all listed Chinese firms from 2002 to 2008 to investigate the motivation behind controlling shareholders’ propping acts and subsequent wealth-transfer behavior and how both affect firm performance. We find that such institutional motivators as the maintenance of shell resources and qualification for refinancing have a significant effect on the propping behavior of controlling shareholders of Chinese listed firms and that such behavior is often followed by more serious tunneling when shareholders are driven by these motivators. Compared with non-state-owned firms, state-owned firms with the motivation to qualify for refinancing exhibit more severe tunneling after engaging in propping behavior. We also find that while propping by controlling shareholders improves a firm’s current operating performance, in firms whose controlling shareholders’ are motivated by the desire to maintain shell resources or obtain a refinancing qualification their performance declines in the following year because of subsequent tunneling. The results presented in this paper provide us with a better understanding of the relationship between propping and tunneling, controlling shareholders’ engagement in both and the consequences of that behavior.     

政府干预、大股东资产注入:支持抑或掏空

政府干预企业经营活动是普遍存在的现象。本文研究了国有控股上市公司资产注入中的"支持"、"掏空"现象。研究发现,政府控股股东比民营控股股东资产注入的动机更强烈。当上市公司盈利时,政府控股股东通过向上市公司注入资产"掏空"上市公司的动机比民营控股股东更加强烈,从而导致盈利的国有控股上市公司在资产注入之后业绩下降更多;而当政府控股上市公司被ST时,政府控股股东通过向国有控股上市公司注入资产"支持"上市公司的动机和力度比民营控股股东更加强烈,从而导致ST国有控股上市公司在资产注入之后业绩增长更快。     

Propping through related party transactions

Based on a sample of Chinese listed firms from 1998 through 2002, this paper documents that listed firms prop up earnings by using abnormal related sales to their controlling owners. Such related sales propping is more prevalent among state-owned firms and in regions with weaker economic institutions. We also find that these abnormal related sales are not entirely accrual-based but can be cash-based as well, and they serve as a substitute rather than complement to accruals management for meeting earnings targets. Since these abnormal related sales can be cash-based, there is significant cash transfer via related lending from listed firms back to controlling owners after the propping. However, no cash transfer via related lending is found to be associated with accruals earnings management.     

Tunneling or propping: Evidence from connected transactions in China

Friedman et al. (2003) develop a model in which, in equilibrium, controlling shareholders may choose either tunneling or propping of their listed companies depending on the magnitude of an adverse shock and the magnitude of the private benefits of control. In this paper, we employ connected transaction data from China to test the implications of their model. We hypothesize that, when listed companies are financially healthy (in financial distress), their controlling shareholders are more likely to conduct connected transactions to tunnel (prop up) their listed companies and the market reacts unfavorably (favorably) to the announcement of these transactions. Our empirical findings strongly support our hypotheses. We also find that all of the transaction types in our sample can be used for tunneling or propping depending on different financial situations of the firms. Finally, political connection is negatively associated with the announcement effect. Overall, our analysis supports Friedman et al.'s (2003) model by furnishing clear evidence for propping and tunneling to occur in the same company but at different times.     

Board Structure and Intragroup Propping: Evidence from Family Business Groups in Hong Kong

Using earnings announcement events made by group member firms in Hong Kong, this study examines the governance role of boards of directors in curbing propping activities within family business groups. We find that earnings released by group member firms affect the stock prices of their nonannouncing group peers in a manner consistent with intragroup propping. More importantly, this effect is less pronounced when the announcing firms have a larger board or a board with a higher proportion of independent directors, but more pronounced when they have an executive director from their controlling families acting as board chairperson. Furthermore, the monitoring effect of boards of directors is strengthened for firms subject to new regulations increasing board power. Our results suggest that board oversight can mitigate propping activities.     

Tunneling and propping up: An analysis of related party transactions by Chinese listed companies

We examine a sample of related party transactions between Chinese publicly listed firms and their controlling shareholders during 2001–2002. Minority shareholders in these firms seem to be subject to expropriation through tunneling but also gain from propping up. On balance, there seems to be more tunneling than propping up. Both types of firms have larger state ownership compared to the rest of the Chinese market but firms that are propped up are larger and have larger state ownership than firms subject to tunneling. Propped up firms are more likely to have foreign shareholders and to be cross-listed abroad compared to firms that are subject to tunneling. Propped up firms also tend to have worse operating performance in the fiscal year preceding the announcement of the related party transaction. Finally, we find that related party transactions representing tunneling are accompanied by significantly less information disclosure compared to related party transactions representing propping.     

大股东占款与上市公司盈利能力关系研究

大股东占款是我国上市公司治理亟待解决的问题之一。本文以1998—2003年的非金融类上市公司为样本,以大股东占款为研究对象,检验了上市公司盈利能力对大股东占款行为的影响。研究发现,上市公司上年盈利能力水平不同,大股东的占款行为不同。当以上市公司的主营业务利润为基础的总资产利润率(CROA)小于-3.14%时,大股东占款与上市公司盈利能力正相关,表现出大股东的资金掏空行为;当上市公司的CROA介于-3.14%~42.76%区间内时,大股东占款与上市公司盈利能力负相关,表现出大股东的资金支持行为;当上市公司的CROA高于42.76%时,大股东占款随着上市公司盈利能力的提高而增加,表现出大股东的资金掏空行为。     

Propping and tunneling: Empirical evidence from Japanese keiretsu

We examine the response of horizontal and vertical keiretsu to the changing economic and regulatory climate in Japan from 1987 to 2001. We find evidence of profit tunneling of more weakly affiliated keiretsu firms during strong economic times. We observe propping of weakly aligned firms during recession. Many horizontal keiretsu firms strengthened their degree of adhesion to the horizontal keiretsu in response to increasingly tightened credit conditions post-1991. The motivation behind strengthened affiliation appears primarily linked to the goal of overcoming financial constraints by accessing the internal capital market of the business group.     

Tunneling and propping: A justification for pyramidal ownership

This paper links existence of the pyramidal ownership structure to tunneling and propping. Tunneling refers to a transfer of resources from a lower-level firm to a higher-level firm in the pyramidal chain, whereas propping concerns a transfer in the opposite direction intended to bail out the receiving firm from bankruptcy. We show that tunneling alone cannot justify the pyramidal structure unless outside investors are myopic, since rational outside investors anticipate tunneling and adjust their willingness-to-pay for the firm’s shares accordingly. With propping, however, they may be willing to be expropriated in exchange for implicit insurance against bankruptcy.