环境税率、双重红利与经济增长

本文构建了一个包含环境税、污染存量和预期寿命的世代交替模型,研究环境税对环境红利和经济发展红利的影响。基于新古典增长模型的研究表明,环境税能够实现双重红利(环境红利和经济发展红利),这契合“绿水青山就是金山银山”的绿色发展理念。从传导机制看,环境税通过负收入效应使得资本积累下降,同时,环境税通过健康效应使得预期寿命延长,这又使得资本积累增加。环境税通过影响资本积累,进而影响环境质量和经济发展。此外,环境税率上升使得用于环境治理的政府支出增加,这使得经济更容易产生环境红利。基于内生增长框架的分析表明,环境税有助于摆脱“环境贫困陷阱”,这为解释国家之间的收入差距提供了一个参考机制。数值模拟结果显示,在新古典增长框架和内生增长框架下,均存在最优的环境税率可以极大化人均产出和经济增长率。本文认为,合理的环境税率有助于推进减污降碳协同治理。     

宏观税负与经济增长的实证研究

供应学派认为，税收负担直接影响着国民经济的发展，税收负担过重。特别是边际税率过高，将严重挫伤纳税人储蓄、投资和工作的积极性。进而阻碍经济的发展。著名的拉弗曲线就形象地说明了税率与税收收入的关系，随着税率的提高，税收收入先增加后变为减少。     

浅析科斯定理与排污交易制度

排污交易制度是一种追求经济效益与环境效益相统一的有效手段,是西方市场经济高度发达的国家正在尝试实践的解决环境外部效应问题的制度,也是当今中国环境保护的一个新的发展趋势.排污交易制度作为外来的舶来品,如何在中国社会主义市场经济体制下更好的实施,需要从法律上加以完善,在政府一定程度参与的前提下,主要依靠市场机制来保护环境的方法,尽快设计和实施符合我国特点的排污交易制度,提高企业减少排污,治理环境的积极性,从而提高我国的整体环境质量,也是达到减排目标的最佳选择.     

发达国家环境税实施中出现的问题及启示

目前,我国开征环境税的呼声日益高涨.因此,研究发达国家较为成熟的环境税体系以及实施经验就显得十分重要.借鉴发达国家目前征收的环境税类型、环境税实施中的经验,我国开征环境税时应注意:建立环境税收专款专用制度;提高环境税的透明度;实行中性收入税改;合理确定环境税征收范围和税率.     

浅谈外资企业的税收筹划

一、税收筹划的涵义和特点 (一)税收筹划的涵义 税收筹划是纳税人在遵守税法、尊重税法的前提下,通过对经营、投资、理财活动的事先筹划与安排,选择最优的纳税方案,达到税负最轻或最佳,以实现利润最大化的行为.税收筹划并不是偷税、避税行为,它是通过合法手段来减轻税负的行为.它作为企业经营管理的一个重要环节,必须服从于企业价值最大化或股东财富最大化这一管理目标,在此目标下,既要考虑货币的时间价值,又要考虑边际税率,有时会考虑企业整体和长远利益而选择税负较高的方案.     

商业养老保险税收优惠模式的选择——基于税率敏感性分析

商业养老保险税收优惠政策是国家通过让渡政府税收收入,激励居民个人参与商业养老保险的一种财政手段。但是由于不同的税收优惠模式产生的激励效果和税收成本不同,受二者的影响,税收优惠模式的选择成为政策实施的主要问题。因此特别选用消费者最大消费效用表示政策收益,税式支出表示政策成本。利用离散时间的动态规划和现值公式测算现阶段我国采用不同税收优惠模式下的产生的政策成本与收益。为方便比较,再引入税率弹性概念代表政府和消费者对税率变动的敏感程度。通过具体数值的测算,税式支出对于税率变化富有弹性,而消费效用对税率变化缺乏弹性。     

财务困境成本、所得税费用与资本结构税率敏感性

本文从决策者“敏感性递减”心理入手,以2002年部分中国上市公司的所得税税率提高为背景,研究了财务困境成本和所得税费用对资本结构税率敏感性的影响。以405家上市公司为样本,通过多元回归分析发现,税率提高时,负债水平高、规模小、息税前利润低的企业对负债水平的提高幅度更大。说明资本结构决策受“敏感性递减”心理的影响,即财务困境成本高时,决策者会低估边际负债所导致的财务困境成本;所得税费用高时,决策者会低估边际负债所节省的所得税;在上述心理影响下,当税率提高时,财务困境成本高,而所得税费用低的企业会更为积极地提高负债率,即资本结构税率敏感性高。该结论对于促进企业融资决策科学化有重要意义。     

政府税收税率和通货膨胀率关系的理论和实证研究——对Mankiw Principle的理论修正及在中国的实证检验

本文理论研究认为在典型代理人效用最大化和无限期的政府预算约束的条件下,税率和通货膨胀率不仅存在正相关关系,也存在负相关的可能。同样在政府财政目标损失函数最小化和无限期的政府预算约束的条件下,税率和通货膨胀率不仅存在正相关关系,也存在负相关关系,这不同于“曼昆原则”的分析。本文GMM实证结果显示,政府税率与通货膨胀率呈正相关关系,政府支出对政府税率的影响为正,政府支出对政府税率与通货膨胀率斜率的影响为正,而资源禀赋对政府税率与通货膨胀率的斜率影响为负。从VAR模型的脉冲反应函数来看,政府税率与通货膨胀率也呈正相关关系,政府支出对政府税率与通货膨胀率斜率的影响为正,资源禀赋对政府税率与通货膨胀率的斜率影响为负,与GMM分析的结论一致。     

对我国开征环境税的探讨

本文针对开征环境税的主要难点问题进行了分析,认为我国环境税应定位于直接污染税(或排污税);环境税与排污费相比,在法律、征管、收入使用、税费负担设计等层面都具有优势,其中,法律层面和征管层面的优势是排污费改税的主要推动力;自行申报、环保核定、税务征收的环境税征收模式相对具有可行性。     

环境税的技术创新效应——来自1995～2010年中国经验数据的实证分析

环境税是发展低碳经济、提高环境质量重要而有效的政策工具,而环境质量的提高又与清洁生产技术的进步密切相关。本文以我国1995～2010年的经验数据实证检验了环境税征收与技术创新之间的关系。结果表明,征收环境税与技术创新之间存在稳定的正相关关系,征收环境税能在一定程度上促进我国的技术创新,提升相关产业的国际竞争力,并最终实现环境目标与经济目标的双赢。     

Revenue maximizing inflation

A classic monetary policy result is that revenue maximization entails setting the inflation tax rate equal to the inverse of the interest semi-elasticity of the demand for money. The standard approach underlying “Cagan's rule” is partial equilibrium in nature, treating money demand as being given from outside the model and abstracting from the real effects of inflation. This paper reconsiders the question of the revenue maximizing inflation rate in a general equilibrium framework with a labor-leisure choice, where money is held because it reduces transactions costs. In this framework, the revenue maximizing inflation tax rate is lower than that implied by Cagan's rule.     

Games within borders: are geographically differentiated taxes optimal?

The discontinuous tax treatment of sales at borders creates incentives for individuals to cross-border shop. This paper addresses whether it is optimal for a state composed of multiple regions to levy differentiated commodity tax rates across the regions. In a model where states maximize social welfare, a state’s optimal commodity tax system is almost always geographically differentiated. The optimal pattern of geographic differentiation critically depends on fundamental parameters as well as whether the state has a preference for high or low taxes. Under the assumption that utility is linear in consumption and that the elasticity of cross-border shopping is less than unity in absolute value, high-tax states will find it optimal to set a tax rate that is lower in the border region than in the periphery region and low-tax states will find it optimal to set a tax rate that is higher in the border region than in the periphery region. Optimizing high-tax states will set a higher tax rate in the border region if the social welfare measure is sufficiently redistributive. With welfare maximization, it is possible for taxes to be higher in the region near the state border—an outcome that cannot arise when the government cares only about total tax revenue.     

税源建设与产业结构调整——源自湖南省统计数据的实证研究

税收作为国家制度性工具,在长期时间序列分析中,税率变化幅度较小,征管作用趋于弱化,仅有经济与税收呈现长期稳定的关系。选取湖南省税收增长率和第二、三产业中的六大主要行业进行多元线性回归分析,实证结果显示：第二产业与税收收入相关度较高,贡献率较大;传统服务业与税收收入相关度较低,贡献率较小;房地产行业对税收收入贡献为负数。     

Environmental Policy,Efficient Taxation and Unemployment

In this paper, I consider environmental policy as part of a mixed tax problem with a general income tax and linear commodity taxes. I assume that the wage rate is determined by bargaining between unions and firms. The results show that the change in the number of employed persons, following a change in the use of a tax instrument, affects the optimal tax structure via two channels; (i) it makes the tax revenues available for public expenditures more or less costly to collect, and (ii) it affects the aggregate demand for the good that causes the environmental damage. This means that the use of taxation to counteract the labor market imperfection is not easily separated from the environmental aspects of tax policy.JEL Code: D62, H21, J60     

Income Taxation and Finite Horizons in a Human Capital Model

We address the issue ofcapital vs. labor income taxation in an overlapping generationsmodel with a positive externality in the human capital production.We compare the performance of the economy in the steady stateunder different tax policies. Three results are obtained. First,the size of the tax revenue required strongly affects the optimal(welfare maximizing) capital-labor income tax portfolio. Inparticular, a zero physical capital income tax rate need notbe optimal. Second, the way in which the finite life cycle issplit between the working and the retirement period also matters.And third, the size of the externality in the human capital productionalso affects the optimal income tax rate mix.     

Inflationary finance in an open economy

Models of inflationary finance that consider trade and capital flows generally conclude that openness curtails the ability of governments to impose the inflation tax due to currency substitution. This paper models two channels that allow central banks to increase inflation tax revenue by opening the economy. First, central banks can open the capital account subject to a reserve requirement on capital inflows. Revenue maximization produces a smaller reserve requirement on foreign capital inflows that on domestic deposits. Second, central banks can impose prior import deposits to broaden the monetary base in order to use the inflation tax on imports as an alternative to tariff revenue.     

Slowing Fossil Fuel Extraction: A Role for Taxation of Exports,Capital Gains and Interest Income

This paper develops a model of a growing open economy rich in non‐renewable resources, the extraction of which negatively impacts domestic productivity and whose sector competes with final production for capital. We analyse how tax rates on capital gains and interest income and the time trend of an export revenue tax rate could slow the extraction of resources for export. We find that taxing capital gains and interest income at the same rate and setting an export revenue tax rate to decline at the marginal social cost of extraction would defer extraction. An export revenue tax rate need not fall over time to curb depletion if capital gains are taxed at a lower rate than interest income, which is second best to taxing asset returns at the same rate when the resources sector competes for capital.     

Strategic Environmental Policy and International Trade in Asymmetric Oligopoly Markets

This paper examines optimal cooperative and non-cooperative environmental taxes for the case in which a polluting input is used to produce an internationally-traded finished product. The model allows for terms-of-trade effects under oligopoly and employs a general specification of the environmental damage function that encompasses special cases of local, global, and transboundary externalities. The model has several implications for public finance. For example, inefficiently high environmental taxes may be optimal for a net exporting country in non-cooperative circumstances, as the motive to shift rent by selecting an inefficiently low tax rate is countervailed by the incentive to shift the burden of the tax to foreign consumers. The findings identify the important role of asymmetric trade flows (denominated in both goods and pollution exchange) in determining optimal cooperative and non-cooperative tax policy under oligopoly.     

中国宏观税负、非税负担与经济增长

中国最优宏观税负问题一直是财税学界研究的重点。中国财税体制的特殊性给最优宏观税负的研究增加了许多困难,也引起了不少争议。本文将宏观税负的最优目标设定为使经济增长最大化,并按照国际口径对税收收入进行调整,将预算外收入引入经济增长分析框架,利用数据包络(DEA)方法求得制度外收入等不可观测变量的估计值。在此基础上,运用计量经济学方法测算使经济增长最大化的最优宏观税负水平、税负结构,并分析非税负担对经济增长的影响。